2016 Mong Kok civil unrest

2016 Mong Kok civil unrest

A fire set in Nelson Street by the rioters on the morning of 9 February
Date 8–9 February 2016
Location Mong Kok, Hong Kong
Causes
Methods Rioting, vandalism, arson, and assault
Parties to the civil conflict
Lead figures
  • Crusade Yau[3]
Number
Unknown
About 300[1]
Casualties
90 injuries[5][6]
35 injuries[6][7]
5 reporters injuries[6][8]

Civil unrest occurred in Mong Kok, Hong Kong from the night of 8 February 2016 until the next morning. The incident escalated from the government's crackdown on unlicensed street hawkers during the Chinese New Year holidays. Eventual violent clashes broke out between police and protestors. Batons and pepper spray were used by the police and two warning shots were fired into the air, while protestors threw glass bottles, bricks, flower pots and trash bins toward the police and set fires in the streets.

The Hong Kong government has classified the violent incident as a riot, while some media outlets and social media platforms have opted for calling the event "Fishball Revolution" (魚蛋革命), in reference to fishballs,[9] a popular Hong Kong street food. The violence has been described by The Economist as "the worst outbreak of rioting since the 1960s."[10]

Background

Political context

Since the 2014 Hong Kong protests, the popularity of Leung Chun-ying and his administration has continued to plunge new historical lows.[11] The relationship between the Hong Kong Police Force, previously often referred to as "Asia's finest", and the public have hit a new low, strained by a number of controversies including the beating of protester Ken Tsang by seven plainclothes officers in Admiralty and the indiscriminate clubbing of members of the public by superintendent Franklin Chu in Mong Kok during the 2014 protests.[12]

In addition, since that time, new activist groups emerged, some of them taking an anti-government and militant stance. Hong Kong Indigenous, a localist group which was formed in early 2015, had previously been involved in violent clashes with police in several anti-parallel trading protests.[13] The localist groups hold a strong anti-mainland sentiment, with the view that the increasing political and economic integration of Hong Kong and Mainland China, and the influx of Mainland tourists and immigrants are undermining Hong Kong autonomy and identity. These activist groups also protest against acts that they see as impinging on Hong Kong culture, such as the shutting down of unlicensed food hawkers which sell traditional Hong Kong street food.[14]

Hawkers crackdown

Further information: Hawkers in Hong Kong

The Chinese New Year holidays have traditionally attracted many unlicensed hawkers (or street vendors) to gather around Sai Yeung Choi Street, Mong Kok and Kweilin Street in Sham Shui Po, selling Hong Kong street food and other products, as the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department (FEHD) do not take action on the hawkers during the holidays as they usually do for hygiene and safety reasons. In recent years, the FEHD has taken actions during the Chinese New Year night markets targeting unlicensed cooked food hawkers on grounds of unsanitary practices, obstruction of roadways, causing noise and other nuisance.[15] FEHD staff conducted surprise inspections at Kweilin Street Night Market during Chinese New Year in 2014, made arrests and confiscations that caused public disquiet. Half an hour after departure of the FEHD officers, hawkers returned, a lively night market resumed, showing the ineffectiveness of action to combat street vendors.[16]

Sham Shui Po District Council, controlled by the pro-Beijing camp, passed a motion in November 2014 of "zero tolerance" of unlicensed hawkers during the upcoming Chinese New Year.[17] However, grassroots organisations complained that due to the wholesale government refusal to issue any more hawker licenses and construct new markets, people can only subsist by defying the law. They further assert that Kweilin Street night market was enjoying a resurgence in popularity, a "zero tolerance" policy would only exacerbate grievances.[18] At Chinese New Year in 2015, there were at least three groups giving vocal support for street vendors in Sham Shui Po.[19] Of these, Hong Kong Indigenous embarked on a campaign of street cleaning of night market to allay concerns of hygiene.[20]

In 2016, however, street hawkers had been under pressure by the FEHD's city-wide crackdown which drew discontent from locals.[1] From the evening of 2 February 2016, in the approach to the Chinese New Year, hawkers setting up stall at mall near Leung King Estate operated by Link REIT met were confronted by group of men identifying themselves as "officials" who attempted to prevent the hawkers operating in the name of maintaining order. Later the men insisted that hawkers could no longer set up in the vicinity of the mall, so as not to affect the shopping mall tenants. During late night market, multiple conflicts occurred.[21] On the evening of 7 February, Chinese New Year's Eve, tens of hawkers began setting up stall in Kwelin Street night market and were chased away or arrested; teacher and activist Siu Lai, who acted deliberately in defiance of the policy, was arrested.[22][23]

Course of events

Police on Sai Yeung Choi Street South in the morning of 9 February.
Protesters dig out road bricks.
The scene in the morning after the unrest.

On 8 February, the first day of the Chinese New Year, FEHD officers attempted to patrol the side streets of Mong Kok. Hong Kong Indigenous called for action online to shield the hawkers, and by around 9 pm a few hundred had gathered and verbally assaulted the FEHD officers.[1]

At around 10 pm, a taxi driving into Portland Street accidentally hit an old man. Protesters blocked the road and prevented the taxi from leaving. The Hong Kong Police arrived and surrounded the car, warning others not to get closer. The police left shortly after and returned with a portable podium for crowd control at 11:45 pm, this sparked anger in the crowd.[24] Around midnight, violent clashes broke out between police and protestors as police urged them to clear the street. The police put on protective gear, including helmets and shields and used batons and pepper spray on the protestors,[1] while some of the protesters, equipped with home-made shields, goggles, helmets and gloves, threw glass bottles, bricks, flower pots and trash bins at the police.[8][25]

At around 2 am, two warning shots were fired into the air on Argyle Street by a team of traffic officers which had become surrounded by protesters and who were being pelted with pallets and rocks.[8] The scene descended into chaos as protesters charged the police line and engaged in scuffles and fighting with the police and tossed glass bottles and rubbish bins at them,[24] At 2:30 am, more police arrived to the scene and disperse the protestors. The standoff subsequently moved to Nathan Road at 3 am.[24]

At 4 am, the first of multiple fires was started in Sai Yeung Choi Street South, followed by three more ignited in the same street.[24] Some protestors set fire to rubbish bins surrounding Shantung Street and Soy Street, including the junctions of Fife Street and Portland Street and of Nathan Road and Nelson Street, these were put out by the police and firemen.[25] Both lanes of Nathan Road were blocked from south of Argyle Street and the Mong Kok MTR station was shut down.[8]

At 7:15 am, protesters were dispersed from Soy Street near Fa Yuen Street, following a long standoff, after police officers of the Police Tactical Unit were deployed.[24] Protesters gradually dispersed around 8 am. The streets in Mong Kok were calm by 9:00 am, and Mong Kok MTR station was reopened at 9:45 am.[26]

A total of 61 people were arrested, ranging in age from 15 to 70,[2][27][28] including Edward Leung Tin-kei, spokesman of the Hong Kong Indigenous and candidate for the Legislative Council by-election.[29] One of the members of Youngspiration, another localist group was also arrested.[8]

In addition, Around 90 police and several reporters were reported injured.[5] The Hong Kong Journalists Association said that a Ming Pao journalist was beaten by a policeman despite stating his identity.[30] Reporters from broadcasters RTHK and TVB were also injured by protesters.[30]

Continuing intimidation at Leung King Estate by "management"

Separate minor conflicts caused by a Link REIT crackdown on hawkers gathered outside of the Leung King Plaza in Leung King Estate, Tuen Mun. These men, dressed in dark jackets with "management" (管理員) printed on the backs, had been acting in a manner that residents and hawkers said was intimidating nightly since 2 February. More than 200 showed up to protest against the men combating the hawkers on the night of 8 February. Some minor clashes broke out between the self proclaimed "control team" members and the protestors, and required mediation by the police.[31] Two protestors were arrested and one reporter fell down during the clash and was sent to hospital.[32]

Conflicts between the control team and the public reoccurred on the night of 9 February. The control team was filmed beating up protesters while police stood by and prevented others from being involved. A reporter was also beaten up by the control team.[33] A 31-year-old man was arrested for causing disorder in a public place. He allegedly interfered with a worker performing his duties at Leung King Estate. The Link REIT distanced itself from the clashes and denied the hawker control team was part of its staff.[34]

Reactions

Central government

The central government classifies the localist group as "separatists" for the first time after the clashes.[35] On 11 February, more than two days after the unrest, the Foreign Ministry spokesperson Hong Lei commented on the event, stating that the "riot [was] plotted mainly by local radical separatist organisation," he said. "The Chinese central government believes and firmly supports the Hong Kong SAR government and the police in safeguarding social security, protecting Hong Kong residents and their property, and punishing illegal and criminal activities in accordance with the law, so as to maintain the overall stability of the Hong Kong society."[36]

SAR government

The Hong Kong Police referred to the event as a "riot" and the protestors a "mob".[8] "Radical elements have come with self-made weapons and shields and clashed with police," Crusade Yau Siu-kei, deputy Mong Kok district commander said. "The situation ran out of control and became a riot." It also said it does not rule out the riot was "organised", claiming that prearranged vehicles were used by protesters to transport equipment.[8]

The police released a statement released at 3.23 am on 9 February, strongly condemning the clashes in Mong Kok, and defending its "resolute actions" including the deployment of batons, pepper spray to stop "unlawful violence acts," and vowed "resolute enforcement actions will be taken against any illegal acts to preserve public order and safeguard public safety."[8] Another statement released at 6 a.m. said: "Police reiterate that any acts endangering public order and public safety will not be tolerated. The Hong Kong community regard that the public should express their views in a rational and peaceful manner. Police will take enforcement actions decisively on law-breaking behaviours."[8]

The Hong Kong government condemned the "mobs have taken part in a riot in Mong Kok, attacking police officers on duty and media covering the incident at the site" in a statement. It stated that "the mobs would be apprehended and brought to justice."[37]

Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying justified the police firing of warning shots, as the rioters had attacked policemen who were already injured and lying on the ground. "Any big city facing a similar nature of events would classify it as a riot, not just for the government but society as a whole," he said. "The police exercised maximum restraint" when compared with other western countries.[38]

Politicians

Ip Kwok-him, a Beijing-loyalist Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB) legislator and chairman of panel of Security of the Legislative Council, defended the police decision to open fire as "appropriate" given the critical circumstances and believed it was an organised crime.[38]

Yau Tsim Mong District Council chairman Chris Ip Ngo-tung, a DAB member, also condemned the violent actions, stating his belief that the people of Hong Kong "would not agree with such barbarian acts." He thanked police and reporters for their duties during the events.[39]

The Democratic Party, a pro-democracy party, also released a statement saying that it condemns and does not tolerate any violence and acts of arson, while sending their sympathy to the injured. It urged a full investigation over the firing of warning shots by a police officer, and asked the government to reflect on the underlying problems such as the people's frustration, their loss of faith in the government, and the government's hawker policy.[39]

Lau Siu-kai, vice-president of the Chinese Association of Hong Kong and Macao Studies, a thinktank close to Beijing, suggested that the Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23, the proposed national security law which is strongly opposed by the Hong Kong public, should be introduced in the wake of the Mong Kok unrest.[40]

Student groups

Seven local university student unions issued statements condemning police violence and declaring their support for those who took part in the protests in Mong Kok. The Hong Kong University Students’ Union (HKUSU) issued a statement entitled “Forever we stand with the rebels”, pledging that they "shall never turn our back on or leave them alone and unassisted."[41]

The Hong Kong Baptist University Students’ Union’s statement also condemned the government and the police, and the unreasonably arrest of protesters, beating up journalists and oppressed Hong Kong Indigenous members. "Between the high wall and the egg, we will always stand on the side of the egg," it said.[41]

The Student Union of the Chinese University of Hong Kong criticised police action and said that the fire of resistance had been ignited by Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying. “Hongkongers must remember the totalitarian regime and unite,” it said.[41]

Activist groups

Scholarism, a student activist group took a leading role in the 2014 protests, condemned police for using excessive force on protestors which intensified people's anger and distrust toward the police since the 2014 protests, including police manners in regard to the beating of protester Ken Tsang and the beating of protesters by superintendent Chu King-wai. It expressed shock at the police's deliberate provocation against the protestors and being the first who used violence against the people.[30][42] The group stated, "Scholarism believes that the protests fell into chaos last night because the police used inappropriate force [...] firing shots amplified emotions on both sides, and the situation spun out of control".[30]

Joshua Wong, the convenor of Scholarism, told RTHK that he did not agree with the violence, but that the government should accept responsibility for the division in Hong Kong society as some activists had become radicalised following the 2014 Hong Kong protests, when peaceful protest did not achieve any change.[43] He also questioned why the police responded so slowly to the officers accused of beating Ken Tsang during the Umbrella Movement, but were able to quickly round up those involved in the violence in 2016 Mong Kok.[43]

Ray Wong Toi-yeung, convenor of the Hong Kong Indigenous who also took a role in the early stage of the protests, disagreed with Leung Chung-ying framing the clashes as "riot", stating that protestors were only helping the hawkers to do business until the police rushed into Shangtung Street at midnight. He dismissed the claim that the violent clashes were staged. He thought that throwing bricks should not be considered as fierce, as compared to other countries. He also believed that firing warning shots as inappropriate.[44]

Journalists

The Hong Kong News Executives' Association, the Hong Kong Press Photographers Association, and the Hong Kong Journalists Association (HKJA) all released statements condemning the acts of violence and verbal assaults against reporters, as well as the prevention of reporters from reporting. The Hong Kong News Executives' Association stated that these actions were a serious impediment to the freedom of the press, destroys the rule of law in Hong Kong, and deprived the public of their right to know.[45]

Social media

Hong Kong social media users took to Twitter using the hashtag #fishballrevolution, in reference to a popular street food. Some highlighted the protest was about the problems faced by street food hawkers, while the other suggested that violent factions had hijacked the protest for their own ends.[46]

Google Trends showed a sharp uptick in interest over fishball in the light of the unrest, with searches for "fishball" jumping 34 percent and "fish ball" 26 percent, mainly from Singapore and the Philippines.[47]

Subsequent events

Arrests

Between the end of the protests and 10 February, 54 men and 9 women have been arrested for suspected involvement in the unrest. Edward Leung Tin-kei, spokesman of the Hong Kong Indigenous and candidate for the Legislative Council New Territories East by-election and around 20 members and volunteers of the group were arrested.[48][49] A member of Youngspiration and another from Civic Passion, two localist groups, were also arrested.[8][50] Their alleged offences include participating in unlawful assembly, attacking police officers, refusing to be arrested, obstructing police and carrying weapons.[51] 38 of them have been charged with rioting under the Public Order Ordinance (Cap. 245 § 19), which was amended in 1970 in the wake of the 1967 Leftist riots.[52][53]

On 10 February Derek Lam (林淳軒), a 22-year-old member of Scholarism, was arrested by the police at the Hong Kong airport while en route to a vacation in Taiwan with his family.[54] He was taken into custody and subsequently charged with rioting.[54] The group confirmed that Lam was present in Mong Kok from 10:00 pm Monday night to 2:15 am, but was not involved in the violence. The police also attempted to search Lam's flat without a warrant but were prevented by Lam's lawyer. Scholarism protested at the "arbitrary" arrest, and the Divinity School of Chung Chi College at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, where Lam was a student, also defended Lam and denied he had been involved in the riots. The school also demanded the police provide justification for his arrest.[55]

Police suspected a possible link of an eco-warehouse in Kwai Chung to the Mong Kok unrest. On 11 February morning, three people, a 34-year-old architectural draftsman, an unemployed woman aged 46 and a woman aged 47 who sold organic food, were arrested on suspicion of possessing offensive weapons with intent after the police raided their leased unit in the Vigor Industrial Building. A number of items that police deemed were offensive weapons, including 18 knives, wooden batons, metal rods, water pipes, surgical masks, work gloves, Walkie-talkies, a toy gun and bottles of liquid and crystallised chemicals of unknown composition were seized. However, the environmental protection group “Oh Yes It’s Free” – which operates the warehouse aiming to categorising rubbish and recycling it – protested that those arrested were innocent and the confiscated articles were donations they had received from the public.[56][57]The goods and materials found at the site were collected as part of the group's philosophy of reuse and recycling and were temporarily stored in the warehouse awaiting treatment, disposal or collection by the next public. [56][57]

By 13 February, a total number of 40 people had been arrested on charges of rioting or unlawful assembly, 24 of them have been released on bail.[58]

Complaints against police

A Ming Pao journalist, surnamed Tang, filed a formal complaint with the Complaints Against Police Office after he was filmed being pushed down and beaten by officers. In the video, Tang is heard identifying himself repeatedly as a journalist.[59] Ming Pao released a statement condemning the police officers involved and called upon the force to investigate.[59]

Police inquiry

On 9 February the Commissioner Stephen Lo Wai-chung, announced that a "full investigation" will be held to determine whether the firing of two warning shots by an unidentified police officer was appropriate.[60] On 11 February, the Police Public Relations Bureau said that the traffic police officer fired the gunshots to protect colleagues from life threatening attacks, which was reasonable and appropriate and did not violate the Police General Order.[61]

Disappointment within police force

Frontline police officers were reported deeply disappointed with their senior management that left more than 90 officers wounded. They were disappointed with Commissioner Stephen Lo Wai-chung's announcement of a full investigation. “What does he need to investigate? Lo should have stood up for the frontline officers who were beaten up and attacked by the mob, like [former commissioner Andy Tsang Wai-hung] did in the past,” an officer said. Lo was questioned whether he could safeguard the pride and dignity of the force when he appeared “soft” and “feeble” to the public.[62]

An officer slammed the force for poor arrangements and inadequate gear, citing the least equipped traffic officers being at the very front to handle the protestors. He questioned if a political agenda was behind the decision not to use tear gas. He suggested the use of rubber bullets would be justified in the face of such a violent, large-scale riot. Junior Police Officers’ Association chairman Joe Chan Cho-kwong appealed to Legislative Council to back the use of "new model weapons and gears", including water cannons to maintain public order.[62]

See also

References

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  57. 1 2 http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20160213/19489603
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External links

Media related to 2016 Mong Kok civil unrest at Wikimedia Commons

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