2014 in paleontology

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Paleontology, palaeontology or [palæontology (from Greek: paleo, "ancient"; ontos, "being"; and logos, "knowledge") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.^[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2014.

Plants

Newly described angiosperms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Ambiplatanus^[2]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Mindell, Karafit & Stockey	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)		Canada	A member of Platanaceae. The type species is Ambiplatanus washingtonensis.
Annona eocenica^[3]	Sp. nov	Valid	Prasad, Singh & Singh	Early Eocene	Cambay Shale Formation	India	A member of Annonaceae, a species of Annona.
Annona vastanensis^[3]	Sp. nov	Valid	Prasad, Singh & Singh	Early Eocene	Cambay Shale Formation	India	A member of Annonaceae, a species of Annona.
Antarctoxylon mixai^[4]	Sp. nov	Valid	Sakala in Sakala & Vodrážka	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)	Hidden Lake Formation	Antarctica (James Ross Island)	An angiosperm of uncertain phylogenetic placement, a species of Antarctoxylon.
Aquaephyllum^[5]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gallego et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	La Colonia Formation	Argentina	A member of Araceae. The type species is Aquaephyllum auriculatum.
Bridelia makumensis^[6]	Sp. nov	Valid	Srivastava & Mehrotra	Oligocene (Chattian)	Tikak Parbat Formation	India	A member of Phyllanthaceae, a species of Bridelia.
Caesalpinia veraechinataformis^[7]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bernardes-de-Oliveira et al.	Eocene-Oligocene	Entre-Córregos Formation	Brazil	A species of Caesalpinia.
Cascadiacarpa exilis^[8]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mindell, Stockey & Beard	Eocene		Canada	A member of Fagaceae, a species of Cascadiacarpa.
Castanopsis presclerophylla^[9]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wu et al.	Late Pliocene		China	A member of Fagaceae, a species of Castanopsis.
Chachlovia^[10]	Gen. et sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Alekseev & Herman in Alekseev, Herman & Shchepetov	Late Cretaceous		Russia	An angiosperm of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Chachlovia kiyensis Alekseev sp. nov.; genus also contains Chachlovia dombeyopsoida Herman comb. nov.
Cinnamomum palaeobejolghota^[11]	Sp. nov	Valid	Khan & Bera	Middle to late Miocene	Dafla Formation	India	A member of Lauraceae, a species of Cinnamomum.
Cocos binoriensis^[12]	Sp. nov	Valid	Srivastava & Srivastava	Late Cretaceous or Paleocene (Maastrichtian-Danian)	Deccan Intertrappean Beds	India	A member of Arecaceae, a relative of the coconut tree.
Cratosmilax^[13]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	De Lima et al.	Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian)	Crato Formation	Brazil	A member of Smilacaceae. The type species is Cratosmilax jacksoni.
Dicotylophyllum hansonium^[14]	Sp. nov	Valid	Peppe & Hickey	Paleocene	Fort Union Formation	United States	An angiosperm of uncertain phylogenetic placement, a species of Dicotylophyllum.
Dicotylophyllum horsecreekium^[14]	Sp. nov	Valid	Peppe & Hickey	Paleocene	Fort Union Formation	United States	An angiosperm of uncertain phylogenetic placement, a species of Dicotylophyllum.
Hexagyne philippiana^[15]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Coiffard, Mohr & Bernardes-de-Oliveira	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Crato Formation	Brazil	A member of Piperales, probably related to Aristolochiaceae. The type species is Hexagyne philippiana.
Kajanthus^[16]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Mendes et al.	Early Cretaceous (late Aptian–early Albian)	Figueira da Foz Formation	Portugal	A member of Lardizabalaceae. The type species is Kajanthus lusitanicus.
Lindera neobifaria^[11]	Sp. nov	Valid	Khan & Bera	Pliocene	Subansiri Formation	India	A member of Lauraceae, a species of Lindera.
Macginitiea nascens^[14]	Sp. nov	Valid	Peppe & Hickey	Paleocene	Fort Union Formation	United States	A member of Platanaceae, a species of Macginitiea.
Machaerium aiuruoquense^[7]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bernardes-de-Oliveira et al.	Eocene-Oligocene	Entre-Córregos Formation	Brazil	A species of Machaerium.
Machaerium paleogenum^[7]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bernardes-de-Oliveira et al.	Eocene-Oligocene	Entre-Córregos Formation	Brazil	A species of Machaerium.
Meliosma thriviensis^[14]	Sp. nov	Valid	Peppe & Hickey	Paleocene	Fort Union Formation	United States	A member of Sabiaceae, a species of Meliosma.
Meliosma vandaelium^[14]	Sp. nov	Valid	Peppe & Hickey	Paleocene	Fort Union Formation	United States	A member of Sabiaceae, a species of Meliosma.
Microlaurus^[17]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Takahashi et al.	Late Cretaceous (early Coniacian)	Ashizawa Formation	Japan	A member of Lauraceae. The type species is Microlaurus perigynus.
Paliurus microcarpa^[18]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li in Li et al.	Middle or late Miocene	Shengxian Formation	China	A member of Rhamnaceae, a species of Paliurus.
Palmoxylon romeroi^[19]	Sp. nov	Valid	Franco, Brea & Herbst	Late Miocene	Chiquimil Formation	Argentina	A palm tree, a species of Palmoxylon.
Persea mioparviflora^[11]	Sp. nov	Valid	Khan & Bera	Pliocene	Subansiri Formation	India	A member of Lauraceae. Described by Khan & Bera (2014) as a species of Persea, considered by the authors to be most similar to the species Persea parviflora Spreng.^[11]
Persea preglaucescens^[11]	Sp. nov	Valid	Khan & Bera	Pliocene	Subansiri Formation	India	A member of Lauraceae. Described by Khan & Bera (2014) as a species of Persea,^[11] though the authors consider it most similar to the species Persea glaucescens (Nees) D.G. Long, assigned by other authors to the genus Machilus.
Platimeliphyllum reznikoviorum^[20]	Sp. nov	Valid	Maslova in Maslova et al.	Paleogene	Ashut Formation	Kazakhstan	An angiosperm of uncertain phylogenetic placement, a species of Platimeliphyllum.
Quercus tenuipilosa^[21]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hu & Zhou in Hu et al.	Late Pliocene	Ciying Formation	China	An oak.
Ripogonum americanum^[22]	Sp. nov	Valid	Carpenter et al.	Early Eocene		Argentina	A member of Liliales, a species of Ripogonum.
Sabalites dindoriensis^[23]	Sp. nov	Valid	Srivastava, Srivastava & Dilcher	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) to early Paleocene (Danian)	Deccan Intertrappean Beds	India	A palm tree belonging to the subfamily Coryphoideae, a species of Sabalites.
Soninia^[10]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Herman & Shczepetov in Alekseev, Herman & Shchepetov	Late Cretaceous		Russia	An angiosperm of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is S. integerrima Herman & Shczepetov; genus also contains S. asiatica Alekseev.
Ternstromites paucimissouriensis^[14]	Sp. nov	Valid	Peppe & Hickey	Paleocene	Fort Union Formation	United States	A member of Theaceae, a species of Ternstromites.

Other seed plants

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Agathis zamunerae^[24]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wilf et al.	Eocene		Argentina	A member of Araucariaceae, a species of Agathis.
Araucarites ochotensis^[25]	Sp. nov	Valid	Golovneva & Shczepetov in Shczepetov & Golovneva	Late Cretaceous		Russia	A member of Araucariaceae, a species of Araucarites.
Athrotaxites yumenensis^[26]	Sp. nov	Valid	Dong et al.	Early Cretaceous	Zhonggou Formation	China	A member of Cupressaceae, a species of Athrotaxites.
Bicatia^[27]	Gen. et 3 sp. nov	Valid	Friis, Pedersen & Crane	Early Cretaceous (late Aptian to middle Albian)		Portugal United States	A Welwitschia-like seed plant. The type species is Bicatia costata; genus also contains Bicatia juncalensis and Bicatia rugosa.
Cordaites barthelii^[28]	Sp. nov	Valid	Šimůnek	Carboniferous (Stephanian)		Czech Republic	A species of Cordaites.
Cosmosperma^[29]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Late Devonian (Famennian)	Wutong Formation	China	A member of Lagenospermopsida of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Cosmosperma polyloba.
Cycas fushunensis^[30]	Sp. nov	Valid	Su, Quan & Liu	Eocene (Lutetian)	Jijuntun Formation	China	A cycad, a species of Cycas.
Elatides zhoui^[31]	Sp. nov	Valid	Shi et al.	Early Cretaceous		Mongolia	A member of Cupressaceae, a species of Elatides.
Elatocladus andhrensis^[32]	Sp. nov	Valid	Chinnappa, Rajanikanth & Rao	Early Cretaceous	Gangapur Formation	India	A member of Coniferales, a species of Elatocladus.
Flabellosemen^[33]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Tsymbal	Permian		Russia	A member of Ginkgoales belonging to the family Psygmophyllaceae. The type species is Flabellosemen riparium.
Giblingodendron^[34]	Gen. et 2 sp.nov	Valid	Falcon-Lang, Kurzawe & Lucas	Carboniferous (Kasimovian)^[35] to Permian (Sakmarian)	Atrasado Formation^[35] Community Pit Formation	United States	A member of Coniferopsida of uncertain phylogenetic placement, might be a member of Voltziales, Cordaitales or Dicranophyllales.^[35] The type species is Giblingodendron nudifolia; genus also includes Giblingodendron aridus.
Hubbardiastrobus^[36]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Atkinson, Rothwell & Stockey	Early Cretaceous (Valanginian)		Canada	A member of Cupressaceae. The type species is Hubbardiastrobus cunninghamioides.
Hughmillerites vancouverensis^[37]	Sp. nov	Valid	Atkinson, Rothwell & Stockey	Early Cretaceous		Canada	A member of Cupressaceae, a species of Hughmillerites.
Macdonaldodendron^[34]	Gen. et sp.nov	Valid	Falcon-Lang, Kurzawe & Lucas	Carboniferous (Kasimovian)^[35] to Permian (Sakmarian)	Atrasado Formation^[35] Community Pit Formation	United States	A member of Voltziales. The type species is Macdonaldodendron giganticus.
Manifera^[38]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Looy & Stevenson	Permian (Kungurian to Roadian)	Flowerpot Shale Member of the San Angelo Formation	United States	A member of Voltziales belonging to the family Majonicaceae. The type species is Manifera talaris.
Nilssoniopteris binggouensis^[39]	Sp. nov	Valid	Na et al.	Early Cretaceous	Binggou Formation	China	A member of Bennettitales, a species of Nilssoniopteris.
Nilssoniopteris corrugata^[40]	Sp. nov	Valid	Ray, Rothwell & Stockey	Early Cretaceous (Valanginian)		Canada	A member of Bennettitales, a species of Nilssoniopteris.
Pararaucaria collinsonae^[41]	Sp. nov	Valid	Steart, Spencer, Kenrick, Needham & Hilton in Steart et al.	Late Jurassic (Tithonian)	Lulworth Formation	United Kingdom	A member of Cheirolepidiaceae, a species of Pararaucaria.
Phoenicopsis (Culgoweria) ordosensis^[42]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Middle Jurassic	Yan'an Formation	China	A member of Czekanowskiales, a species of Phoenicopsis.
Phoenicopsis (Phoenicopsis) neimengensis^[43]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wang, Yang & Sun	Early Cretaceous	Huolinhe Formation	China	A member of Czekanowskiales, a species of Phoenicopsis.
Phyllocladoxylon pooleae^[44]	Sp.nov	Valid	Pujana, Santillana & Marenssi	Eocene	La Meseta Formation	Antarctica	A member of Podocarpaceae, a species of Phyllocladoxylon.
Platycladus yunnanensis^[45]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wu in Wu et al.	Late Miocene	Nanlin Formation	China	A member of Cupressaceae, a species of Platycladus.
Protophyllocladoxylon francisiae^[44]	Sp.nov	Valid	Pujana, Santillana & Marenssi	Eocene	La Meseta Formation	Antarctica	A member of Podocarpaceae, a species of Protophyllocladoxylon.
Rudixylon^[46]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Bomfleur et al.	Middle or early Late Triassic	Fremouw Formation	Antarctica	A member of Petriellales (an order of seed plants of uncertain phylogenetic placement). The type species is Rudixylon serbetianum.
Rugaspermum stipitatus^[47]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bhowmik, Parveen & Das	Middle Triassic		India	A possible member of Gnetales, a species of Rugaspermum.
Septomedullopitys szei^[48]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wan, Yang & Wang	Late Permian (early Wuchiapingian)	Wutonggou Formation	China	A member of Coniferopsida, a species of Septomedullopitys.
Xinjiangoxylon^[49]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Shi et al.	Late Permian (Changhsingian)	Guodikeng Formation	China	A gymnosperm. The type species is Xinjiangoxylon turpanense.

Other plants

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Arcellites punctatus^[50]	Sp. nov	Valid	Friis, Pedersen & Marone	Early Cretaceous (late Barremian–early Aptian)	Almargem Formation	Portugal	A member of Salviniales of uncertain phylogenetic placement, a species of Arcellites.
Ashicaulis plumites^[51]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tian & Wang in Tian et al.	Middle Jurassic	Tiaojishan Formation	China	A member of Osmundaceae, a species of Ashicaulis.
Ashicaulis wangii^[52]	Sp. nov	Valid	Tian et al.	Middle Jurassic	Tiaojishan Formation	China	A member of Osmundaceae, a species of Ashicaulis.
Baikalophyton^[53]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Naugolnykh & Minina	Devonian		Russia	A terrestrial plant similar to Sciadophyton. The type species is Baikalophyton ruzhentsevii.
Ceratolejeunea antiqua^[54]	Sp. nov	Valid	Heinrichs & Schäfer-Verwimp in Heinrichs et al.	Early to middle Miocene		Mexico	A liverwort belonging to the family Lejeuneaceae, a species of Ceratolejeunea.
Elaphoglossum miocenicum^[55]	Sp. nov	Valid	Lóriga et al.	Miocene		Dominican Republic	A member of Dryopteridaceae found in Dominican amber, a species of Elaphoglossum.
Flabellariopteris^[56]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Sun in Sun et al.	Late Triassic	Yangcaogou Formation	China	A member of Marsileaceae. The type species is Flabellariopteris mii.
Gackstroemia cretacea^[57]	Sp. nov	Valid	Heinrichs et al.	Early Cretaceous (late Albian)		Myanmar	A liverwort belonging to the group Jungermanniopsida and the family Lepidolaenaceae, a species of Gackstroemia.
Lepidodendron bellii^[58]	Sp. nov	Valid	Álvarez-Vázquez & Wagner	Carboniferous (middle Pennsylvanian, i.e. early Westphalian)		Canada	A species of Lepidodendron.
Lycopodites baikalensis^[59]	Sp. nov	Valid	Frolov in Frolov & Mashchuk	Middle Jurassic	Prisayan Formation	Russia	A member of Lycopodiales, a species of Lycopodites.
Lycopodites subulifolius^[59]	Sp. nov	Valid	Frolov & Mashchuk	Middle Jurassic	Prisayan Formation	Russia	A member of Lycopodiales, a species of Lycopodites.
Marattiopsis vodrazkae^[60]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Kvaček	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Hidden Lake Formation	Antarctica (James Ross Island)	A member of Marattiaceae, a species of Marattiopsis.
Marchantites huolinhensis^[61]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Early Cretaceous	Huolinhe Formation	China	A liverwort belonging to the group Marchantiales, a species of Marchantites.
Pantiathallites^[62]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Banerjee & Dutta	Early Permian		India	A metzgeriinean bryophyte. The type species is Pantiathallites gondwanensis.
Phlebopteris hickeyi^[63]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hu & Taylor	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Jarash Formation	Jordan	A member of Matoniaceae, a species of Phlebopteris.
Planatophyton^[64]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gerrienne et al.	Early or Middle Devonian	Hujiersite Formation	China	An euphyllophyte. The type species is Planatophyton hujiersitense.
Pseudobornia schweitzeri^[65]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jurina & Orlova in Orlova & Jurina	Late Devonian		Russia	A species of Pseudobornia.
Rhizomnium dentatum^[66]	Sp nov	valid	Heinrichs et al, 2014	Middle Eocene	Baltic amber	Europe	A Mniaceae moss
Salvinia hainanensis^[67]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jin & Wang in Wang, Xu & Jin	Eocene		China	A species of Salvinia.
Tiania^[68]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Late Permian	Xuanwei Formation	China	A member of Guaireaceae (extinct family belonging to the order Osmundales); a new genus for "Palaeosmunda" yunnanense Tian & Chang (1995).
Ufadendron^[69]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Naugolnykh	Permian (Kungurian)	Koshelevsk Formation	Russia	A lycopsid. The type species is Ufadendron ufaensis.
Zhongmingella^[70]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Late Permian	Wangjiazhai Formation	China	A member of Guaireaceae (extinct family belonging to the order Osmundales); a new genus for "Palaeosmunda" plenasioides Li (1983).

Cnidarians

Newly described cnidarians

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Acropora macrocalyx^[71]	Sp. nov	Valid^[72]	Wallace & Bosellini	Early Miocene (Burdigalian)		Italy	A stony coral, a species of Acropora.
Acropora piedmontensis^[71]	Sp. nov	Valid^[72]	Wallace & Bosellini	Early Miocene (Burdigalian)		Italy	A stony coral, a species of Acropora.
Acropora salentina^[71]	Sp. nov	Valid^[72]	Wallace & Bosellini	Oligocene (Chattian)		Italy	A stony coral, a species of Acropora.
Acropora slovenica^[71]	Sp. nov	Valid^[72]	Wallace & Bosellini	Oligocene (Rupelian)	Gornji Grad beds	Slovenia	A stony coral, a species of Acropora.
Arctistrotion^[73]	Gen. et 2 sp. et comb. nov	Valid	Fedorowski & Stevens	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)		United States	A colonial coral belonging to the subclass Rugosa and the family Lithostrotionidae. The type species is Arctistrotion variabilis; genus also contains "Lithostrotionella" wahooensis Armstrong (1972) and Arctistrotion simplex.
Cambroctoconus kyrgyzstanicus^[74]	Sp. nov	Valid	Peel in Geyer et al.	Cambrian (Amgan)		Kyrgyzstan	A stem-cnidarian, a species of Cambroctoconus.
Haootia^[75]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Liu et al.	Late Ediacaran	Fermeuse Formation	Canada	A probable cnidarian, possibly related to Medusozoa. The type species is Haootia quadriformis.
Paraheritschioides compositus^[73]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fedorowski & Stevens	Carboniferous (Bashkirian)	Wahoo Limestone	United States	A colonial coral belonging to the subclass Rugosa and the family Kleopatrinidae, a species of Paraheritschioides.
Paraheritschioides katvalae^[73]	Sp. nov	Valid	Fedorowski & Stevens	Carboniferous (Moscovian)	Saginaw Bay Formation	United States	A colonial coral belonging to the subclass Rugosa and the family Kleopatrinidae, a species of Paraheritschioides.
Sinobryon^[76]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Baliński, Sun & Dzik	Ordovician (early Floian)	Fenxiang Formation	China	A hydrozoan, a member of Hydroidolina. The type species is Sinobryon elongatum.
Thurispina^[77]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Weyer	Devonian (late Famennian)		Germany	A member of Rugosa. The type species is Thurispina jogi.

Arthropods

Main article: 2014 in arthropod paleontology

Molluscs

Main article: 2014 in molluscan paleontology

Echinoderms

Main article: 2014 in echinoderm paleontology

Conodonts

Newly described conodonts

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Belodina longxianensis minor^[78]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Cai, Yuan & Wu	Late Ordovician	Lianglitag Formation	China	A subspecies of Belodina longxianensis.
Furnishina holmi^[79]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bagnoli & Stouge	Cambrian (late Furongian)	Alum Shale Formation	Sweden	A species of Furnishina.
Gobduntaulepis^[80]	Nom. nov	Valid	Doweld	Early Ordovician		Uzbekistan	A replacement name for Acantholepis Pianovskij in Pianovskij, Pianovskaja & Aleksandrova, 1989 (preoccupied).
Hindeodus microdentatus^[81]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wu et al.	Permian–Triassic boundary		China	A species of Hindeodus.
Icriodella rhodesi^[82]	Sp. nov	Valid^[83]	Bergström & Ferretti	Late Ordovician	Keisley Limestone	United Kingdom	A species of Icriodella.
Neogondolella prediscreta^[81]	Sp. nov	Valid	Wu et al.	Earliest Triassic		China	A species of Neogondolella.
Parafurnishius^[84]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Yang et al.	Early Triassic (Induan)	Feixianguan Formation	China	A member of Ellisoniidae. The type species is Parafurnishius xuanhanensis.
Polygnathus alkhovikovae^[85]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus aragonensis^[86]	Sp. nov	Valid	Martínez-Pérez & Valenzuela-Ríos	Early Devonian	Basibé Formation	Spain	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus arthuri^[85]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus bardashevi^[85]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus carlsi^[86]	Sp. nov	Valid	Martínez-Pérez & Valenzuela-Ríos	Early Devonian	Basibé Formation	Spain	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus communis longanensis^[87]	Subsp. nov	Valid	Qie et al.	Carboniferous (latest Tournaisian)	Long’an Formation	China	A polygnathid, a subspecies of Polygnathus communis.
Polygnathus dujieensis^[87]	Sp. nov	Valid	Qie et al.	Carboniferous (latest Tournaisian)	Long’an Formation	China	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus ivanowskyii^[85]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus karsteni^[85]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus lezhoevi^[85]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus michaelmurphyi^[85]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus ramoni^[86]	Sp. nov	Valid	Martínez-Pérez & Valenzuela-Ríos	Early Devonian	Basibé Formation	Spain	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus settedabanicus^[85]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Polygnathus yakutensis^[85]	Sp. nov	Valid	Baranov, Slavík & Blodgett	Devonian (early Emsian)		Russia	A polygnathid, a species of Polygnathus.
Siphonodella nandongensis^[88]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Early Carboniferous	Baping Formation	China	A species of Siphonodella.
Westergaardodina asinina^[79]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bagnoli & Stouge	Cambrian (late Furongian)	Alum Shale Formation	Sweden	A species of Westergaardodina.

Fishes

Main article: 2014 in fish paleontology

Amphibians

Basalmost tetrapods

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Weberepeton^[89]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Clément & Lebedev	Late Devonian (late Frasnian)	Probably Smota-Lovat’ Formation	Russia	A member of Elginerpetontidae. The type species is Weberepeton sondalensis.

Temnospondyls

Research

Specimens of Micromelerpeton crederni with abnormalities in their limbs interpreted as a result of limb regeneration are described by Fröbisch, Bickelmann and Witzmann (2014).^[90]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Antarctosuchus^[91]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Sidor, Steyer & Hammer	Middle Triassic	Fremouw Formation	Antarctica	A capitosauroid. The type species is Antarctosuchus polyodon.
Leptorophus raischi^[92]	Sp. nov	Valid	Schoch	Early Permian	Saar–Nahe Basin	Germany	A branchiosaurid, a species of Leptorophus.
Megalophthalma^[93]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid^[94]	Schoch, Milner & Witzmann	Middle Triassic (late Ladinian)	Erfurt Formation	Germany	A plagiosaurid. The type species is Megalophthalma ockerti.
Nanobamus^[95]	Gen. nov	Valid	Schoch & Milner				An amphibamid.

Chroniosuchians

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Dromotectum abditum^[96]	Sp. nov	Valid	Shishkin, Novikov & Fortuny	Early Triassic		Russia	A bystrowianid chroniosuchian, a species of Dromotectum.
Dromotectum largum^[97]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liu et al.	Late Permian	Shangshihezi Formation	China	A bystrowianid chroniosuchian, a species of Dromotectum.
Jiyuanitectum^[97]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Liu et al.	Late Permian	Shangshihezi Formation	China	A bystrowianid chroniosuchian. The type species is Jiyuanitectum flatum.
Vyushkoviana^[96]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Shishkin, Novikov & Fortuny	Early Triassic		Russia	A bystrowianid chroniosuchian. The type species is Vyushkoviana operta.

Lissamphibians

Research

The humerus bone of a large calyptocephalellid anuran, apparently one of the largest fossil anurans known to date, is described by Otero et al. (2014) from the Eocene of Chile.^[98]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Eopelobates deani^[99]	Sp. nov	Valid	Roček et al.	Early middle Eocene	Green River Formation	United States	A relative of the European spadefoot toads, a species of Eopelobates.

Ichthyopterygians

Research

Anatomy, taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of Cretaceous ophthalmosaurids Simbirskiasaurus birjukovi and Pervushovisaurus bannovkensis are reevaluated by Fischer et al. (2014).^[100]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Janusaurus^[101]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Roberts et al.	Late Jurassic	Agardhfjellet Formation	Norway Russia	An ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur. The type species is Janusaurus lundi.
Leninia^[102]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Fischer et al.	Early Cretaceous (early Aptian)		Russia	An ophthalmosaurine ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur. The type species is Leninia stellans.
Sisteronia^[103]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Fischer et al.	Cretaceous (early Albian to early Cenomanian)	Cambridge Greensand Gault Formation Marnes Bleues Formation	France United Kingdom	A platypterygiine ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur. The type species is Sisteronia seeleyi.
Undorosaurus trautscholdi^[104]	Sp. nov	Valid	Arkhangelsky & Zverkov	Late Jurassic		Russia	An ophthalmosaurine ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur, a species of Undorosaurus.

Sauropterygians

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Aristonectes quiriquinensis^[105]	Sp. nov	Valid	Otero et al.	Late Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian)	Quiriquina Formation	Chile	A plesiosaur, a species of Aristonectes.
Cymatosaurus erikae^[106]	Sp. nov	Valid	Maisch	Middle Triassic (earliest Anisian)	Röt Formation	Germany	A species of Cymatosaurus.
Majiashanosaurus^[107]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Jiang et al.	Early Triassic (Olenekian)	Nanlinghu Formation	China	A basal member of Eosauropterygia. The type species is Majiashanosaurus discocoracoidis.
Nothosaurus zhangi^[108]	Sp. nov	Valid	Liu et al.	Middle Triassic (Anisian)	Guanling Formation	China	A nothosaur, a species of Nothosaurus.
Odoiporosaurus^[109]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Renesto, Binelli & Hagdorn	Middle Triassic (Anisian)	Besano Formation	Italy	A pachypleurosaur. The type species is Odoiporosaurus teruzzii.
Pararcus^[110]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Klein & Scheyer	Middle Triassic (early Anisian)	Vossenveld Formation	Netherlands	A placodont. The type species is Pararcus diepenbroeki.
Pliosaurus patagonicus^[111]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gasparini & O'Gorman	Late Jurassic (middle Tithonian)	Vaca Muerta Formation	Argentina	A species of Pliosaurus.

Lepidosaurs

Newly named rhynchocephalians

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes	Images
Kawasphenodon peligrensis^[112]	Sp. nov	Valid	Apesteguia, Gómez & Rougier	Palaeocene	Salamanca Formation	Argentina	An opisthodontian sphenodontid, a species of Kawasphenodon.
Priosphenodon minimus^[113]	Sp. nov	Valid	Apesteguia & Carballido	Early Cretaceous		Argentina	An eilenodontine sphenodontid, a species of Priosphenodon.

Newly named lizards

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Blanus mendezi^[114]	Sp. nov	Valid	Bolet et al.	Miocene (11.6 Mya)	Vallès-Penedès Basin	Spain	An amphisbaenian, a species of Blanus.
Blanus thomaskelleri^[115]	Sp. nov	Valid^[116]	Čerňanský, Rage & Klembara	Early Miocene		Germany	An amphisbaenian, a species of Blanus.
Calanguban^[117]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid^[118]	Simões, Caldwell & Kellner	Early Cretaceous	Crato Formation	Brazil	A scleroglossan lizard with scincomorph affinities. The type species is Calanguban alamoi.
Dakotaseps^[119]	Nom. nov	Valid	Nydam	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Dakota Formation	United States	A member of Scincomorpha of uncertain phylogenetic placement, assigned by Nydam (2013) to an informal paramacellodid-cordylid grade;^[120] a replacement name for Dakotasaurus Nydam (2013) (preoccupied).
Funiusaurus^[121]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Xu et al.	Late Cretaceous	Qiupa Formation	China	A member of Polyglyphanodontidae. The type species is Funiusaurus luanchuanensis.
Maioricalacerta^[122]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Bailon et al.	Early Pliocene (Zanclean)		Spain	A member of Lacertidae. The type species is Maioricalacerta rafelinensis.
Pyrenasaurus^[123]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Bolet & Augé	Late Eocene		France Spain	A member of Scincoidea, possibly a skink. The type species is Pyrenasaurus evansae.

Newly named snakes

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Adinophis^[124]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Pritchard et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Maevarano Formation	Madagascar	A member of Madtsoiidae. The type species is Adinophis fisaka.
Indophis fanambinana^[124]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pritchard et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Maevarano Formation	Madagascar	A member of Nigerophiidae, a species of Indophis.
Rukwanyoka^[125]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	McCartney et al.	Oligocene	Nsungwe Formation	Tanzania	The most ancient booid snake and boa from Africa. The type species is Rukwanyoka holmani.
Seismophis^[126]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hsiou et al.	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)	Alcântara Formation	Brazil	A snake of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a relative of Najash rionegrina. The type species is Seismophis septentrionalis.

Turtles

Newly named turtles

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Alienochelys^[127]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	de Lapparent de Broin et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Oulad Abdoun Basin	Morocco	A sea turtle, a member of Dermochelyoidae. The type species is Alienochelys selloumi.
Allaeochelys libyca^[128]	Sp. nov	Valid	Havlik, Joyce & Böhme	Miocene (Langhian)		Libya	A relative of the pig-nosed turtle, a species of the (possibly paraphyletic) genus Allaeochelys.
Ashleychelys^[129]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Weems & Sanders	Oligocene		United States	A pancheloniid sea turtle. The type species is Ashleychelys palmeri.
Atolchelys^[130]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Romano et al.	Early Cretaceous (Barremian)	Morro do Chaves Formation	Brazil	A bothremydid pleurodiran. The type species is Atolchelys lepida.
Brodiechelys royoi^[131]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pérez-García, Gasulla & Ortega	Early Aptian	Arcillas de Morella Formation	Spain	A xinjiangchelyid, a species of Brodiechelys.
Cheirogaster bacharidisi^[132]	Sp. nov	Valid	Vlachos, Tsoukala & Corsini	Pliocene	Gonia Formation	Greece	A tortoise, originally described as a species belonging to the genus Cheirogaster. Subsequently transferred by Pérez-García & Vlachos (2014) to the genus Titanochelon.^[133]
Eodortoka^[134]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Pérez-García, Gasulla & Ortega	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Arcillas de Morella Formation	Spain	A dortokid, a member of the clade Pan-Pleurodira (containing living pleurodirans and all turtles that are more closely related to them than to cryptodirans). The type species is Eodortoka morellana.
Gobiapalone^[135]	Gen. et sp. et comb. nov	Valid^[136]	Danilov et al.	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian to Maastrichtian)	Barun Goyot Formation Bayan Shireh Formation Nemegt Formation	Mongolia	A trionychine trionychid. Genus contains new species Gobiapalone breviplastra, as well as "Amyda" orlovi Khosatzky (1976).
Hylaeochelys kappa^[137]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pérez-García & Ortega	Late Jurassic (Tithonian)	Freixial Formation	Portugal	A basal member of Eucryptodira, a species of Hylaeochelys.
Judithemys kranzi^[138]	Sp. nov	Valid	Weems	Paleocene (early Thanetian)	Aquia Formation	United States	A member of (likely paraphyletic) group "Macrobaenidae", a species of Judithemys.
Nemegtemys^[135]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid^[136]	Danilov et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Nemegt Formation	Mongolia	A cyclanorbine trionychid. The type species is Nemegtemys conflata.
Osonachelus^[139]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	de Lapparent de Broin et al.	Eocene (late Bartonian)	Vic-Manlleu Marls Formation	Spain	A cheloniid sea turtle. The type species is Osonachelus decorata.
Procolpochelys charlestonensis^[129]	Sp. nov	Valid	Weems & Sanders	Oligocene		United States	A pancheloniid sea turtle; a species of Procolpochelys.
Riodevemys^[140]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid^[141]	Pérez-García, Royo-Torres & Cobos	Late Jurassic		Spain	A pleurosternid paracryptodiran. The type species is Riodevemys inumbragigas.
Tacuarembemys^[142]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Perea et al.	Late Jurassic or earliest Cretaceous	Tacuarembó Formation	Uruguay	A turtle of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Tacuarembemys kusterae.
Titanochelon^[133]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Pérez-García & Vlachos	Early Miocene to early Pleistocene		Austria Bulgaria France Germany Greece Portugal Spain Switzerland Turkey Malta?	A tortoise; a new genus for "Testudo" bolivari Hernández-Pacheco (1917). Genus also contains "Testudo" eurysternum Gervais (1848–1852), "Testudo" ginsburgi de Broin (1977), "Testudo" vitodurana Biedermann (1862), "Cheirogaster" steinbacheri Karl (1996), "Testudo" leberonensis Depéret (1890), "Testudo" schafferi Szalai (1931), "Testudo" perpiniana Depéret (1885) and "Cheirogaster" bacharidisi Vlachos et al. (2014). Genus might also contain "Testudo" gymnesicus Bate (1914).
‘Trionyx’ baynshirensis^[135]	Sp. nov	Valid^[136]	Danilov et al.	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian to Santonian)	Bayan Shireh Formation	Mongolia	A trionychine trionychid, a species of Trionyx sensu lato.
‘Trionyx’ dissolutus^[143]	Sp. nov	Valid	Vitek & Danilov	Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)		Uzbekistan	A trionychid, a species of Trionyx sensu lato.
‘Trionyx’ gilbentuensis^[135]	Sp. nov	Valid^[136]	Danilov et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Nemegt Formation	Mongolia	A trionychine trionychid, a species of Trionyx sensu lato.
‘Trionyx’ gobiensis^[135]	Sp. nov	Valid^[136]	Danilov et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Nemegt Formation	Mongolia	A trionychine trionychid, a species of Trionyx sensu lato.
‘Trionyx’ shiluutulensis^[135]	Sp. nov	Valid^[136]	Danilov et al.	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)		Mongolia	A trionychine trionychid, a species of Trionyx sensu lato.

Archosauromorphs

Basal archosauromorphs

Research

A redescription of Tasmaniosaurus triassicus is published by Ezcurra (2014).^[144]
A revision of anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the archosauriform Dorosuchus neoetus is published by Sookias et al. (2014).^[145]
A revision of putative euparkeriids from the Triassic of China is published by Sookias et al. (2014).^[146]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Aenigmastropheus^[147]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Ezcurra, Scheyer & Bulter	Late Permian (Wuchiapingian)	Usili Formation	Tanzania	A non-archosauriform archosauromorph, probably a protorosaurian. The type species is Aenigmastropheus parringtoni.
Garjainia madiba^[148]	Sp. nov	Valid	Gower et al.	Early Triassic (late Olenekian)	Burgersdorp Formation	South Africa	An erythrosuchid archosauriform, a species of Garjainia.
Hyperodapedon tikiensis^[149]	Sp. nov	Valid^[150]	Mukherjee & Ray	Late Triassic	Tiki Formation	India	A rhynchosaur, a species of Hyperodapedon.
Proterosuchus goweri^[151]	Sp. nov	Valid^[152]	Ezcurra & Butler	Early Triassic		South Africa	A proterosuchid archosauriform, a species of Proterosuchus.
Pseudochampsa^[153]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Trotteyn & Ezcurra	Late Triassic (late Carnian or earliest Norian)	Ischigualasto Formation	Argentina	A proterochampsid archosauriform; a new genus for "Chanaresuchus" ischigualastensis Trotteyn, Martínez & Alcober (2012).

Pseudosuchians

Research

A study of anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum, Turfanosuchus dabanensis and Yonghesuchus sangbiensis is published by Butler et al. (2014).^[154]
A study of jaw mechanism and dental function in heterodont crocodyliforms is published by Ősi (2014).^[155]
The atoposaurid crocodyliform genus Alligatorellus is revised by Tennant and Mannion (2014).^[156]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Allodaposuchus palustris^[157]	Sp. nov	Valid	Blanco et al.	Late Cretaceous (early Maastrichtian)	Tremp Formation	Spain	An eusuchian crocodylomorph, a species of Allodaposuchus.
Anthracosuchus^[158]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hastings, Bloch & Jaramillo	Paleocene	Cerrejón Formation	Colombia	A dyrosaurid crocodyliform. The type species is Anthracosuchus balrogus.
Aplestosuchus^[159]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Godoy et al.	Late Cretaceous	Adamantina Formation	Brazil	A baurusuchid crocodylomorph. The type species is Aplestosuchus sordidus.
Caipirasuchus stenognathus^[160]	Sp. nov	Valid	Pol et al.	Late Cretaceous	Adamantina Formation	Brazil	A sphagesaurid crocodylomorph, a species of Caipirasuchus.
Diplocynodon remensis^[161]	Sp. nov	Valid	Martin et al.	Late Palaeocene		France	A member of Alligatoroidea, a species of Diplocynodon.
Machimosaurus buffetauti^[162]	Sp. nov	Valid	Young et al.	Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)		France Germany Poland? United Kingdom?	A teleosaurid crocodylomorph, a species of Machimosaurus. Considered to be a junior synonym of Machimosaurus hugii by Martin, Vincent & Falconnet (2015).^[163]
Nundasuchus^[164]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Nesbitt et al.	Middle Triassic (Anisian)	Manda Beds	Tanzania	A member of Archosauriformes of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a pseudosuchian. The type species is Nundasuchus songeaensis.
Polesinesuchus^[165]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Roberto-da-Silva et al.	Late Triassic	Santa Maria Formation	Brazil	An aetosaur. The type species is Polesinesuchus aurelioi.
Rukwasuchus^[166]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Sertich & O’Connor	Cretaceous (Aptian to Cenomanian)	Galula Formation	Tanzania	A peirosaurid crocodyliform. The type species is Rukwasuchus yajabalijekundu.
Sahitisuchus^[167]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Kellner, Pinheiro & Campos	Paleocene (Itaboraian)		Brazil	A sebecid crocodylomorph. The type species is Sahitisuchus fluminensis.
Wannchampsus^[168]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Adams	Early Cretaceous (late Aptian)	Twin Mountains Formation	United States	A paralligatorid neosuchian crocodylomorph. The type species is Wannchampsus kirpachi.

Non-avian dinosaurs

Research

A study of size changes and rates of anatomical innovation in the theropod lineage ancestral to birds is published by Lee et al. (2014).^[169]
A study of evolution of body size and forelimb length in birds and nov-avian coelurosaurian theropods is published by Puttick, Thomas and Benton (2014).^[170]
A phylogenetic analysis of bird and non-avian coelurosaurian theropod relationships and a study of rates of morphological evolution and changes in morphological disparity across the dinosaur-bird transition is published by Brusatte et al. (2014).^[171]
A description of abelisaurid teeth from the Late Jurassic Lourinhã Formation of Portugal and a phylogenetic analysis of theropod relationships based on dental characters is published by Hendrickx and Mateus (2014).^[172]
A study of theropod diversity in the Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) of Tunisia is published by Fanti et al. (2014).^[173]
A juvenile specimen of Megaraptor namunhuaiquii is described by Porfiri et al. (2014).^[174]
A study of European fossil record of Ornithomimosauria is published by Allain et al. (2014).^[175]
A study of flight ability in some non-avian paravian theropods is published by Sorkin (2014).^[176]
"Saurornitholestes" robustus, initially thought to be a dromaeosaurid, is reinterpreted as a troodontid by Evans et al. (2014).^[177]
A well-preserved specimen of Microraptor zhaoianus is described by Pei et al. (2014).^[178]
A study of anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Antetonitrus ingenipes is published by McPhee et al. (2014).^[179]
Fragmentary partial skeleton of a small sauropod belonging to the genus Haplocanthosaurus collected from the Rocky Mountains of central Colorado is described by Foster & Wedel (2014).^[180]
The purported size of the holotype vertebra of Amphicoelias fragillimus is reevaluated by Woodruff and Foster (2014).^[181]
A study of phylogenetic relationships of Lourinhasaurus alenquerensis is published by Mocho, Royo-Torres and Ortega (2014).^[182]
A study of anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Aragosaurus ischiaticus is published by Royo-Torres et al. (2014).^[183]
A study of titanosaur osteoderms from the Upper Cretaceous Lo Hueco site in Cuenca, Spain is published by Vidal, Ortega and Sanz (2014).^[184]
A study of species richness of South American titanosaur assemblages during the Late Cretaceous is published by Vieira et al. (2014).^[185]
A study of the effect of intervertebral cartilage on neck posture of sauropod dinosaurs is published by Taylor (2014).^[186]
A study of the dentition of Manidens condorensis is published by Becerra et al. (2014).^[187]
A study of the postcranial anatomy of Heterodontosaurus tucki is published by Galton (2014).^[188]
A study of the impact of osteoderm placement on the centre of mass of stegosaurs is published by Mallison (2014).^[189]
A study of Early Cretaceous Spanish iguanodont ornithopod diversity and a description of new remains referrable to Delapparentia is published by Gasca, Canudo and Moreno-Azanza (2014).^[190]
A specimen of Edmontosaurus regalis with remains of a soft-tissue cranial crest is described by Bell et al. (2014).^[191]
A juvenile specimen of Edmontosaurus annectens is described by Prieto-Márquez (2014).^[192]
An assemblage of Psittacosaurus juveniles associated with a larger specimen from the Lujiatun beds of the Yixian Formation in Liaoning, China is described by Hedrick et al. (2014).^[193]
An aggregation of four juveniles of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Tugrikin Shire locality of the Djadokhta Formation in Central Gobi region, Mongolia and two associated subadults of the same species from the same locality are described by Hone et al. (2014).^[194]
A study of ontogenetic changes in the craniofacial skeleton of Centrosaurus apertus is published by Frederickson and Tumarkin-Deratzian (2014).^[195]
A new specimen attributable to Arrhinoceratops brachyops is described by Mallon et al. (2014).^[196]
A new specimen of Spinosaurus is described by Ibrahim et al., with a controversial reconstruction of Spinosaurus as a quadrupedal semi-aquatic genus.^[197]
Two new specimens of the previous enigma Deinocheirus are described and analysed by Lee et al. (2014).^[198]
A tiny theropod was found in the South Korea. (2014)

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Adelolophus^[199]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gates et al.	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Wahweap Formation	United States	A lambeosaurine hadrosaurid. The type species is Adelolophus hutchisoni.
Allosaurus lucasi^[200]	Sp. nov	Valid	Dalman	Late Jurassic (Tithonian)	Morrison Formation	United States	An allosauroid theropod, a species of Allosaurus.
Amargastegos^[201]	Gen. et sp. nov	Disputed	Ulansky	Early Cretaceous (Barremian-early Aptian)	La Amarga Formation	Argentina	A stegosaur. The type species is Amargastegos brevicollus. According to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.^[202]
Andhrasaurus^[201]	Gen. et. sp. nov	Disputed	Ulansky	Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian-Toarcian)	Kota Formation	India	A basal thyreophoran. The type species is Andhrasaurus indicus. According to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.^[202]
Anzu^[203]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lamanna et al.	Late Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian)	Hell Creek Formation	United States	A caenagnathid theropod. The type species is Anzu wyliei.
Aquilops^[204]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Farke et al.	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Cloverly Formation	United States	A basal member of Neoceratopsia. The type species is Aquilops americanus.
Arcovenator^[205]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Tortosa et al.	Late Cretaceous (late Campanian)		France	An abelisaurid theropod. The type species is Arcovenator escotae.
Camarillasaurus^[206]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Sánchez-Hernández & Benton	Early Cretaceous (early Barremian)	Camarillas Formation	Spain	A basal ceratosaurian. The type species is Camarillasaurus cirugedae.
Changyuraptor^[207]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Han et al.	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China	A microraptorine dromaeosaurid theropod. The type species is Changyuraptor yangi.
Chuanqilong^[208]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Han et al.	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Jiufotang Formation	China	An ankylosaurid. The type species is Chuanqilong chaoyangensis.
Chungkingosaurus giganticus^[201]	Sp. nov	Disputed	Ulansky	Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)	Shangshaximiao Formation	China	A huayangosaurid, a species of Chungkingosaurus. According to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.^[202]
Chungkingosaurus magnus^[201]	Sp. nov	Disputed	Ulansky	Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)	Shangshaximiao Formation	China	A huayangosaurid, a species of Chungkingosaurus. According to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.^[202]
Datanglong^[209]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Mo et al.	Early Cretaceous	Xinlong Formation	China	A carcharodontosaur theropod. The type species is Datanglong guangxiensis.
Dreadnoughtus^[210]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lacovara et al.	Late Cretaceous (Campanian or Maastrichtian)	Cerro Fortaleza Formation	Argentina	A titanosaurian sauropod. The type species is Dreadnoughtus schrani.
Eoplophysis^[201]	Gen. et comb. nov	Disputed	Ulansky	Middle Jurassic (Bathonian)	Cornbrash Formation	England	A stegosaur; a new genus for "Omosaurus" vetustus von Huene (1910). According to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.^[202]
Eousdryosaurus^[211]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Escaso et al.	Late Jurassic	Alcobaça Formation	Portugal	A dryosaurid ornithopod. The type species is Eousdryosaurus nanohallucis.
Ferganastegos^[201]	Gen. et sp. nov	Disputed	Ulansky	Middle Jurassic (Callovian)	Balabansai Formation	Kyrgyzstan	A stegosaur. According to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.^[202]
Fosterovenator^[212]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Dalman	Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian/Tithonian)	Morrison Formation	United States	A theropod dinosaur. The type species is Fosterovenator churei.
Gobivenator^[213]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Tsuihiji et al.	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Djadochta Formation	Mongolia	A troodontid theropod. The type species is Gobivenator mongoliensis.
Gongpoquansaurus^[214]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	You, Li & Dodson	Early Cretaceous (Albian)	Zhonggou Formation	China	A non-hadrosaurid hadrosauroid; a new genus for "Probactrosaurus" mazongshanensis Lü (1997).
Huangshanlong^[215]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Huang et al.	Middle Jurassic	Hongqin Formation	China	A mamenchisaurid sauropod. The type species is Huangshanlong anhuiensis.
Kulindadromeus^[216]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Godefroit et al.	Middle or Late Jurassic (Bajocian to Tithonian)	Ukureyskaya Formation	Russia	A non-cerapodan neornithischian. The type species is Kulindadromeus zabaikalicus.
Laquintasaura^[217]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Barrett et al.	Early Jurassic	La Quinta Formation	Venezuela	A basal ornithischian. The type species is Laquintasaura venezuelae.
Leinkupal^[218]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gallina et al.	Early Cretaceous (late Berriasian to Valanginian)	Bajada Colorada Formation	Argentina	A diplodocine diplodocid sauropod. The type species is Leinkupal laticauda.
Mercuriceratops^[219]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Ryan et al.	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Dinosaur Park Formation Judith River Formation	Canada United States	A chasmosaurine ceratopsid. The type species is Mercuriceratops gemini.
Nanuqsaurus^[220]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Fiorillo & Tykoski	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)	Prince Creek Formation	United States	A tyrannosaurid theropod. The type species is Nanuqsaurus hoglundi.
Natronasaurus^[201]	Gen. et comb. nov	Disputed	Ulansky	Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian-Tithonian)	Morrison Formation	United States	A stegosaurid; a new genus for "Stegosaurus" longispinus Gilmore (1914). According to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature; Galton and Carpenter made "S." longispinus the type species of a new genus Alcovasaurus.^[202]
Panguraptor^[221]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	You et al.	Early Jurassic	Lufeng Formation	China	A coelophysoid theropod. The type species is Panguraptor lufengensis.
Pentaceratops aquilonius^[222]	Sp. nov	Valid	Longrich	Late Cretaceous (late Campanian)	Dinosaur Park Formation	Canada	A ceratopsid, a species of Pentaceratops.
Plesiohadros^[223]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Tsogtbaatar et al.	Late Cretaceous (probably late Campanian)	Djadochta Formation	Mongolia	A non-hadrosaurid hadrosauroid. The type species is Plesiohadros djadokhtaensis.
Qianzhousaurus^[224]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Lü et al.	Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian)		China	A tyrannosaurid theropod. The type species is Qianzhousaurus sinensis.
Quetecsaurus^[225]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	González Riga & Ortiz David	Late Cretaceous (Turonian)	Cerro Lisandro Formation	Argentina	A titanosaur sauropod related to Mendozasaurus and Futalognkosaurus. The type species is Quetecsaurus rusconii.
Rhinorex^[226]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid^[227]	Gates & Scheetz	Late Cretaceous (Campanian)	Neslen Formation	United States	A saurolophine hadrosaurid. The type species is Rhinorex condrupus.
Rukwatitan^[228]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Gorscak et al.	Cretaceous (Aptian to Cenomanian)	Galula Formation	Tanzania	A titanosaur sauropod. The type species is Rukwatitan bisepultus.
Saldamosaurus^[201]	Gen. et sp. nov	Disputed	Ulansky	Late Jurassic	Saldam Formation	Russia	A stegosaur. The type species is Saldamosaurus tuvensis. According to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.^[202]
Scelidosaurus arizonensis^[201]	Sp. nov	Disputed	Ulansky	Early Jurassic (?Sinemurian-Pliensbachian)	Kayenta Formation	United States	A basal thyreophoran, a species of Scelidosaurus. According to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.^[202]
Siamodracon^[201]	Gen. et sp. nov	Disputed	Ulansky	Late Jurassic	Phu Kradung Formation	Thailand	A stegosaur. The type species is Siamodracon altispinus. According to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.^[202]
Sinopeltosaurus^[201]	Gen. et sp. nov	Disputed	Ulansky	Early Jurassic (Hettangian-Pliensbachian)	Lufeng Formation	China	A basal thyreophoran. The type species is Sinopeltosaurus minimus. According to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.^[202]
Tachiraptor^[229]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Langer et al.	Earliest Jurassic	La Quinta Formation	Venezuela	A stem-averostran theropod. The type species is Tachiraptor admirabilis.
Tambatitanis^[230]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Saegusa and Ikeda	Early Cretaceous (probably early Albian)	Sasayama Group	Japan	A titanosauriform sauropod, a member of Somphospondyli. The type species is Tambatitanis amicitiae.
Torvosaurus gurneyi^[231]	Sp. nov	Valid	Hendrickx & Mateus	Late Jurassic (late Kimmeridgian)	Lourinhã Formation	Portugal	A megalosauroid theropod, a species of Torvosaurus.
Vahiny^[232]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Curry Rogers & Wilson	Late Cretaceous	Maevarano Formation	Madagascar	A titanosaur sauropod. The type species is Vahiny depereti.
Wuerhosaurus mongoliensis^[201]	Sp. nov.	Disputed	Ulansky	Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian}	Khukhtyk Formation	Mongolia	A stegosaur, a species of Wuerhosaurus. According to Galton and Carpenter (2016) it did not meet the requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.^[202]
Yongjinglong^[233]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Early Cretaceous	Hekou Group	China	A titanosaur sauropod. The type species is Yongjinglong datangi.
Zaraapelta^[234]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Arbour, Currie & Badamgarav	Late Cretaceous	Barun Goyot Formation	Mongolia	A member of Ankylosauridae. The type species is Zaraapelta nomadis.
Zby^[235]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Mateus, Mannion & Upchurch	Late Jurassic (late Kimmeridgian)	Lourinhã Formation	Portugal	A turiasaurian sauropod. The type species is Zby atlanticus.
Zhanghenglong^[236]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Xing et al.	Late Cretaceous (Santonian)	Majiacun Formation	China	A non-hadrosaurid hadrosauroid ornithopod. The type species is Zhanghenglong yangchengensis.
Ziapelta^[237]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Arbour et al.	Late Cretaceous (late Campanian)	Kirtland Formation	United States	An ankylosaurid. The type species is Ziapelta sanjuanensis.

Birds

Research

A study on the antiquity of birds is published by Lee et al. (2014).^[238]
A new specimen of Archaeopteryx is described by Foth, Tischlinger and Rauhut (2014).^[239]
Zhongornis haoae, initially thought to be a bird, is argued to be a non-avian maniraptoran by O'Connor and Sullivan (2014).^[240]
A study of ecological disparity in Early Cretaceous birds is published by Mitchell and Makovicky (2014).^[241]
A subadult specimen of Zhouornis hani is described by Zhang et al. (2014).^[242]
A study of the species status of the moa from the genus Euryapteryx is published by Huynen and Lambert (2014).^[243]
A study of growth in the moa from the genus Euryapteryx is published by Huynen et al. (2014).^[244]
A study of tbx5 gene of the moa from the genus Dinornis is published by Huynen et al. (2014).^[245]
Fossil remains of a relative of the hoatzin, possibly a species belonging to the genus Namibiavis, from the middle Miocene of Kenya, are described by Mayr (2014).^[246]
A specimen of Pumiliornis tessellatus with preserved stomach contents including pollen grains is described by Mayr and Wilde (2014).^[247]
A Late Pleistocene specimen of griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) with exceptionally well preserved fossilized soft tissues is described from the Alban Hills volcanic region, Italy by Iurino et al. (2014).^[248]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Aegypius varswaterensis ^[249]	Sp nov.	Valid	Albrecht Manegold, Marco Pavia, Pippa Haarhoff	Early Pliocene	Varswater Formation	South Africa	An Aegypius sp. related to the cinereous vulture
Anser djuktaiensis^[250]	Sp nov.	Valid	Zelenkov & Kurochkin	Late Pleistocene		Russia	A species of Anser.
Australornis lovei ^[251]	Gen. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Mayr & R. Paul Scofield	Early Paleocene	Waipara Greensand	New Zealand	An incertae sedis Neognathae, Monotypic with A. lovei.
Bambolinetta lignitifila ^[252]	Gen. et Comb. nov.	Valid	Mayr & Pavia	Miocene		Italy	An Anatinae genus, Comb. nov. for "Anas" lignitifila
Baselrallus intermedius ^[253]	Gen. et Sp. nov.	Valid	De Pietri, Gerald Mayr	Early Miocene		France	A Rallidae. The type species of the new genus.
Caracara seymouri ^[254]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Suarez & Olson	Quaternary		Ecuador Peru	A Caracara, Falconidae.
Cryptopsar ischyrhynchus ^[255]	Gen. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Hume	Holocene		Mauritius	A Sturnidae, it is the type species of the new genus.
Eopengornis martini ^[256]	Gen. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Wang, O'Connor, Zheng, Wang, Hu, Zhou	Early Cretaceous,	Huajiying Formation	China	An Enantiornithes, it is the type species of the new genus.
Eudyptes calauina ^[257]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Hoffmeister, Carrillo Briceño, & Nielsen	Pliocene	Horcon Formation	Chile	An extinct crested penguin.
Evgenavis nobilis ^[258]	Gen. et Sp. nov.	Valid	O’Connor, Averianov, & Zelenkov	Barremian-Aptian	Ilek Formation	Russia	Aves incertae sedis. it is the type species of the new genus.
Falco hezhengensis ^[259]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Zhiheng, Zhonghe, Tao, Qiang, & Clarke	Late Miocene	Linxia Basin	China	A Falconidae.
Fortunguavis xiaotaizicus ^[260]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Wang Min Jingmai K. O’Connor Zhou Zhonghe	Early Cretaceous	Jiufotang Formation	China	A member of Enantiornithes Walker, 1981. This is the type species of the new genus.
Gansus zheni ^[261]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Di Liu Luis M. Chiappe Yuguang Zhang Alyssa Bell Qingjin Meng Qiang Ji Xuri Wang	Early Cretaceous	Jiufotang Formation	China	An early member of Ornithuromorpha Chiappe, 2002, a species of Gansus.
Garganornis ballmanni ^[262]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Hanneke J. M. Meijer	Miocene	Fissure fillings	Italy	An Anseriformes, this is the type species of the new genus.
Genucrassum bransatensis ^[263]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Vanesa L. De Pietri R. Paul Scofield	Late Oligocene	MP 30; 23.03 Mya	France	A stone-curlew, Burhinidae, this is the type species of the new genus.
Grabauornis lingyuanensis^[264]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Johan Dalsätt Per G.P. Ericson Zhou Zhonghe	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China	A member of Enantiornithes Walker, 1981. This is the type species of the new genus.
?Ibidopodia chavrochensis ^[265]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Vanesa L. De Pietri Gerald Mayr	Early Miocene	Chavroches MN 2	France	An Idiornithid, Idiornithidae Cariamiformes, possibly a species of Ibidopodia Milne-Edwards, 1868.
?Ibidopodia minuta ^[265]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Vanesa L. De Pietri Gerald Mayr	Early Miocene	Saulcet	France	An Idiornithid, Idiornithidae Cariamiformes, possibly a species of Ibidopodia Milne-Edwards, 1868.
Iteravis huchzermeyeri^[266]	Gen. nov. et sp. nov.	Valid	Shuang Zhou Jingmai K. O’Connor Min Wang	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China	A basal member of the Ornithuromorpha Chiappe, 2002. This is the type species of the new genus.
Jeholornis curvipes ^[267]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Ulysse Lefèvre Dongyu Hu François Escuillié Gareth Dyke Pascal Godefroit	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China	A member of Avialae Gauthier, 1986, a species of Jeholornis Zhou et Zhang, 2002.
Limnofregata hutchisoni ^[268]	Sp. nov.	Valid^[269]	Thomas A. Stidham	Early Eocene	Wasatch Formation	United States: Wyoming	A member of Fregatidae, a species of Limnofregata.
Longusunguis kurochkini ^[270]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Wang Min Zhou Zhonghe Jingmai K. O'Connor Nikita V. Zelenkov	Early Cretaceous	Jiufotang Formation	China	A member of Enantiornithes Walker, 1981 related to Bohaiornis. This is the type species of new genus.
Mergellus mochanovi ^[250]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Nikita V. Zelenkov Evgeny N. Kurochkin	Late Pleistocene		Russia	An Anatidae related to the smew, a species of Mergellus.
Mergus milleneri ^[271]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Murray Williams Alan J. D. Tennyson	Holocene	Chatham Island	New Zealand	An Anatidae.
Nectornis africanus ^[272]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr	Middle Miocene	MN 5	Kenya	A cormorant, Phalacrocoracidae, a species of Nectornis Cheneval, 1984.
Nestor chathamensis^[273]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Jamie R. Wood Kieren J. Mitchell R. Paul Scofield Alan J. D. Tennyson in Wood et al.	Holocene	Chatham Islands	New Zealand	A New Zealand parrot belonging to the family Nestoridae Bonaparte, 1849, a species of Nestor.
?Nupharanassa mabokoensis ^[272]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr	Middle Miocene	MN 5	Kenya	A jacana, Jacanidae, possibly a species of Nupharanassa Rasmussen, Olson et Simons, 1987.
Parabohaiornis martini ^[270]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Wang Min Zhou Zhonghe Jingmai K. O’Connor Nikita V. Zelenkov	Early Cretaceous	Jiufotang Formation	China	A member of Enantiornithes Walker, 1981 related to Bohaiornis. The type species of the new genus, placed in the family Bohaiornithidae Wang, Zhou, O’Connor et Zelenkov, 2014 with de genera Shenqiornis Wang, O’Connor, Zhao, Chiappe, Gao et Cheng, 2010, Sulcavis O’Connor, Zhang, Chiappe, Meng, Quanguo et Di, 2013, Zhouornis Zhang, Chiappe, Han et Chinsamy, 2013, Longusunguis Wang, Zhou, O’Connor et Zelenkov, 2014 and Bohaiornis Hu, Hou L. H. et Xu, 2011.
Parvavis chuxiongensis ^[274]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Wang Min Zhou Zhonghe Xu Guanghui	Late Cretaceous, Turonian to Santonian	Jiangdihe Formation	China	A member of Enantiornithes Walker, 1981. The type species of the new genus.
Pelagornis sandersi ^[275]	Sp. nov.	Valid	Daniel T. Ksepka	Late Oligocene	Chandler Bridge Formation, Early Chattian	USA: South Carolina	A Pelagornithidae Fürbringer, 1888, a species of Pelagornis Lartet, 1857; the bird with the biggest wingspan known up to now.
Piscivoravis lii ^[276]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Zhou Shuang Zhou Zhonghe Jingmai K. O'Connor	Early Cretaceous	Jiufotang Formation	China	A basal member of the Ornithuromorpha Chiappe, 2002. This is the type species the new genus.
Plotornis graculoides ^[252]	Comb. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr Marco Pavia	Miocene	MN 1-2	Italy	A Diomedeidae, a new name for "Chenornis" graculoides Portis 1884, creating a Comb. nov.
Protoazin parisiensis ^[277]	Gen. nov. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Gerald Mayr Vanesa L. De Pietri	Late Eocene	Priabonian, MP 20	France	A relative of the hoatzin, Opisthocomidae. This is the type species of the new genus.
Sobniogallus albinojamrozi ^[278]	Gen. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Tomek, Bocheński, Wertz, & Świdnicka	Rupelian	Krosno Formation	Poland	Galliformes incertae sedis. This is the type species of the new genus.
Tianyuornis cheni ^[279]	Gen. et Sp. nov.	Valid	Xiao-Ting, O'Connor, Xiao-Li, Xiao-Mei, & Yan	Early Cretaceous	Yixian Formation	China	A Hongshanornithidae, The type species of the new genus.

Pterosaurs

Research

A study of pneumaticity of pterosaur wing bones is published by Martin and Palmer (2014).^[280]
A complete and fully articulated juvenile specimen of Scaphognathus crassirostris is described by Bennett (2014).^[281]
Partial 3D egg of Pterodaustro guinazui is described by Grellet-Tinner et al. (2014).^[282]
Cearadactylus atrox is redescribed by Vila Nova et al. (2014).^[283]
The taxonomy and distribution of the family Azhdarchidae is reviewed by Averianov (2014).^[284]
A reevaluation of the fossil material attributed to Bakonydraco galaczi, indicating that the fossils actually represent at least two pterosaur taxa, is published by Prondvai, Bodor and Ősi (2014).^[285]
A study of medullary bone-like tissue in the mandibular symphyses of Bakonydraco galaczi is published by Prondvai and Stein (2014).^[286]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Aerodactylus^[287]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Vidovic & Martill	Late Jurassic	Solnhofen Limestone	Germany	A member of Pterodactyloidea related to Gladocephaloideus, Cycnorhamphus, Ardeadactylus and Aurorazhdarcho; a new genus for "Pterodactylus" scolopaciceps Meyer (1860).
Boreopterus giganticus^[288]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jiang et al.	Early Cretaceous		China	A species of Boreopterus.
Caiuajara^[289]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Manzig et al.	Late Cretaceous	Bauru Basin, Caiuá Group, Goio-Erê Formation	Brazil	A tapejarid. The type species is Caiuajara dobruskii.
Hamipterus^[290]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Early Cretaceous	Tugulu Group	China	A member of Pteranodontoidea of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Hamipterus tianshanensis.
Ikrandraco^[291]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Early Cretaceous (Aptian)	Jiufotang Formation	China	A non-anhanguerian pteranodontoid. The type species is Ikrandraco avatar.
Kryptodrakon^[292]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Andres, Clark & Xu	Middle-Late Jurassic boundary		China	An early member of Pterodactyloidea. The type species is Kryptodrakon progenitor.
Maaradactylus^[293]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Bantim et al.	Early Cretaceous (Aptian or Albian)	Romualdo Formation	Brazil	A member of Anhangueridae. The type species is Maaradactylus kellneri.

Other reptiles

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Abyssomedon^[294]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Macdougall & Reisz	Early Permian	Garber Formation	United States	A nyctiphruretid parareptile. The type species is Abyssomedon williamsi.
Atopodentatus^[295]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Cheng et al.	Middle Triassic (Anisian)	Guanling Formation	China	A marine reptile, probably a relative of sauropterygians. The type species is Atopodentatus unicus.
Delorhynchus cifellii^[296]	Sp. nov	Valid	Reisz, Macdougall & Modesto	Early Permian	Garber Formation	United States	A parareptile relative of lanthanosuchoids, a species of Delorhynchus.
Eohupehsuchus^[297]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Chen et al.	Early Triassic	Jialingjiang Formation	China	A hupehsuchian. The type species is Eohupehsuchus brevicollis.
Horaffia^[298]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Klein & Hagdorn	Middle Triassic (Ladinian)	Erfurt Formation	Germany	A marine diapsid reptile of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Horaffia kugleri.
Largocephalosaurus qianensis^[299]	Sp. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Triassic	Guanling Formation	China	A member of Saurosphargidae, a species of Largocephalosaurus.
Parahupehsuchus^[300]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Chen et al.	Early Triassic	Jialingjiang Formation	China	A hupehsuchian. The type species is Parahupehsuchus longus.

Synapsids

Non-mammalian synapsids

Research

A study of the anatomy of nasal cavity of Brasilitherium riograndensis is published by Ruf et al. (2014).^[301]
A study of the anatomy of the therocephalian Simorhinella baini and a taxonomic re-evaluation of the family Lycosuchidae is published by Abdala et al. (2014).^[302]

New taxa

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Abajudon^[303]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Angielczyk et al.	Permian	Ruhuhu Formation	Tanzania	A dicynodont of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Abajudon kaayai.
Alierasaurus^[304]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Romano & Nicosia	Permian	Cala del Vino Formation	Italy	A caseid. The type species is Alierasaurus ronchii.
Botucaraitherium^[305]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Soares, Martinelli & De Oliveira	Late Triassic (possibly early Norian)	Riograndia Assemblage Zone of the Candelária Sequence (Santa Maria Supersequence)	Brazil	A prozostrodontian cynodont. The type species is Botucaraitherium belarminoi.
Eocasea^[306]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Reisz & Fröbisch	Carboniferous (late Pennsylvanian)	Calhoun Shale	United States	A member of Caseidae . The type species is Eocasea martini.
Sungeodon^[307]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Maisch & Matzke	Early Triassic	Jiucaiyuan Formation	China	A kannemeyeriiform dicynodont . The type species is Sungeodon kimkraemerae.

Mammals

Main article: 2014 in mammal paleontology

Other animals

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Ascarites rufferi^[308]	Sp. nov	Valid	Da Silva et al.	Middle Triassic (Ladinian)		Brazil	An ascaridid nematode found in a cynodont coprolite, a species of Ascarites.
Ashetscolex^[309]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Muir et al.	Ordovician (earliest Floian)	Tonggao Formation	China	A palaeoscolecid worm. The type species is Ashetscolex nuppus.
Athyris africana^[310]	Sp. nov	Valid	Schemm-Gregory	Devonian (late Givetian)		Western Sahara	An athyridid brachiopod, a species of Athyris.
Atraktoprion podolicus^[311]	Sp. nov	Valid	Szaniawski & Drygant	Early Devonian (middle Lochkovian to Pragian)		Ukraine	An atraktoprionid polychaete, a species of Atraktoprion.
Beethovenia^[312]	Gen. et 3 sp. et comb. nov	Valid	García-Alcalde	Devonian (Pragian and Emsian)		Belgium France Spain Germany?	A strophodontid brachiopod. The type species is Beethovenia beethoveni; genus also includes new species B. bachi and B. brahmsi, as well as B. acutiplicata (Oehlert & Davoust, 1879) and possibly "Stropheodonta" steiningeri Drevermann (1907).
Cambroskiadeion^[313]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Moore, Porter & Li	Early Cambrian	Dengying Formation	China	An animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement with a cap-shaped shell. The type species is Cambroskiadeion xiaowanense.
Cirpa alkayae^[314]	Sp. nov	Valid	Vörös	Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian)		Turkey	A wellerellid rhynchonellid brachiopod, a species of Cirpa.
Conchicolites crispisulcans^[315]	Sp. nov	Valid	Vinn, Jarochowska & Munnecke	Silurian (Wenlock)	Halla Formation	Sweden	A member of Cornulitida (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs), a species of Conchicolites.
Eklexibella^[316]	Gen. et 2 sp. nov	Valid	Keupp, Gründel & Wiese	Early Jurassic (late Pliensbachian)		Germany	A terebellid polychaete. Genus contains two species: Eklexibella buttenheimensis and Eklexibella johanni.
Enalikter^[317]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Siveter et al.	Silurian	Herefordshire Lagerstätte	United Kingdom	An animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement; it might be a megacheiran arthropod^[317]^[318] or an annelid.^[319] The type species is Enalikter aphson.
Eopriapulites^[320]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Liu & Xiao in Liu et al.	Cambrian (Fortunian)	Kuanchuanpu Formation	China	A priapulid-like scalidophoran. The type species is Eopriapulites sphinx.
Eximipriapulus^[321]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Ma et al.	Cambrian	Chengjiang Lagerstätte	China	A member of Priapulida. The type species is Eximipriapulus globocaudatus.
Filihernodia^[322]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Taylor & Wilson in Frey et al.	Early Devonian (Pragian)		Morocco	A reptariid hederellid. The type species is Filihernodia buccina.
Haplistion toftanum^[323]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rhebergen & Botting	Silurian (Telychian)		Sweden	A haplistiid spirosclerophorid demosponge, a species of Haplistion.
Hyalonema vetteri^[324]	Sp. nov	Valid	Janussen	Late Cretaceous (Coniacian)	Arnager Formation	Denmark	A hexactinellid sponge, a species of Hyalonema.
Lindstroemispongia^[323]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Rhebergen & Botting	Silurian (Telychian)		Sweden	An astylospongiid streptosclerophorid demosponge. The type species is Lindstroemispongia cylindrata.
Lyrarapax^[325]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Cong et al.	Early Cambrian		China	A member of Anomalocarididae (a group of animals with uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly stem-arthropods). The type species is Lyrarapax unguispinus.
Multistella leipnitzae^[323]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rhebergen & Botting	Silurian (Telychian)		Sweden	An anthaspidellid orchocladine demosponge, a species of Multistella.
Nesonektris^[326]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	García-Bellido et al.	Cambrian	Emu Bay Shale	Australia	A member of Vetulicolida. The type species is Nesonektris aldridgei.
Nidelric^[327]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hou et al.	Early Cambrian	Heilinpu Formation	China	An animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement; a member of Chancelloriida or a chancelloriid-like animal. The type species is Nidelric pugio.
Nisusia granosa^[328]	Sp. nov	Valid	Mao, Wang & Zhao	Cambrian	Kaili Formation	China	A brachiopod, a species of Nisusia.
Norvegiograptus^[329]	Gen. et comb. nov	Valid	Li et al.	Early Ordovician		China Norway	A graptolite belonging to the family Dichograptidae. A new genus for "Didymograptus" liber Monsen (1937); genus also includes "Didymograptus" enshiensis Ni in Mu et al. (1979).
Oikozetetes mounti^[330]	Sp. nov	Valid	Jacquet, Brock & Paterson	Early Cambrian	Mernmerna Formation	Australia	A member of Halkieriidae (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs), a species of Oikozetetes.
Opetionella incompta^[323]	Sp. nov	Valid	Rhebergen & Botting	Silurian (Telychian)		Sweden	A demosponge, possibly a member of the group Hadromerida; a species of Opetionella.
Paleoxyuris^[331]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Hugot et al.	Triassic		Brazil	A heteroxynematid oxyurid nematode known from an egg found in a cynodont coprolite. The type species is Paleoxyuris cockburni.
Phragmodictya jinshaensis^[332]	Sp. nov	Valid	Xinglian et al.	Cambrian		China	A hexactinellid sponge, a species of Phragmodictya.
Plicostropheodonta crassicosta^[312]	Sp. nov	Valid	García-Alcalde	Devonian (Emsian)		Spain	A strophodontid brachiopod, a species of Plicostropheodonta.
Plicostropheodonta latronensis^[312]	Sp. nov	Valid	García-Alcalde	Devonian (Emsian)		Spain	A strophodontid brachiopod, a species of Plicostropheodonta.
Polychaetaspis kozlowskii^[311]	Sp. nov	Valid	Szaniawski & Drygant	Early Devonian (early Lochkovian)		Ukraine	A polychaetaspid polychaete, a species of Polychaetaspis.
Postperissocoelia^[323]	Gen. et comb. et sp. nov	Valid	Rhebergen & Botting	Silurian		Canada Sweden	A streptosolenid orchocladine demosponge. A new genus for "Perissocoelia" spinosa Rigby & Chatterton (1989); genus also contains new species Postperissocoelia gnisvardensis.
Pseudoperipatus^[333]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Haug & Haug	Cambrian	Burgess Shale	Canada	A cycloneuralian worm. The type species is Pseudoperipatus hintelmannae.
Sanduscolex^[309]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Muir et al.	Ordovician (earliest Floian)	Tonggao Formation	China	A palaeoscolecid worm. The type species is Sanduscolex regularis.
Urphaenomenospongia^[323]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Rhebergen & Botting	Silurian (Telychian)		Sweden	A glass sponge, possibly a member of Lyssacinosida. The type species is Urphaenomenospongia euplectelloides.
Waflascolex^[334]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Wang et al.	Ordovician (Tremadocian)		China	A palaeoscolecid worm. The type species is Waflascolex changdensis.
Wiwaxia foliosa^[335]	Sp. nov	Valid	Yang et al.	Cambrian	Hongjingshao Formation	China	An animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement, a species of Wiwaxia.
Yuganotheca^[336]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Zhang, Li & Holmer in Zhang et al.	Cambrian	Heilinpu Formation	China	A member of Lophophorata of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Yuganotheca elegans.

Other organisms

Name	Novelty	Status	Authors	Age	Unit	Location	Notes
Nilpenia^[337]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Droser et al.	Precambrian	Ediacara Fossil Site at Nilpena, Flinders Ranges	Australia	"An organism of unknown affinities with a growth pattern convergent on that of extant fungi, lichens and encrusting algae".^[337] The type species is Nilpenia rossi.
Palaeogaster^[338]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Poinar, Alfredo & Baseia	Early Cretaceous (late Albian)		Myanmar	A fungus belonging to the group Sclerodermatineae. The type species is Palaeogaster micromorpha.
Plexus^[339]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Joel, Droser & Gehling	Precambrian		Australia	A tubular, serially divided organism with a bilateral morphology of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Plexus ricei.
Wutubus^[340]	Gen. et sp. nov	Valid	Chen et al.	Precambrian	Dengying Formation	China	An annulated tubular organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Wutubus annularis.

References

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1 2 Howard J. Falcon-Lang, Francine Kurzawe and Spencer G. Lucas (2014). "Coniferopsid tree trunks preserved in sabkha facies in the Permian (Sakmarian) Community Pit Formation in south-central New Mexico, U.S.A.: Systematics and palaeoecology". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 200: 138–160. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2013.09.004.
1 2 3 4 5 Howard J. Falcon-Lang, Francine Kurzawe and Spencer G. Lucas (2016). "A Late Pennsylvanian coniferopsid forest in growth position, near Socorro, New Mexico, U.S.A.: Tree systematics and palaeoclimatic significance". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 225: 67–83. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.11.008.
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1 2 Roberto R. Pujana, Sergio N. Santillana and Sergio A. Marenssi (2014). "Conifer fossil woods from the La Meseta Formation (Eocene of Western Antarctica): Evidence of Podocarpaceae-dominated forests". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 200: 122–137. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2013.09.001.
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↑ Xiao Shi, Jianxin Yu, Hui Li, Hongfei Chi and Wu Zhang (2014). "Xinjiangoxylon Gen. Nov., a New Gymnosperm from the Latest Permian of China". Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 88 (5): 1356–1363. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.12303.
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↑ Ning Tian, Yong-Dong Wang, Marc Philippe, Wu Zhang, Zi-Kun Jiang and Li-Qin Li (2014). "A specialized new species of Ashicaulis (Osmundaceae, Filicales) from the Jurassic of Liaoning, NE China". Journal of Plant Research 127 (2): 209–219. doi:10.1007/s10265-013-0611-1.
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↑ Heinrichs, J; Hedenäs, L; Schäfer-Verwimp, A; Feldberg, K; Schmidt, AR (2014). "An in situ preserved moss community in Eocene Baltic amber". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 210: 113–118. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.08.005.
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↑ Shi-Jun Wang, Jason Hilton, Jean Galtier, Xiao-Yuan He and Long-Yi Shao (2014). "Tiania yunnanense gen. et sp. nov., an osmundalean stem from the Upper Permian of southwestern China previously placed within Palaeosmunda". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 210: 37–49. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.07.004.
↑ S. V. Naugolnykh (2014). "Fossil flora from the Aleksandrovskoe locality (Lower Permian, Kungurian; Krasnoufimsk district of the Sverdlovsk Region): Taxonomical composition, taphonomy, and a new lycopsid representative". Paleontological Journal 48 (2): 209–217. doi:10.1134/S0031030114020105.
↑ Shi-Jun Wang, Jason Hilton, Xiao-Yuan He, Leyla J. Seyfullah and Longyi Shao (2014). "The anatomically preserved stem Zhongmingella gen. nov. from the Upper Permian of China: evaluating the early evolution and phylogeny of the Osmundales". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 12 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.726658.
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↑ De Pietri, VL; Mayr, M (2014). "Reappraisal of Early Miocene Rails (Aves: Rallidae) from Central France: Diversity and Character Evolution". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 52 (4): 312–322. doi:10.1111/jzs.12074.
↑ Suárez, W; Olson, SL (2014). "A new fossil species of small crested caracara (Aves: Falconidae: Caracara) from the Pacific lowlands of western South America". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 127 (2): 299–310. doi:10.2988/0006-324X-127.2.299.
↑ Hume, JP (2014). "Systematics, morphology, and ecological history of the Mascarene starlings (Aves: Sturnidae) with the description of a new genus and species from Mauritius" (PDF). Zootaxa 3849 (1): 1–75. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3849.1.1.
↑ Wang, X; O'Connor, JK; Zheng, X; Wang, M; Hu, H; Zhou, Z (2014). "Insights into the evolution of rachis dominated tail feathers from a new basal enantiornithine (Aves: Ornithothoraces)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 113 (3): 805–819. doi:10.1111/bij.12313.
↑ Hoffmeister, MC; Carrillo Briceño, JD; Nielsen, SN (2014). "The Evolution of Seabirds in the Humboldt Current: New Clues from the Pliocene of Central Chile". PLOS ONE 9 (3): e90043. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090043.
↑ O’Connor, JL; Averianov, AO; Zelenkov, NV (2014). "A confuciusornithiform (Aves, Pygostylia)-like tarsometatarsus from the Early Cretaceous of Siberia and a discussion of the evolution of avian hind". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 (3): 647–656. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.828734.
↑ Zhiheng, L; Zhonghe, Z; Tao, D; Qiang, L; Clarke, JA (2014). "A falconid from the Late Miocene of northwestern China yields further evidence of transition in Late Neogene steppe communities". The Auk 131 (3): 335–350. doi:10.1642/AUK-13-245.1.
↑ Min Wang, Jingmai K. O’Connor and Zhonghe Zhou (2014). "A new robust enantiornithine bird from the Lower Cretaceous of China with scansorial adaptations". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 (3): 657–671. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.812101.
↑ Di Liu, Luis M. Chiappe, Yuguang Zhang, Alyssa Bell, Qingjin Meng, Qiang Ji and Xuri Wang (2014). "An advanced, new long-legged bird from the Early Cretaceous of the Jehol Group (northeastern China): insights into the temporal divergence of modern birds". Zootaxa 3884 (3): 253–266. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3884.3.4.
↑ Hanneke J. M. Meijer (2014). "A peculiar anseriform (Aves: Anseriformes) from the Miocene of Gargano (Italy) Garganornis". Comptes Rendus Palevol 13 (1): 19–26. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2013.08.001.
↑ Vanesa L. De Pietri and R. Paul Scofield (2014). "The earliest European record of a Stone-curlew (Charadriiformes, Burhinidae) from the late Oligocene of France". Journal of Ornithology 155 (2): 421–426. doi:10.1007/s10336-013-1022-8.
↑ Johan Dalsätt, Per G.P. Ericson and Zhonge Zhou (2014). "A New Enantiornithes (Aves) from the Early Cretaceous of China". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 88 (4): 1034–1040. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.12270.
1 2 Vanesa L. De Pietri and Gerald Mayr (2014). "The enigmatic Ibidopodia from the early Miocene of France—the first Neogene record of Cariamiformes (Aves) in Europe". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 (6): 1470–1475. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.860151.
↑ Shuang Zhou, Jingmai K. O’Connor & Min Wang (2014). "A new species from an ornithuromorph (Aves: Ornithothoraces) dominated locality of the Jehol Biota". Chinese Science Bulletin 59 (36): 5366–5378. doi:10.1007/s11434-014-0669-8.
↑ Ulysse Lefèvre, Dongyu Hu, François Escuillié, Gareth Dyke and Pascal Godefroit (2014). "A new long-tailed basal bird from the Lower Cretaceous of north-eastern China". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 113 (3): 790–804. doi:10.1111/bij.12343.
↑ Thomas A. Stidham (2015). "A new species of Limnofregata (Pelecaniformes: Fregatidae) from the Early Eocene Wasatch Formation of Wyoming: implications for palaeoecology and palaeobiology". Palaeontology 58 (2): 239–249. doi:10.1111/pala.12134.
↑ http://zoobank.org/References/D283CB90-8258-4F9D-88A2-32983F666C48
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↑ Murray Williams, Alan J. D. Tennyson and Dalice Sim (2014). "Island Differentiation of New Zealand’s Extinct Mergansers (Anatidae: Mergini), with Description of a New Species from Chatham Island". Wildfowl 64: 3–34.
1 2 Gerald Mayr (2014). "On the middle Miocene avifauna of Maboko Island, Kenya". Geobios 47 (3): 133–146. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2014.03.001.
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↑ Min Wang, Zhonghe Zhou and Guanghui Xu (2014). "The first enantiornithine bird from the Upper Cretaceous of China" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 (1): 135–145. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.794814.
↑ Daniel T. Ksepka (2014). "Flight performance of the largest volant bird". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 111 (29): 10624–10629. doi:10.1073/pnas.1320297111.
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↑ Gerald Mayr and Vanesa L. De Pietri (2014). "Earliest and first Northern Hemispheric hoatzin fossils substantiate Old World origin of a "Neotropic endemic"". Naturwissenschaften 101 (2): 143–148. doi:10.1007/s00114-014-1144-8.
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↑ Elizabeth G. Martin and Colin Palmer (2014). "Air Space Proportion in Pterosaur Limb Bones Using Computed Tomography and Its Implications for Previous Estimates of Pneumaticity". PLOS ONE 9 (5): e97159. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097159.
↑ S. Christopher Bennett (2014). "A new specimen of the pterosaur Scaphognathus crassirostris, with comments on constraint of cervical vertebrae number in pterosaurs". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 271 (3): 327–348. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2014/0392.
↑ Gerald Grellet-Tinner, Michael B. Thompson, Lucas E. Fiorelli, Eloísa Argañaraz, Laura Codorniú and E. Martín Hechenleitner (2014). "The first pterosaur 3-D egg: Implications for Pterodaustro guinazui nesting strategies, an Albian filter feeder pterosaur from central Argentina". Geoscience Frontiers 5 (6): 759–765. doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2014.05.002.
↑ Bruno C. Vila Nova, Juliana M. Sayão, Virgínio H. M. L. Neumann and Alexander W. A. Kellner (2014). "Redescription of Cearadactylus atrox (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) from the Early Cretaceous Romualdo Formation (Santana Group) of the Araripe Basin, Brazil". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 (1): 126–134. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.793694.
↑ Alexander Averianov (2014). "Review of taxonomy, geographic distribution, and paleoenvironments of Azhdarchidae (Pterosauria)". ZooKeys 432: 1–107. doi:10.3897/zookeys.432.7913.
↑ Edina Prondvai, Emese R. Bodor and Attila Ősi (2014). "Does morphology reflect osteohistology-based ontogeny? A case study of Late Cretaceous pterosaur jaw symphyses from Hungary reveals hidden taxonomic diversity". Paleobiology 40 (2): 288–321. doi:10.1666/13030.
↑ Edina Prondvai and Koen H. W. Stein (2014). "Medullary bone-like tissue in the mandibular symphyses of a pterosaur suggests non-reproductive significance". Scientific Reports 4: Article number 6253. doi:10.1038/srep06253.
↑ Steven U. Vidovic and David M. Martill (2014). "Pterodactylus scolopaciceps Meyer, 1860 (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) from the Upper Jurassic of Bavaria, Germany: The Problem of Cryptic Pterosaur Taxa in Early Ontogeny". PLOS ONE 9 (10): e110646. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110646.
↑ Shun-Xing Jiang, Xiao-Lin Wang, Xi Meng and Xin Cheng (2014). "A new boreopterid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of western Liaoning, China, with a reassessment of the phylogenetic relationships of the Boreopteridae". Journal of Paleontology 88 (4): 823–828. doi:10.1666/13-068.
↑ Paulo C. Manzig, Alexander W. A. Kellner, Luiz C. Weinschütz, Carlos E. Fragoso, Cristina S. Vega, Gilson B. Guimarães, Luiz C. Godoy, Antonio Liccardo, João H. Z. Ricetti and Camila C. de Moura (2014). "Discovery of a Rare Pterosaur Bone Bed in a Cretaceous Desert with Insights on Ontogeny and Behavior of Flying Reptiles". PLOS ONE 9 (8): e100005. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100005.
↑ Xiaolin Wang, Alexander W.A. Kellner, Shunxing Jiang, Qiang Wang, Yingxia Ma, Yahefujiang Paidoula, Xin Cheng, Taissa Rodrigues, Xi Meng, Jialiang Zhang, Ning Li and Zhonghe Zhou (2014). "Sexually Dimorphic Tridimensionally Preserved Pterosaurs and Their Eggs from China". Current Biology 24 (12): 1323–1330. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.04.054.
↑ Xiaolin Wang, Taissa Rodrigues, Shunxing Jiang, Xin Cheng and Alexander W. A. Kellner (2014). "An Early Cretaceous pterosaur with an unusual mandibular crest from China and a potential novel feeding strategy". Scientific Reports 4: Article number 6329. doi:10.1038/srep06329.
↑ Brian Andres, James Clark and Xing Xu (2014). "The Earliest Pterodactyloid and the Origin of the Group". Current Biology 24 (9): 1011–1016. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.030.
↑ Renan A. M. Bantim, Antônio A. F. Saraiva, Gustavo R. Oliveira and Juliana M. Sayão (2014). "A new toothed pterosaur (Pterodactyloidea: Anhangueridae) from the Early Cretaceous Romualdo Formation, NE Brazil". Zootaxa 3869 (3): 201–223. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3869.3.1.
↑ Mark J. MacDougall and Robert R. Reisz (2014). "The first record of a nyctiphruretid parareptile from the Early Permian of North America, with a discussion of parareptilian temporal fenestration". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 172 (3): 616–630. doi:10.1111/zoj.12180.
↑ Long Cheng, Xiao-Hong Chen, Qing-Hua Shang and Xiao-Chun Wu (2014). "A new marine reptile from the Triassic of China, with a highly specialized feeding adaptation". Naturwissenschaften 101 (3): 251–259. doi:10.1007/s00114-014-1148-4.
↑ Robert R. Reisz, Mark J. Macdougall and Sean P. Modesto (2014). "A new species of the parareptile genus Delorhynchus, based on articulated skeletal remains from Richards Spur, Lower Permian of Oklahoma". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 (5): 1033–1043. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.829844.
↑ Xiao-hong Chen, Ryosuke Motani, Long Cheng, Da-yong Jiang and Olivier Rieppel (2014). "A Small Short-Necked Hupehsuchian from the Lower Triassic of Hubei Province, China". PLOS ONE 9 (12): e115244. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115244.
↑ Nicole Klein and Hans Hagdorn (2014). "Humerus morphology and histology of a new marine reptile (Diapsida) from the Muschelkalk-Keuper-Grenzbonebed (Middle Triassic, Ladinian) of Southwest Germany" (PDF). Palaeodiversity 7: 23–38.
↑ Chun Li, Da-Yong Jiang, Long Cheng, Xiao-Chun Wu and Olivier Rieppel (2014). "A new species of Largocephalosaurus (Diapsida: Saurosphargidae), with implications for the morphological diversity and phylogeny of the group". Geological Magazine 151 (1): 100–120. doi:10.1017/S001675681300023X.
↑ Xiao-hong Chen, Ryosuke Motani, Long Cheng, Da-yong Jiang and Olivier Rieppel (2014). "A Carapace-Like Bony ‘Body Tube’ in an Early Triassic Marine Reptile and the Onset of Marine Tetrapod Predation". PLOS ONE 9 (4): e94396. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094396. PMC 3981804. PMID 24718682.
↑ Irina Ruf, Wolfgang Maier, Pablo G. Rodrigues and Cesar L. Schultz (2014). "Nasal Anatomy of the Non-mammaliaform Cynodont Brasilitherium riograndensis (Eucynodontia, Therapsida) Reveals New Insight into Mammalian Evolution". The Anatomical Record 297 (11): 2018–2030. doi:10.1002/ar.23022.
↑ Fernando Abdala, Christian F. Kammerer, Michael O. Day, Sifelani Jirah and Bruce S. Rubidge (2014). "Adult morphology of the therocephalian Simorhinella baini from the middle Permian of South Africa and the taxonomy, paleobiogeography, and temporal distribution of the Lycosuchidae". Journal of Paleontology 88 (6): 1139–1153. doi:10.1666/13-186.
↑ Kenneth D. Angielczyk, Sébastien Huertas, Roger M. H. Smith, Neil J. Tabor, Christian A. Sidor, Jean-Sébastien Steyer, Linda A. Tsuji and Neil J. Gostling (2014). "New dicynodonts (Therapsida, Anomodontia) and updated tetrapod stratigraphy of the Permian Ruhuhu Formation (Songea Group, Ruhuhu Basin) of southern Tanzania". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 (6): 1408–1426. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.880448.
↑ Marco Romano and Umberto Nicosia (2014). "Alierasaurus ronchii, gen. et sp. nov., a caseid from the Permian of Sardinia, Italy". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 (4): 900–913. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.837056.
↑ Marina B. Soares, Agustín G. Martinelli and Téo V. De Oliveira (2014). "A new prozostrodontian cynodont (Therapsida) from the Late Triassic Riograndia Assemblage Zone (Santa Maria Supersequence) of Southern Brazil". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 86 (4): 1673–1691. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201420140455.
↑ Robert R. Reisz and Jörg Fröbisch (2014). "The Oldest Caseid Synapsid from the Late Pennsylvanian of Kansas, and the Evolution of Herbivory in Terrestrial Vertebrates". PLOS ONE 9 (4): e94518. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094518.
↑ Michael W. Maisch and Andreas T. Matzke (2014). "Sungeodon kimkraemerae n. gen. n. sp., the oldest kannemeyeriiform (Therapsida, Dicynodontia) and its implications for the early diversification of large herbivores after the P/T boundary". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 272 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2014/0394.
↑ Priscilla A. Da Silva, Victor H. Borba, Juliana M.F. Dutra, Daniela Leles, Atila A.S. Da-Rosa, Luiz F. Ferreira and Adauto Araujo (2014). "A new ascarid species in cynodont coprolite dated of 240 million years". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 86 (1): 265–270. doi:10.1590/0001-3765201320130036.
1 2 Lucy A. Muir, Tin-Wai Ng, Xiang-Feng Li, Yuan-Dong Zhang and Jih-Pai Lin (2014). "Palaeoscolecidan worms and a possible nematode from the Early Ordovician of South China". Palaeoworld 23 (1): 15–24. doi:10.1016/j.palwor.2013.06.003.
↑ Mena Schemm-Gregory (2014). "A New Givetian Athyridid Species from Northwest Africa Discovered By Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Shell Morphology of Internal Molds". Journal of Paleontology 88 (4): 708–718. doi:10.1666/13-086.
1 2 Hubert Szaniawski and Daniel Drygant (2014). "Early Devonian scolecodonts from Podolia, Ukraine". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 59 (4): 967–983. doi:10.4202/app.2012.0120.
1 2 3 Jenaro L. García-Alcalde (2014). "Beethovenia n. gen. y Plicostropheodonta Sokolskaya, 1960 (Strophodontidae Caster, 1939), del Devónico Inferior de Europa occidental". Trabajos de Geología 34: 19–60.
↑ John L. Moore, Susannah M. Porter and Guoxiang Li (2014). "Two Unusual Small Shelly Fossils from the Lower Cambrian of Southeastern Shaanxi Province, China". Journal of Paleontology 88 (2): 348–358. doi:10.1666/13-065.
↑ Attila Vörös (2014). "Early Jurassic brachiopods from diverse localities of northern Anatolia (Turkey)". Fragmenta Palaeontologica Hungarica 31: 7–49. doi:10.17111/FragmPalHung.2014.31.7.
↑ Olev Vinn, Emilia Jarochowska and Axel Munnecke (2014). "A new species of Conchicolites (Cornulitida, Tentaculita) from the Wenlock of Gotland, Sweden". Estonian Journal of Earth Sciences 63 (3): 181–185. doi:10.3176/earth.2014.16.
↑ Helmut Keupp, Joachim Gründel and Robert Wiese (2014). "New agglutinated polychaete worm-tubes from the Lower Jurassic (Late Pliensbachian) of Southern Germany". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 273 (3): 241–251. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2014/0426.
1 2 Derek J. Siveter, Derek E. G. Briggs, David J. Siveter, Mark D. Sutton, David Legg and Sarah Joomun (2014). "A Silurian short-great-appendage arthropod". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 281 (1778): 20132986. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2986. PMC 3906945. PMID 24452026.
↑ Derek J. Siveter, Derek E. G. Briggs, David J. Siveter, Mark D. Sutton, David Legg and Sarah Joomun (2015). "Enalikter aphson is an arthropod: a reply to Struck et al. (2014)". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 282 (1804): 20142663. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.2663.
↑ Torsten H. Struck, Carolin Haug, Gerhard Haszprunar, Nikola-Michael Prpic and Joachim T. Haug (2015). "Enalikter aphson is more likely an annelid than an arthropod: a comment to Siveter et al. (2014)". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 282 (1804): 20140946. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.0946.
↑ Yunhuan Liu, Shuhai Xiao, Tiequan Shao, Jesse Broce and Huaqiao Zhang (2014). "The oldest known priapulid-like scalidophoran animal and its implications for the early evolution of cycloneuralians and ecdysozoans". Evolution & Development 16 (3): 155–165. doi:10.1111/ede.12076.
↑ Xiaoya Ma, Richard J. Aldridge, David J. Siveter, Derek J. Siveter, Xianguang Hou and Gregory D. Edgecombe (2014). "A New Exceptionally Preserved Cambrian Priapulid From The Chengjiang Lagerstätte". Journal of Paleontology 88 (2): 371–384. doi:10.1666/13-082.
↑ Linda Frey, Carole Naglik, Richard Hofmann, Mena Schemm-Gregory, Jiří Frýda, Björn Kröger, Paul D. Taylor, Mark A. Wilson and Christian Klug (2014). "Diversity and palaeoecology of Early Devonian invertebrate associations in the Tafilalt (Anti-Atlas, Morocco)". Bulletin of Geosciences 89 (1): 75–112. doi:10.3140/bull.geosci.1459.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Freek Rhebergen and Joseph Botting (2014). Fossils and Strata, Number 60, A New Silurian (Llandovery, Telychian) Sponge Assemblage from Gotland, Sweden. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1–88. doi:10.1002/9781118906651. ISBN 978-1-118-90662-0.
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↑ Diego C. García-Bellido, Michael S. Y. Lee, Gregory D. Edgecombe, James B. Jago, James G. Gehling and John R. Paterson (2014). "A new vetulicolian from Australia and its bearing on the chordate affinities of an enigmatic Cambrian group". BMC Evolutionary Biology 14: 214. doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0214-z.
↑ Xianguang Hou, Mark Williams, David J. Siveter, Derek J. Siveter, Sarah Gabbott, David Holwell and Thomas H. P. Harvey (2014). "A chancelloriid-like metazoan from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte, China". Scientific Reports 4: Article number 7340. doi:10.1038/srep07340.
↑ Yong-qin Mao, Cheng-wen Wang and Yuan-long Zhao (2014). "A new species of Nususia from the Kaili Formation at Balang village, Jianhe County, Guizhou Province". Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 53 (2): 223–232.
↑ Li-xia Li, Hong-zhen Feng, Wen-hui Wang and Wen-jian Chen (2014). "A new graptolite genus Norvegiograptus from the Ningkuo Formation (Lower Ordovician) of Hunan Province, China". Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 53 (2): 172–179.
↑ Sarah M. Jacquet, Glenn A. Brock and John R. Paterson (2014). "New data on Oikozetetes (Mollusca, Halkieriidae) from the lower Cambrian of South Australia". Journal of Paleontology 88 (5): 1072–1084. doi:10.1666/13-137.
↑ Jean-Pierre Hugot, Scott L. Gardner, Victor Borba, Priscilla Araujo, Daniela Leles, Átila Augusto Stock Da-Rosa, Juliana Dutra, Luiz Fernando Ferreira and Adauto Araújo (2014). "Discovery of a 240 million year old nematode parasite egg in a cynodont coprolite sheds light on the early origin of pinworms in vertebrates". Parasites & Vectors 7: 486. doi:10.1186/s13071-014-0486-6.
↑ Yang Xinglian, Zhao Yuanlong, Wu Weiyi, Zheng Haolin and Zhu Yajie (2014). "Phragmodictya jinshaensis sp. nov., a hexactinellid dictyosponge from the Cambrian of Jinsha, south China". GFF 136 (1): 309–313. doi:10.1080/11035897.2014.880509.
↑ Joachim T. Haug and Carolin Haug (2014). "A new cycloneuralian from the Burgess Shale with a palaeoscolecid-type terminal end". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 274 (1): 73–79. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2014/0441.
↑ Wenhui Wang, Lucy A. Muir, Joseph P. Botting, Hongzhen Feng, Thomas Servais and Lixia Li (2014). "A Tremadocian (Early Ordovician) palaeoscolecidan worm from graptolitic shales in Hunan Province, South China". Palaeontology 57 (3): 657–671. doi:10.1111/pala.12083.
↑ Jie Yang, Martin R. Smith, Tian Lan, Jin-bo Hou and Xi-guang Zhang (2014). "Articulated Wiwaxia from the Cambrian Stage 3 Xiaoshiba Lagerstätte". Scientific Reports 4: Article number 4643. doi:10.1038/srep04643. PMC 3982170. PMID 24717918.
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1 2 Mary L. Droser, James G. Gehling, Mary E. Dzaugis, Martin J. Kennedy, Dennis Rice and Michael F. Allen (2014). "A New Ediacaran Fossil with a Novel Sediment Displacive Life Habit". Journal of Paleontology 88 (1): 145–151. doi:10.1666/12-158.
↑ George O. Poinar, Jr., Dônis da Silva Alfredo and Iuri Goulart Baseia (2014). "A gasteroid fungus, Palaeogaster micromorpha gen. & sp. nov. (Boletales) in Cretaceous Myanmar amber". Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 8 (1): 139–143.
↑ Lucas V. Joel, Mary L. Droser and James G. Gehling (2014). "A New Enigmatic, Tubular Organism from the Ediacara Member, Rawnsley Quartzite, South Australia". Journal of Paleontology 88 (2): 253–262. doi:10.1666/13-058.
↑ Zhe Chen, Chuanming Zhou, Shuhai Xiao, Wei Wang, Chengguo Guan, Hong Hua and Xunlai Yuan (2014). "New Ediacara fossils preserved in marine limestone and their ecological implications". Scientific Reports 4: Article number 4180. doi:10.1038/srep04180.

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