Bangladeshi general election, 2014

Bangladeshi general election, 2014

5 January 2014

All 300 seats in the Jatiyo Sangshad 151 seats are needed for a majority   First party Second party Third party   Leader Sheikh Hasina Khaleda Zia Rowshan Ershad Party Awami League BNP Jatiya Party (E) Leader since 1981 1984 2013 Leader's seat Goplagonj-3 Feni-1 Mymensingh-4 Last election 230 seats 30 seats 27 seats Seats won 234 seats boycotted 34 seats Seat change 4 - 7 Popular vote 36,173,883 - 5,167,698 Percentage 79.14% - 11.31%

Prime Minister before election Sheikh Hasina Awami League Prime Minister-designate Sheikh Hasina Awami League

Bangladesh
This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Bangladesh
Constitution
Legislature Jatiyo Sangsad  (Parliament) Speaker Deputy Speaker Leader of the House Leader of the Opposition
Executive Government President Prime Minister Cabinet Taxation
Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice Fundamental rights Human rights
Administrative geography Divisions (bibhag) Districts (zilas) Sub-districts (upazilas) Local government Union Councils Municipal Corporations City Corporations
Elections Recent elections Parliamentary: 2001 2008 2014 Next Presidential elections Election Commission Caretaker government
Political parties Awami League Nationalist Party Other parties National coalitions Grand Alliance 18 Party Alliance
Foreign policy Foreign relations Embassies
Other countries Atlas Politics portal

General elections were held in Bangladesh on 5 January 2014, in accordance with the constitutional requirement that the election must take place within the 90-day period before the expiration of the term of the Jatiyo Sangshad on 24 January 2014. The elections were controversial, with almost all major opposition parties boycotting and 154 of the total 300 seats being uncontested. Around 21 people were killed on polling day.^[1]

Background

Throughout most of 2013, Bangladesh Nationalist Party and its alliance of 18 opposition parties led by three time former Prime Minister and Opposition Leader Khaleda Zia called more than 85 days of nationwide general strikes and blockades that brought the entire country to a grinding halt. The opposition demanded that the ruling Awami League party led by the current Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina amends the constitution, dissolves parliament after their full five-year term ends on January 24, 2014 and then hand over power to a non-partisan interim government or a caretaker government that will be run by technocrats for 90 days. The job of a Caretaker Government of Bangladesh will then be to work in tandem with the Bangladesh Election Commission by helping them to organise, arrange, oversee the general election held on 5 January and transfer power to a newly elected government. As most of the demands were not met within the stipulated time frame all opposition parties boycotted the polls.^[2] Hasina had offered an all party interim election cabinet government which would include opposition parties till the election but this was rejected by Zia.^[3][4]

Date

Since the ninth parliament's mandate expires on 24 January 2014, according to the constitution of Bangladesh's Article 123(2)(a) requires a general election to be held between the dates of 26 October 2013 and 24 January 2014 or rather within 90 days before the expiration of the Parliament.^[5] On 25 November 2013, the Bangladesh Election Commission announced that the 10th general election would be held on 5 January 2014.^[6][7]

Boycott

Following months of protests, strikes and blockades, the 18-party opposition alliance led by the Bangladesh Nationalist Party formally announced a boycott of the election citing unfair conditions for the election.^[8] On 3 December 2013, Jatiya Party, led by former president Hussain Mohammad Ershad, also announced its intention to boycott the election. European Union representatives met BNP leader Khaleda Zia and asked her not to boycott the election and to stop the strikes and shutdowns and instead resort to dialogue with the government.^[9][10] In a video message, Tarique Rahman, the senior vice-chairman of the BNP called for a boycott of the election saying that "the time has come for all of us to prevent and boycott the Jan 5 polls. Not for personal interest but for the sake of the country's existence".^[11] The opposition had also called for the government to resign so an interim non-partisan administration could lead the country through the election period.^[12]

Protests and violence

On the night of 4 December 2013, Jatiya Party H. M. Ershad threatened to kill himself after security forces besieged his home following his decision to boycott the election.^[13] On 13 December, he was confined to a military hospital following his arrest from his Baridhara residence by security forces. According to the RAB commander, Ershad had been taken there at his own request.^[14] Zia was also put under house arrest since 29 December at her Gulshan residence.^[15] The Bangladesh Army was deployed throughout the country on 26 December on the request of the election commission to maintain law and order. The army would stay on the streets until 9 January 2014.^[16]

On 13 December, Jamaat-e-Islami's Abdul Quader Mollah became the first person to be executed for war crimes relation to the Bangladesh Independence War resulting in violent protests by the Islamist opposition. Two ruling party activists were hacked to death in Kalaroa, while the Jamaat-e-Islami's activists firebombed train stations and blockaded roads. Another person died in clashes between police and Jamaat-e-Islami supporters in Noakhali, while a driver was killed after the party's activists chased him down. The opposition alliance called for a general strike on Sunday 15 December.^[17]

On 29 December 2013 the BNP called for a March for Democracy towards Dhaka, in defiance of a police ban, to protest against the election. Zia said: "The government is autocratic and illegal. It should step down immediately".^[18] One person was killed by the police in the centre of Dhaka, while a guard was killed in a blast at a train station.^[18] Some supporters of the ruling Awami League also clashed with opposition activists outside the Bangladesh Supreme Court.^[18][19][20] The BNP accused the police of barring Zia's car from leaving in order for her to lead the march.^[20] Thousands of security forces, mainly police, were present to prevent the opposition activists from rallying.^[21] Outside of the Supreme Court, police threw hot and coloured water from water cannons to disperse the protesters.^[19] Sheikh Hasina, while agreeing with the right of the opposition to protest, said: "You can wage anti-government agitation. But make sure people are not killed by your movement."^[22][23] A train was derailed by opposition activists in Gaibandha leading to three deaths.^[24][25]

On 30 December, the 18-party opposition alliance announced a non-stop blockade of roads, railways and waterways across the country from 1 January 2014 in order to resist the scheduled election. The decision came after they were barred from holding national demonstrations the previous day. The protest was termed the "March for Democracy."^[26] A general strike was called for 4, 5 and 6 January by the opposition parties.

On 3 and 4 January, opposition activists attacked potential polling centres across Bangladesh. They set fire to over 100 centres in Lakshmipur, Rajshahi, Pirojpur, Sylhet, Jhenaidah, Natore, Sirajganj and Brahmanbaria.^[27][28]

Jatiyo Sangsad Bhaban (2014)

Monitors

As a result of the boycott, the election commission suggested that the Awami League had already secured victory in 127 of the 154 uncontested seats. Similarly, Rowshan Ershad’s (wife of H. M. Ershad) Jatiya Party had already won 21 uncontested seats, Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal won three seats, the Workers Party won two seats and the Jatiya Party (Manju) won one seat.^[29] The E.U., the U.S. and the Commonwealth announced that they would not send observers since they were concerned about the credibility of the election due to the boycott.^[30][31][32]

Opinion polls

The ruling Awami League suffered electoral losses when, according to The Economist, the opposition BNP "thrashed the League in mayoral elections in June and July, notably in Gazipur in the industrial belt, hitherto one of the League’s safest constituencies"^[33] and polling data showed a plunge in the government’s popularity.^[34] Similarly just prior to the election, an opinion poll indicated the incumbent Awami League would lose to the BNP in a direct contest.^[35]

In the weeks following the election, a poll was conducted by Democracy International (DI), a US-based organization. They reported that the Awami League did have slightly more support than BNP, but acknowledged that the study's margin of error meant that the results were a "statistical dead heat".^[36]

Results

The Awami League was assured of victory, with its candidates declared victors in 127 of the 154 uncontested seats by default.^[37] Of the remaining uncontested seats, the Jatiya Party led by Rowshan Ershad won 20, the JSD won three, the Workers Party won two and the Jatiya Party (Manju) won one.^[38]

As a result of violence and the opposition boycott voter turnout was 22%.^[31][39] Results of 139 seats out of 147 were released, with the Awami League winning 105, the Jatiya Party winning 13, the Workers Party winning four, the JSD winning two and the Tarikat Federation and BNF winning one each.^[38] The remaining 8 constituencies election were suspended due to violence and re-election to be held.^[38] The newly elected MPs were sworn in on 9 January.^[40]

Reactions

The day after the result, Hasina said that the boycott should "not mean there will be a question of legitimacy. People participated in the poll and other parties participated." However she also said she offered Zia a role in a new government. "Look, I tried my best, I told you, I offered ministry, I offered to share power with our opposition. I have done as much as I can do but they didn't respond. Now if they realise that they made a mistake in not participating in the election, perhaps then they may come forward to discuss with us or make an offer. If they come forward to discuss with us, they have to leave all these terrorist activities behind because what they are doing it is absolutely killing people, killing police, killing innocent people."^[35] Information Minister Hasanul Haq Inu added that the turnout did not matter: "What is important is that the people defied violence."^[1] BNP Vice President Shamsher Chowdhury said that the low turnout indicated a desire for a new election. "This government must declare this election null and void and we need a new election organised by a non-party government. The government should not waste any more time."

Yet UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon criticised both the BNP and the Awami League saying they should "resume meaningful dialogue and to urgently address the expectations of the people of Bangladesh for an inclusive political process."^[35]

Media

Dhaka's The Daily Star featured an editorial that called the election the deadliest in the country's history and that the Awami League won "a predictable and hollow victory, which gives it neither a mandate nor an ethical standing to govern effectively." In similarly criticising the opposition, the editorial mentioned that "political parties have the right to boycott elections. They also have the right to motivate people to side with their position. But what is unacceptable is using violence and intimidation to thwart an election."^[12]

Aftermath

The day after the election, clashes in Dohar resulted in three deaths, while at least 18 people died in election day violence after security forces fired on protesters and opposition activists torched over 100 voting centres.^[12] In total 21 people died on the day and about 400 voting centres were disrupted.^[1] BNP and Jamaat-e-Islami activists also attacked their Awami League counterparts and Hindus in eight villages under Sadar upazila in Thakurgaon district leaving 15 people injured and their houses and shops vandalised and looted. Further, a Hindu temple along with idols inside it were also attacked. The attacks spread through eight villages including Jhakua, Jhardanga, Baniyapara and Mondoppara. Hundreds of Hindus from these villages had fled fearing further attacks. On 7 January, two Hindus temples, Radha Gobind Mandir and Kali Mandir, were burnt by people suspected to be BNP party members.^[41] Fearing rape threats, female members of Hindu families were sent away to their relatives' homes by their families in Abhaynagar of Jessore, Dinajpur, and Thakurgaon.^[42] Attacks also occurred in Dinajpur, Rangpur, Bogra, Lalmonirhat, Rajshahi, Chittagong and Jessore.^[43]

References

Elections and referendums in Bangladesh General elections 1920¹ 1923¹ 1926¹ 1930¹ 1934¹ 1945¹ 1946 1954 1962 1970² 1973 1979 1986 1988 1991 1996 (Feb) 1996 (Jun) 2001 2008 2014 Presidential elections 1978 1981 1986 Referendums 1977 1985 1991 ¹ As part of British India ² As part of Pakistan