1995 Tour de France
 | |||
| Route of the 1995 Tour de France | |||
| Race details | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Dates | July 1–July 23, 1995 | ||
| Stages | 20+Prologue | ||
| Distance | 3,547.3 km (2,204 mi) | ||
| Winning time | 92h 44' 59"[1] (39.514 km/h or 24.553 mph) | ||
| Palmares | |||
 |
Winner |  Miguel Indurain (ESP) |
(Banesto) |
| Second |  Alex Zülle (SUI) |
(ONCE) | |
| Third |  Bjarne Riis (DEN) |
(Gewiss–Ballan) | |
 |
Points |  Laurent Jalabert (FRA) |
(ONCE) |
 |
Mountains | Richard Virenque (FRA) |
(Festina–Lotus) |
| Youth |  Marco Pantani (ITA) |
(Carrera Jeans–Tassoni) | |
| Team | ONCE | ||
The 1995 Tour de France was the 82nd Tour de France, taking place July 1 to July 23, 1995. It was Miguel Indurain's fifth and final victory in the Tour. On the fifteenth stage Italian rider Fabio Casartelli died after an accident on the Col de Portet d'Aspet.
The points classification was won by Laurent Jalabert, while Richard Virenque won the mountains classification. Marco Pantani won the young rider classification, and ONCE won the team classification.
Lance Armstrong's best finish in the Tour de France went down to his 36th-place finish in 1995, after his results from August 1998 to August 2012, including his seven Tour titles were stripped on October 22, 2012.[2][3]
Participants
There were 21 teams in the 1995 Tour de France, each composed of 9 cyclists.[4] The teams were selected in two rounds: in May 1995, the first fifteen teams were announced:[5]
|
In June, five wildcards were announced:[6]
- TVM–Polis Direct
- Brescialat–Fago
- Kelme–Sureña
- Lampre–Panaria
- Polti–Granarolo–Santini
Shortly before the start, Le Groupement folded because their team leader Luc Leblanc was injured,[7] and because of financial problems. Their spot went to Aki-Gipiemme, the first team in the reserve list.[8] Additionally, the organisation decided to invite one extra team: a combined team of Team Telekom and ZG Mobili, with six riders from Telekom and three from ZG Mobili.[9]
Banesto's Indurain, the winner of the four previous Tours, was the clear favourite for the overall victory. His main challengers were expected to be Rominger from Mapei, Berzin from Gewiss and Zülle from ONCE.[7]
Stages
The 1995 Tour de France started on 1 July, and had two rest days, the first at 10 July when the cyclists were transferred from Seraing to Le Grand-Bornand, and the second on 17 July in Saint-Girons.[10]
| Stage | Date | Route | Terrain | Length | Winner |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P | 1 July | Saint-Brieuc |  Individual time trial | 7.3 km (4.5 mi) | Jacky Durand (FRA) |
| 1 | 2 July | Dinan – Lannion |  Plain stage | 233.5 km (145.1 mi) | Fabio Baldato (ITA) |
| 2 | 3 July | Perros-Guirec – Vitre | Plain stage | 235.5 km (146.3 mi) | Mario Cipollini (ITA) |
| 3 | 4 July | Mayenne – Alençon | Team time trial | 67.0 km (41.6 mi) | Gewiss–Ballan (ITA) |
| 4 | 5 July | Alençon – Le Havre | Plain stage | 162.0 km (100.7 mi) | Mario Cipollini (ITA) |
| 5 | 6 July | Fécamp – Dunkerque | Plain stage | 261.0 km (162.2 mi) |  Jeroen Blijlevens (NED) |
| 6 | 7 July | Dunkerque – Charleroi | Plain stage | 202.0 km (125.5 mi) |  Erik Zabel (GER) |
| 7 | 8 July | Charleroi – Liège |  Hilly stage | 203.0 km (126.1 mi) | .svg.png){kind=small} Johan Bruyneel (BEL) |
| 8 | 9 July | Huy – Seraing | Individual time trial | 54.0 km (33.6 mi) | Miguel Indurain (ESP) |
| 9 | 11 July | Le Grand-Bornand – La Plagne |  Stage with mountain(s) | 160.0 km (99.4 mi) | Alex Zülle (SUI) |
| 10 | 12 July | La Plagne – L'Alpe d'Huez | Stage with mountain(s) | 162.5 km (101.0 mi) | Marco Pantani (ITA) |
| 11 | 13 July | Le Bourg-d'Oisans – Saint-Étienne | Hilly stage | 199.0 km (123.7 mi) |  Maximilian Sciandri (GBR) |
| 12 | 14 July | Saint-Étienne – Mende | Hilly stage | 222.5 km (138.3 mi) | Laurent Jalabert (FRA) |
| 13 | 15 July | Mende – Revel | Plain stage | 245.0 km (152.2 mi) |  Serhiy Utchakov (UKR) |
| 14 | 16 July | Saint-Orens-de-Gameville – Guzet-Neige | Stage with mountain(s) | 164.0 km (101.9 mi) | Marco Pantani (ITA) |
| 15 | 18 July | Saint-Girons – Cauterets | Stage with mountain(s) | 206.0 km (128.0 mi) | Richard Virenque (FRA) |
| 16 | 19 July | Tarbes – Pau | Stage with mountain(s) | 149.0 km (92.6 mi) | Cancelled |
| 17 | 20 July | Pau – Bordeaux | Plain stage | 246.0 km (152.9 mi) | Erik Zabel (GER) |
| 18 | 21 July | Montpon-Ménestérol – Limoges | Plain stage | 166.5 km (103.5 mi) |  Lance Armstrong (USA) |
| 19 | 22 July | Lac de Vassivière – Lac de Vassivière | Individual time trial | 46.5 km (28.9 mi) | Miguel Indurain (ESP) |
| 20 | 23 July | Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois – Paris (Champs-Élysées) | Plain stage | 155.0 km (96.3 mi) |  Djamolidine Abduzhaparov (UZB) |
Race details
The first riders in the prologue rode in sunny weather, but then it started to rain, and the riders who started late had to ride on slippery roads. Chris Boardman, a big favourite for the prologue and an outsider for the overall classification, crashed during his ride, was then hit by his team's car, and had to abandon due to injury. The winner of the prologue was Jacky Durand, one of the early starters.[12] Durand stayed in the lead until the third stage, when Laurent Jalabert overtook him due to time bonuses won in intermediate sprints. Jalabert kept the yellow jersey for two stages, losing it due to a crash in the fourth stage. Ivan Gotti, member of the Gewiss-team that had won the team time trial in stage three, became the new leader.[12] A surprising attack from Indurain in stage seven changed the standings. Indurain attacked in the hilly Ardennes, and only Johan Bruyneel was able to follow him. Indurain did all the work, creating a margin of almost one minute, and Bruyneel only followed him, but beat Indurain in the sprint, winning the stage and becoming the new leader.[12] Indurain was now in second place in the general classification, and after winning the time trial in the eighth stage, he became the new leader. His closest rival in the overall classification was Bjarne Riis at 23 seconds, the others were more than two minutes behind.[12]
The Tour then reached the high mountains in stage nine. Zülle escaped, and created a margin of several minutes. Indurain calmly chased him until the final climb, where he sped away from the others. Zülle won the stage and jumped to the second place in the overall classification, but Indurain won minutes on all other cyclists.[12] The tenth stage was again in the high mountains. Pantani, already irrelevant for the overall classification, won the stage; behind him Indurain, Zülle and Riis finished together.[12]
Stage twelve was not expected to be relevant for the general classification. But when Laurent Jalabert attacked early in the stage, this changed. Jalabert was a team mate of second-placed Zülle, and he was sixth in the general classification, more than nine minutes behind Indurain. Jalabert was joined by three other cyclists, of which two team mates. One of them, Melchior Mauri, was in eighth place, and was himself also a threat. The team mates worked together well, and when they were more than ten minutes ahead, Jalabert was the virtual leader. At that moment, Indurain's Banesto team and Riis' Gewiss team started to work together to close the gap. They reduced it to almost six minutes, which meant that Jalabert jumped to third place in the general classification. ONCE now had three cyclists in the top five: Zülle in second place, Jalabert in fourth place and Mauri in fifth place.[12]
The Pyrenées were reached in stage fourteen. Pantani again showed his strengths in the mountains, winning the stage. The other favourites stayed more or less together, so there were no big changes in the general classification.[12]
In the fifteenth stage, Richard Virenque escaped early in the stage, reaching all six tops in the stage first, and won the stage. Behind him, several cyclists crashed on the descent of the Portet d'Aspet, including Fabio Casartelli. Casartelli's head hit a concrete barrier at high speed without wearing a helmet, and was declared dead in the hospital.[12]
Out of respect for Casartelli, the sixteenth stage was raced non-competitively. Casartelli's team mates from Motorola were allowed to cross the finish line first. The eighteenth stage was won by Lance Armstrong, a team mate of Casartelli. Armstrong dedicated this stage victory to Casartelli.[12]
Indurain was still leading firmly, and extended his lead by winning the last time trial.
Classification leadership
- Jersey wearers when one rider is leading two or more competitions
- In stage 1, Thierry Laurent wore the green jersey.
- Other notes
- Stage 16 was annulled after Fabio Casartelli died during stage 15. The peloton rode the stage slowly and allowed Casartelli's teammates, riding side-by-side, to cross the finish line first.
- The white jersey was not awarded between 1989 and 1999 - the white column in this table represents the leader in the youth classification.
Results
There were several classifications in the 1995 Tour de France. The most important was the general classification, calculated by adding each cyclist's finishing times on each stage. The cyclist with the least accumulated time was the race leader, identified by the yellow jersey; the winner of this classification is considered the winner of the Tour.[13]
Additionally, there was a points classification, which awarded a green jersey. In the points classification, cyclists got points for finishing among the best in a stage finish, or in intermediate sprints. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a green jersey.[13]
There was also a mountains classification. The organisation had categorized some climbs as either hors catégorie, first, second, third, or fourth-category; points for this classification were won by the first cyclists that reached the top of these climbs first, with more points available for the higher-categorized climbs. The cyclist with the most points lead the classification, and was identified with a polkadot jersey.[13]
The fourth individual classification was the young rider classification, which was not marked by a jersey. This was decided the same way as the general classification, but only riders under 26 years were eligible.[13]
For the team classification, the times of the best three cyclists per team on each stage were added; the leading team was the team with the lowest total time.[14]
For the combativity classification, a jury gave points after each stage to the cyclists they considered most combative. The cyclist with the most votes in all stages lead the classification.
General classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Miguel Indurain (ESP) | Banesto | 92h 44' 59" |
| 2 | Alex Zülle (SUI) | ONCE | +4' 35" |
| 3 | Bjarne Riis (DEN) | Gewiss | +6' 47" |
| 4 | Laurent Jalabert (FRA) | ONCE | +8' 24" |
| 5 | Ivan Gotti (ITA) | Gewiss | +11' 33" |
| 6 | Melchor Mauri (ESP) | ONCE | +15' 20" |
| 7 | Fernando Escartin (ESP) | Mapei | +15' 49" |
| 8 | Toni Rominger (SUI) | Mapei | +16' 46" |
| 9 | Richard Virenque (FRA) | Festina | +17' 31" |
| 10 |  Hernán Buenahora (COL) | Kelme | +18' 50" |
| Final general classification (11–115) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | Name | Team | Time |
| 11 | Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) | Carrera | +18' 55" |
| 12 | Laurent Madouas (FRA) | Castorama | +20' 37" |
| 13 | Marco Pantani (ITA) | Carrera | +26' 20" |
| 14 | Paolo Lanfranchi (ITA) | Brescialat | +29' 41" |
| 15 | Bruno Cenghialta (ITA) | Gewiss | +29' 55" |
| 16 | Alvaro Mejia (COL) | Motorola | +33' 40" |
| 17 | Bo Hamburger (DEN) | TVM | +34' 49" |
| 18 |  Viatcheslav Ekimov (RUS) | Novell | +39' 51" |
| 19 | Laurent Dufaux (SUI) | Festina | +45' 55" |
| 20 | Erik Breukink (NED) | ONCE | +47' 27" |
| 21 | Vicente Aparicio (ESP) | Banesto | +52' 54" |
| 22 | Jean-Cyril Robin (FRA) | Festina | +56' 01" |
| 23 | Arsenio Gonzalez (ESP) | Mapei | +56' 18" |
| 24 | Federico Muñoz (COL) | Kelme | +1h 01' 03" |
| 25 |  Vladimir Poulnikov (URS) | Telekom-ZG Mobili | +1h 01' 31" |
| 26 | Massimo Podenzana (ITA) | Brescialat | +1h 01' 54" |
| 27 | Laudelino Cubino (ESP) | Kelme | +1h 02' 27" |
| 28 | Laurent Brochard (FRA) | Festina | +1h 02' 45" |
| 29 | Beat Zberg (SUI) | Carrera | +1h 07' 08" |
| 30 | Yvon Ledanois (FRA) | Gan | +1h 14' 04" |
| 31 | Johan Bruyneel (BEL) | ONCE | +1h 18' 14" |
| 32 | Oscar Pelliccioli (ITA) | Polti | +1h 20' 13" |
| 33 | Alberto Elli (ITA) | MG-Technogym | +1h 21' 34" |
| 34 | Jean-François Bernard (FRA) | Chazal | +1h 23' 11" |
| 35 | Herminio Diaz (ESP) | ONCE | +1h 23' 27" |
| 36 | Lance Armstrong (USA) | Motorola | +1h 28' 06" |
| 37 |  Georg Totschnig (AUT) | Polti | +1h 30' 47" |
| 38 | Udo Bölts (GER) | Telekom-ZG Mobili | +1h 31' 16" |
| 39 | Andrea Tafi (ITA) | Mapei | +1h 36' 49" |
| 40 | Ramon Gonzalez (ESP) | Banesto | +1h 38' 04" |
| 41 | Gerard Rué (FRA) | Banesto | +1h 38' 11" |
| 42 | Enrico Zaina (ITA) | Carrera | +1h 38' 28" |
| 43 | Massimiliano Lelli (ITA) | Mercatone Uno | +1h 39' 43" |
| 44 | Andrea Peron (ITA) | Motorola | +1h 42' 18" |
| 45 | Eddy Bouwmans (NED) | Novell | +1h 44' 09" |
| 46 |  Zenon Jaskula (POL) | Aki-Gipiemme | +1h 53' 46" |
| 47 | Maximilian Sciandri (GBR) | MG-Technogym | +1h 55' 10" |
| 48 | Franco Vona (ITA) | MG-Technogym | +1h 55' 35" |
| 49 | Jesper Skibby (DEN) | TVM | +1h 55' 43" |
| 50 | .svg.png){kind=small} Leonardo Sierra (VEN) | Carrera | +1h 56' 17" |
| 51 | Gabriele Colombo (ITA) | Gewiss | +1h 57' 14" |
| 52 | Maarten den Bakker (NED) | TVM | +1h 58' 25" |
| 53 | Gianni Bugno (ITA) | MG-Technogym | +1h 58' 47" |
| 54 | Andrea Ferrigato (ITA) | Telekom-ZG Mobili | +2h 04' 51" |
| 55 | Didier Rous (FRA) | Gan | +2h 07' 39" |
| 56 | Djamolidine Abduzhaparov (UZB) | Novell | +2h 08' 55" |
| 57 | Carmelo Miranda (ESP) | Banesto | +2h 08' 57" |
| 58 | Rolf Aldag (GER) | Telekom-ZG Mobili | +2h 13' 41" |
| 59 | François Simon (FRA) | Castorama | +2h 15' 16" |
| 60 |  Neil Stephens (AUS) | ONCE | +2h 16' 01" |
| 61 |  Miguel Arroyo (MEX) | Chazal | +2h 19' 06" |
| 62 | Armand De Las Cuevas (FRA) | Castorama | +2h 19' 23" |
| 63 | Gilles Bouvard (FRA) | Chazal | +2h 24' 18" |
| 64 | Stephen Hodge (AUS) | Festina | +2h 28' 17" |
| 65 | Alberto Volpi (ITA) | Gewiss | +2h 28' 43" |
| 66 | Jens Heppner (GER) | Telekom-ZG Mobili | +2h 30' 47" |
| 67 | Rolf Järmann (SUI) | MG-Technogym | +2h 32' 14" |
| 68 | Fabian Jeker (SUI) | Festina | +2h 38' 21" |
| 69 | José Ramon Uriarte (ESP) | Banesto | +2h 38' 22" |
| 70 | Erik Dekker (NED) | Novell | +2h 38' 28" |
| 71 | Andrei Tchmil (BEL) | Lotto | +2h 39' 02" |
| 72 | Massimo Donati (ITA) | Mercatone Uno | +2h 40' 04" |
| 73 | Johan Museeuw (BEL) | Mapei | +2h 41' 54" |
| 74 | Serhiy Utchakov (UKR) | Polti | +2h 42' 07" |
| 75 |  Arturas Kasputis (LIT) | Chazal | +2h 45' 50" |
| 76 | Jim Van De Laer (BEL) | TVM | +2h 45' 52" |
| 77 | Francesco Frattini (ITA) | Gewiss | +2h 46' 11" |
| 78 | Marino Alonso (ESP) | Banesto | +2h 47' 25" |
| 79 | Dario Bottaro (ITA) | Gewiss | +2h 47' 26" |
| 80 | Thomas Davy (FRA) | Banesto | +2h 49' 17" |
| 81 | Davide Perona (ITA) | Lampre | +2h 51' 34" |
| 82 | Frankie Andreu (USA) | Motorola | +2h 52' 15" |
| 83 | Alessio Galletti (ITA) | Lampre | +2h 52' 22" |
| 84 | Marcello Siboni (ITA) | Carrera | +2h 53' 16" |
| 85 | Marco Milesi (ITA) | Brescialat | +2h 54' 10" |
| 86 | Flavio Vanzella (ITA) | MG-Technogym | +2h 54' 10" |
| 87 | Giancarlo Perini (ITA) | Brescialat | +2h 54' 18" |
| 88 | Wilfried Peeters (BEL) | Mapei | +2h 54' 38" |
| 89 | Guido Bontempi (ITA) | Gewiss | +2h 55' 28" |
| 90 | Erik Zabel (GER) | Telekom-ZG Mobili | +2h 56' 48" |
| 91 |  Arvis Piziks (LAT) | Novell | +2h 57' 55" |
| 92 | François Lemarchand (FRA) | Gan | +2h 58' 26" |
| 93 | José Angel Vidal (ESP) | Kelme | +2h 58' 38" |
| 94 | Thierry Marie (FRA) | Castorama | +2h 58' 54" |
| 95 | Aitor Garmendia (ESP) | Banesto | +2h 59' 43" |
| 96 | Alexander Gontchenkov (UKR) | Lampre | +3h 00' 25" |
| 97 | Frans Maassen (NED) | Novell | +3h 01' 43" |
| 98 | Mario Scirea (ITA) | Polti | +3h 01' 55" |
| 99 | Mauro Bettin (ITA) | Aki-Gipiemme | +3h 04' 00" |
| 100 | Nicola Loda (ITA) | MG-Technogym | +3h 04' 45" |
| 101 |  Steve Bauer (CAN) | Motorola | +3h 05' 33" |
| 102 | Rossano Brasi (ITA) | Polti | +3h 06' 23" |
| 103 | Giovanni Lombardi (ITA) | Polti | +3h 06' 40" |
| 104 | Gilles Talmant (FRA) | Castorama | +3h 07' 19" |
| 105 | Peter Farazijn (BEL) | Lotto | +3h 09' 32" |
| 106 | Stefano Colagè (ITA) | Telekom-ZG Mobili | +3h 10' 04" |
| 107 | Gian-Matteo Fagnini (ITA) | Mercatone Uno | +3h 12' 11" |
| 108 | Giovanni Fidanza (ITA) | Polti | +3h 12' 20" |
| 109 |  Stephen Swart (NZL) | Motorola | +3h 14' 15" |
| 110 | Gianluca Gorini (ITA) | Aki-Gipiemme | +3h 14' 20" |
| 111 | Marco Serpellini (ITA) | Lampre | +3h 16' 05" |
| 112 | Davide Cassani (ITA) | MG-Technogym | +3h 16' 51" |
| 113 | Bart Voskamp (NED) | TVM | +3h 17' 41" |
| 114 | Eros Poli (ITA) | Mercatone Uno | +3h 21' 26" |
| 115 | Bruno Cornillet (FRA) | Chazal | +3h 36' 26" |
Points classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Laurent Jalabert (FRA) | ONCE | 333 |
| 2 | Djamolidine Abduzhaparov (UZB) | Novell | 271 |
| 3 | Miguel Indurain (ESP) | Banesto | 180 |
| 4 | Bjarne Riis (DEN) | Gewiss | 175 |
| 5 | Erik Zabel (GER) | Telekom-ZG Mobili | 168 |
| 6 | Giovanni Lombardi (ITA) | Polti | 144 |
| 7 | Bo Hamburger (DEN) | TVM | 103 |
| 8 | Maximilian Sciandri (GBR) | MG-Technogym | 102 |
| 9 | Andrea Ferrigato (ITA) | Telekom-ZG Mobili | 97 |
| 10 | Andrei Tchmil (BEL) | Lotto | 95 |
Mountain classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Richard Virenque (FRA) | Festina | 438 |
| 2 | Claudio Chiappucci (ITA) | Carrera | 214 |
| 3 | Alex Zülle (SUI) | ONCE | 205 |
| 4 | Miguel Indurain (ESP) | Banesto | 198 |
| 5 | Hernán Buenahora (COL) | Kelme | 177 |
| 6 | Marco Pantani (ITA) | Carrera | 142 |
| 7 | Laurent Dufaux (SUI) | Festina | 132 |
| 8 | Fernando Escartin (ESP) | Mapei | 121 |
| 9 | Laurent Brochard (FRA) | Festina | 104 |
| 10 | Federico Muñoz (COL) | Kelme | 101 |
Team classification
| Rank | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ONCE | 278h 29' 35" |
| 2 | Gewiss-Ballan | +13' 23" |
| 3 | Mapei-GB | +55' 53" |
| 4 | Festina | +1h 17' 05" |
| 5 | Carrera | +1h 23' 31" |
| 6 | Banesto | +1h 54' 11" |
| 7 | Kelme | +2h 01' 09" |
| 8 | Castorama | +3h 03' 39" |
| 9 | Motorola | +3h 17' 31" |
| 10 | Brescialat | +3h 28' 02" |
Young rider classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Time |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Marco Pantani (ITA) | Carrera | 93h 11' 19" |
| 2 | Bo Hamburger (DEN) | TVM | +8' 29" |
| 3 | Beat Zberg (SUI) | Carrera | +40' 48" |
Combativity classification
| Rank | Name | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Hernán Buenahora (COL) | Kelme | 36 |
| 2 | Richard Virenque (FRA) | Festina | 30 |
| 3 | Laurent Jalabert (FRA) | ONCE | 30 |
References
- ↑ Augendre, Jacques (2009). "Guide Historique" (PDF) (in French). Amaury Sport Organisation. Archived from the original on 2009-10-09. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
- ↑ Walsh, David (October 22, 2012). "Covering Lance Armstrong was a wild ride, but the truth came out". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved April 26, 2014.
- ↑ http://www.usada.org/media/sanction-armstrong8242012
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "82ème Tour de France 1995" (in French). Memoire du cyclisme. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ↑ "Deelname TVM aan Tour is nog onzeker". Leeuwarder Courant (in Dutch) (De krant van toen). 19 May 1995. p. 21. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
- ↑ "Ploeg TVM naar Tour de France". Leeuwarder Courant (in Dutch) (De krant van toen). ANP. 13 June 1995. p. 21. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
- 1 2 "Startlist for the 1995 Tour de France". Cyclingnews. 1995.
- ↑ "21 equipos, 189 hombres" (in Spanish). El Mundo Deportivo. 29 June 1995. p. 39. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
- ↑ "Tourdirectie komt ZG en Telekom tegemoet" (in Dutch). Volkskrant. 17 June 1995. Retrieved 24 April 2013.
- ↑ Augendre, Jacques (2009). "Guide Historique, Part 5" (PDF) (in French). Amaury Sport Organisation. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
- ↑ Zwegers, Arian. "Tour de France GC Top Ten". CVCC. Archived from the original on 2009-06-10. Retrieved 15 Aug 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 McGann, Bill; McGann, Carol (2008). The Story of the Tour De France: 1965-2007. Dog Ear Publishing. pp. 220–227. ISBN 1-59858-608-4. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
- 1 2 3 4 Christian, Sarah (2 July 2009). "Tour de France demystified - Evaluating success". RoadCycling.co.nz Ltd. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ↑ Chauner, David; Halstead, Michael (1990). The Tour de France Complete Book of Cycling. Villard. ISBN 0679729364. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- 1 2 3 Culot, Jacques (24 July 1995). "Le rouleur au lac et le sprinter auxh Champs (19e et 20e étapes)" (in French). Le Soir. p. 19. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
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