1983 VFL season
| 1983 VFL Premiership season | |
|---|---|
| Teams | 12 |
| Premiers |
Hawthorn (5th premiership) |
| Minor premiers |
North Melbourne (3rd minor premiership) |
| Night series |
Carlton (1st Night series win) |
| Matches played | 138 |
| Attendance | 3,638,017 (26,362 per match) |
| Highest attendance | 110,332 |
| Coleman Medallist |
Bernie Quinlan Fitzroy (106 goals) |
| Brownlow Medallist |
Ross Glendinning North Melbourne (24 votes) |
|
← 1982 1984 → | |
The 1983 Victorian Football League season was the 87th season of the elite Australian rules football competition.
Night Series
Carlton defeated Richmond 14.16 (100) to 10.6 (66) in the Final.
Premiership season
Rounds 12-22 were the home-and-away reverse of Rounds 1-11.
Round 1
| Home team | Home team score | Away team | Away team score | Venue | Crowd | Date |
| North Melbourne | 14.16 (100) | St Kilda | 12.15 (87) | Arden Street Oval | 18,496 | 26 March 1983 |
| Fitzroy | 16.16 (112) | Hawthorn | 20.11 (131) | Junction Oval | 15,626 | 26 March 1983 |
| Carlton | 20.16 (136) | Richmond | 11.10 (76) | Princes Park | 28,108 | 26 March 1983 |
| Melbourne | 19.11 (125) | Collingwood | 20.15 (135) | MCG | 72,274 | 26 March 1983 |
| Geelong | 15.16 (106) | Footscray | 11.9 (75) | VFL Park | 18,377 | 26 March 1983 |
| Sydney | 17.9 (111) | Essendon | 15.20 (110) | SCG | 12,001 | 27 March 1983 |
Round 2
| Home team | Home team score | Away team | Away team score | Venue | Crowd | Date |
| Collingwood | 14.12 (96) | Geelong | 15.11 (101) | Victoria Park | 34,851 | 2 April 1983 |
| Richmond | 15.10 (100) | Melbourne | 18.11 (119) | MCG | 41,889 | 2 April 1983 |
| Footscray | 14.15 (99) | Carlton | 12.10 (82) | Western Oval | 20,414 | 2 April 1983 |
| Hawthorn | 9.16 (70) | Sydney | 5.15 (45) | Princes Park | 16,159 | 4 April 1983 |
| Essendon | 20.11 (131) | St Kilda | 10.10 (70) | Windy Hill | 27,566 | 4 April 1983 |
| Fitzroy | 12.16 (88) | North Melbourne | 6.7 (43) | VFL Park | 23,788 | 4 April 1983 |
Round 3
| Home team | Home team score | Away team | Away team score | Venue | Crowd | Date |
| Geelong | 13.16 (94) | Richmond | 6.10 (46) | Kardinia Park | 23,643 | 9 April 1983 |
| Footscray | 16.15 (111) | Melbourne | 11.13 (79) | Western Oval | 20,608 | 9 April 1983 |
| St Kilda | 6.6 (42) | Hawthorn | 26.15 (171) | Moorabbin Oval | 19,227 | 9 April 1983 |
| Fitzroy | 14.13 (97) | Essendon | 7.14 (56) | Junction Oval | 19,823 | 9 April 1983 |
| Carlton | 13.19 (97) | Collingwood | 11.21 (87) | VFL Park | 69,596 | 9 April 1983 |
| Sydney | 5.15 (45) | North Melbourne | 27.23 (185) | SCG | 11,831 | 10 April 1983 |
Round 4
| Home team | Home team score | Away team | Away team score | Venue | Crowd | Date |
| North Melbourne | 18.19 (127) | Richmond | 14.19 (103) | Arden Street Oval | 14,822 | 16 April 1983 |
| Fitzroy | 17.23 (125) | Sydney | 6.16 (52) | Junction Oval | 10,738 | 16 April 1983 |
| Hawthorn | 12.25 (97) | Footscray | 17.16 (118) | Princes Park | 16,026 | 16 April 1983 |
| Essendon | 20.21 (141) | Collingwood | 17.15 (117) | Windy Hill | 27,888 | 16 April 1983 |
| Melbourne | 13.12 (90) | Carlton | 14.15 (99) | MCG | 38,544 | 16 April 1983 |
| Geelong | 13.12 (90) | St Kilda | 11.13 (79) | VFL Park | 20,826 | 16 April 1983 |
Round 5
| Home team | Home team score | Away team | Away team score | Venue | Crowd | Date |
| Collingwood | 9.19 (73) | Hawthorn | 14.11 (95) | Victoria Park | 28,506 | 23 April 1983 |
| Carlton | 9.11 (65) | Fitzroy | 18.17 (125) | Princes Park | 25,971 | 23 April 1983 |
| Sydney | 24.16 (160) | St Kilda | 21.11 (137) | SCG | 11,276 | 24 April 1983 |
| Geelong | 16.14 (110) | Melbourne | 18.13 (121) | Kardinia Park | 27,645 | 25 April 1983 |
| Richmond | 17.12 (114) | Footscray | 18.8 (116) | MCG | 51,651 | 25 April 1983 |
| Essendon | 20.8 (128) | North Melbourne | 17.21 (123) | VFL Park | 47,722 | 25 April 1983 |
Round 6
| Home team | Home team score | Away team | Away team score | Venue | Crowd | Date |
| Melbourne | 18.18 (126) | Sydney | 12.21 (93) | MCG | 22,590 | 30 April 1983 |
| Essendon | 27.19 (181) | Footscray | 7.7 (49) | Windy Hill | 25,151 | 30 April 1983 |
| Collingwood | 19.16 (130) | North Melbourne | 15.18 (108) | Victoria Park | 28,016 | 30 April 1983 |
| Carlton | 12.13 (85) | Geelong | 14.11 (95) | Princes Park | 25,480 | 30 April 1983 |
| St Kilda | 15.12 (102) | Fitzroy | 22.11 (143) | Moorabbin Oval | 16,154 | 30 April 1983 |
| Richmond | 15.16 (106) | Hawthorn | 12.16 (88) | VFL Park | 33,096 | 30 April 1983 |
Round 7
| Home team | Home team score | Away team | Away team score | Venue | Crowd | Date |
| Hawthorn | 13.13 (91) | North Melbourne | 21.16 (142) | Princes Park | 13,945 | 7 May 1983 |
| Fitzroy | 11.10 (76) | Geelong | 9.13 (67) | Junction Oval | 18,770 | 7 May 1983 |
| Richmond | 16.16 (112) | Essendon | 21.11 (137) | MCG | 49,707 | 7 May 1983 |
| Footscray | 11.16 (82) | Collingwood | 14.4 (88) | Western Oval | 31,479 | 7 May 1983 |
| Melbourne | 16.12 (108) | St Kilda | 11.9 (75) | VFL Park | 25,192 | 7 May 1983 |
| Sydney | 18.10 (118) | Carlton | 22.17 (149) | SCG | 15,432 | 8 May 1983 |
Round 8
| Home team | Home team score | Away team | Away team score | Venue | Crowd | Date |
| Geelong | 11.18 (84) | Sydney | 16.14 (110) | Kardinia Park | 17,000 | 14 May 1983 |
| North Melbourne | 29.15 (189) | Footscray | 11.8 (74) | Arden Street Oval | 16,000 | 14 May 1983 |
| Melbourne | 12.15 (87) | Fitzroy | 18.18 (126) | MCG | 33,758 | 14 May 1983 |
| Hawthorn | 20.17 (137) | Essendon | 14.11 (95) | Princes Park | 21,835 | 14 May 1983 |
| St Kilda | 12.17 (89) | Carlton | 22.13 (145) | Moorabbin Oval | 19,016 | 14 May 1983 |
| Collingwood | 16.11 (107) | Richmond | 8.11 (59) | VFL Park | 58,780 | 14 May 1983 |
Round 9
| Home team | Home team score | Away team | Away team score | Venue | Crowd | Date |
| Geelong | 12.12 (84) | North Melbourne | 18.16 (124) | Kardinia Park | 21,802 | 21 May 1983 |
| Essendon | 22.17 (149) | Melbourne | 17.13 (115) | Windy Hill | 19,850 | 21 May 1983 |
| Carlton | 15.14 (104) | Hawthorn | 14.12 (96) | Princes Park | 30,750 | 21 May 1983 |
| St Kilda | 16.12 (108) | Richmond | 13.15 (93) | Moorabbin Oval | 20,686 | 21 May 1983 |
| Footscray | 22.13 (145) | Fitzroy | 13.21 (99) | VFL Park | 22,336 | 21 May 1983 |
| Sydney | 18.13 (121) | Collingwood | 14.16 (100) | SCG | 15,305 | 22 May 1983 |
Round 10
| Home team | Home team score | Away team | Away team score | Venue | Crowd | Date |
| Richmond | 16.10 (106) | Sydney | 14.10 (94) | MCG | 21,047 | 28 May 1983 |
| Footscray | 17.26 (128) | St Kilda | 11.16 (82) | Western Oval | 19,247 | 28 May 1983 |
| Essendon | 15.19 (109) | Geelong | 15.7 (97) | Windy Hill | 20,782 | 28 May 1983 |
| Collingwood | 10.17 (77) | Fitzroy | 13.15 (93) | Victoria Park | 32,820 | 28 May 1983 |
| North Melbourne | 29.19 (193) | Carlton | 11.16 (82) | Arden Street Oval | 22,776 | 28 May 1983 |
| Hawthorn | 27.9 (171) | Melbourne | 16.13 (109) | VFL Park | 23,988 | 28 May 1983 |
Round 11
| Home team | Home team score | Away team | Away team score | Venue | Crowd | Date |
| Melbourne | 18.17 (125) | North Melbourne | 20.19 (139) | MCG | 25,249 | 4 June 1983 |
| Fitzroy | 20.16 (136) | Richmond | 16.18 (114) | Junction Oval | 16,153 | 4 June 1983 |
| Hawthorn | 12.16 (88) | Geelong | 14.11 (95) | Princes Park | 13,465 | 4 June 1983 |
| St Kilda | 21.18 (144) | Collingwood | 24.16 (160) | Moorabbin Oval | 25,153 | 4 June 1983 |
| Essendon | 19.12 (126) | Carlton | 15.11 (101) | VFL Park | 60,619 | 4 June 1983 |
| Sydney | 17.19 (121) | Footscray | 15.12 (102) | SCG | 10,710 | 5 June 1983 |
Round 12
| Home team | Home team score | Away team | Away team score | Venue | Crowd | Date |
| Footscray | 15.12 (102) | Geelong | 14.7 (91) | Western Oval | 25,382 | 11 June 1983 |
| St Kilda | 15.14 (104) | North Melbourne | 20.15 (135) | Moorabbin Oval | 15,467 | 11 June 1983 |
| Hawthorn | 25.17 (167) | Fitzroy | 21.8 (134) | Princes Park | 20,559 | 11 June 1983 |
| Essendon | 23.18 (156) | Sydney | 13.5 (83) | Windy Hill | 20,535 | 13 June 1983 |
| Richmond | 21.15 (141) | Carlton | 13.13 (91) | MCG | 48,243 | 13 June 1983 |
| Collingwood | 12.15 (87) | Melbourne | 10.8 (68) | VFL Park | 55,380 | 13 June 1983 |
Round 13
| Home team | Home team score | Away team | Away team score | Venue | Crowd | Date |
| Melbourne | 18.15 (123) | Richmond | 15.19 (109) | MCG | 28,468 | 18 June 1983 |
| Fitzroy | 34.16 (220) | North Melbourne | 10.10 (70) | Junction Oval | 19,770 | 18 June 1983 |
| Carlton | 26.15 (171) | Footscray | 12.10 (82) | Princes Park | 23,710 | 18 June 1983 |
| Sydney | 11.12 (78) | Hawthorn | 15.20 (110) | SCG | 10,084 | 18 June 1983 |
| Essendon | 21.12 (138) | St Kilda | 13.13 (91) | VFL Park | 30,616 | 18 June 1983 |
| Geelong | 15.11 (101) | Collingwood | 13.7 (85) | Kardinia Park | 25,808 | 19 June 1983 |
Round 14
| Home team | Home team score | Away team | Away team score | Venue | Crowd | Date |
| North Melbourne | 11.16 (82) | Sydney | 7.8 (50) | Arden Street Oval | 7,408 | 25 June 1983 |
| Hawthorn | 21.17 (143) | St Kilda | 9.20 (74) | Princes Park | 8,190 | 25 June 1983 |
| Essendon | 8.10 (58) | Fitzroy | 9.11 (65) | Windy Hill | 22,925 | 25 June 1983 |
| Melbourne | 14.15 (99) | Footscray | 12.13 (85) | MCG | 19,306 | 25 June 1983 |
| Collingwood | 15.10 (100) | Carlton | 6.9 (45) | Victoria Park | 27,778 | 25 June 1983 |
| Richmond | 11.4 (70) | Geelong | 10.9 (69) | VFL Park | 17,339 | 25 June 1983 |
Round 15
| Home team | Home team score | Away team | Away team score | Venue | Crowd | Date |
| Geelong | 9.14 (68) | St Kilda | 18.12 (120) | Kardinia Park | 11,459 | 2 July 1983 |
| Collingwood | 16.8 (104) | Essendon | 13.9 (87) | Victoria Park | 33,614 | 2 July 1983 |
| Richmond | 16.18 (114) | North Melbourne | 21.12 (138) | MCG | 23,622 | 2 July 1983 |
| Sydney | 23.9 (147) | Fitzroy | 17.15 (117) | SCG | 10,315 | 2 July 1983 |
| Hawthorn | 13.11 (89) | Footscray | 9.6 (60) | VFL Park | 15,750 | 2 July 1983 |
| Carlton | 9.13 (67) | Melbourne | 15.16 (106) | Princes Park | 19,300 | 3 July 1983 |
Round 16
| Home team | Home team score | Away team | Away team score | Venue | Crowd | Date |
| Footscray | 12.12 (84) | Richmond | 15.14 (104) | Western Oval | 15,006 | 9 July 1983 |
| North Melbourne | 19.14 (128) | Essendon | 16.11 (107) | Arden Street Oval | 22,340 | 9 July 1983 |
| Carlton | 18.16 (124) | Fitzroy | 13.11 (89) | VFL Park | 31,757 | 9 July 1983 |
| St Kilda | 20.9 (129) | Sydney | 14.16 (100) | Moorabbin Oval | 17,861 | 16 July 1983 |
| Melbourne | 10.19 (79) | Geelong | 10.13 (73) | MCG | 34,155 | 16 July 1983 |
| Hawthorn | 19.23 (137) | Collingwood | 14.16 (100) | Princes Park | 28,595 | 16 July 1983 |
Round 17
| Home team | Home team score | Away team | Away team score | Venue | Crowd | Date |
| Fitzroy | 20.18 (138) | St Kilda | 22.17 (149) | Junction Oval | 15,335 | 23 July 1983 |
| Sydney | 18.17 (125) | Melbourne | 16.16 (112) | SCG | 11,094 | 23 July 1983 |
| Richmond | 11.16 (82) | Hawthorn | 22.14 (146) | MCG | 31,084 | 23 July 1983 |
| Footscray | 16.11 (107) | Essendon | 18.17 (125) | Western Oval | 20,708 | 23 July 1983 |
| Geelong | 11.7 (73) | Carlton | 15.18 (108) | Kardinia Park | 17,657 | 23 July 1983 |
| North Melbourne | 24.8 (152) | Collingwood | 14.14 (98) | VFL Park | 41,098 | 24 July 1983 |
Round 18
| Home team | Home team score | Away team | Away team score | Venue | Crowd | Date |
| Essendon | 6.14 (50) | Richmond | 19.10 (124) | Windy Hill | 18,050 | 30 July 1983 |
| Collingwood | 12.10 (82) | Footscray | 9.19 (73) | Victoria Park | 20,743 | 30 July 1983 |
| Carlton | 17.17 (119) | Sydney | 11.9 (75) | Princes Park | 17,868 | 30 July 1983 |
| St Kilda | 11.15 (81) | Melbourne | 14.14 (98) | Moorabbin Oval | 20,218 | 30 July 1983 |
| North Melbourne | 12.18 (90) | Hawthorn | 15.7 (97) | Arden Street Oval | 17,720 | 30 July 1983 |
| Fitzroy | 16.15 (111) | Geelong | 7.7 (49) | VFL Park | 14,718 | 30 July 1983 |
Round 19
| Home team | Home team score | Away team | Away team score | Venue | Crowd | Date |
| Sydney | 10.15 (75) | Geelong | 20.21 (141) | SCG | 12,752 | 5 August 1983 |
| Fitzroy | 22.29 (161) | Melbourne | 11.9 (75) | Junction Oval | 13,870 | 6 August 1983 |
| Essendon | 23.18 (156) | Hawthorn | 16.14 (110) | Windy Hill | 19,315 | 6 August 1983 |
| Carlton | 25.18 (168) | St Kilda | 8.13 (61) | Princes Park | 19,203 | 6 August 1983 |
| Richmond | 11.13 (79) | Collingwood | 13.11 (89) | MCG | 81,966 | 6 August 1983 |
| North Melbourne | 25.14 (164) | Footscray | 10.11 (71) | VFL Park | 12,028 | 6 August 1983 |
Round 20
| Home team | Home team score | Away team | Away team score | Venue | Crowd | Date |
| Collingwood | 28.14 (182) | Sydney | 18.12 (120) | Victoria Park | 18,772 | 13 August 1983 |
| North Melbourne | 16.20 (116) | Geelong | 11.18 (84) | Arden Street Oval | 11,093 | 13 August 1983 |
| Footscray | 19.11 (125) | Fitzroy | 14.15 (99) | Western Oval | 14,688 | 13 August 1983 |
| Melbourne | 19.10 (124) | Essendon | 21.15 (141) | MCG | 38,620 | 13 August 1983 |
| Hawthorn | 15.22 (112) | Carlton | 20.9 (129) | Princes Park | 28,504 | 13 August 1983 |
| St Kilda | 21.14 (140) | Richmond | 9.11 (65) | VFL Park | 21,811 | 13 August 1983 |
Round 21
| Home team | Home team score | Away team | Away team score | Venue | Crowd | Date |
| Carlton | 18.18 (126) | North Melbourne | 13.15 (93) | Princes Park | 32,610 | 20 August 1983 |
| Sydney | 10.13 (73) | Richmond | 15.24 (114) | SCG | 11,475 | 20 August 1983 |
| St Kilda | 13.16 (94) | Footscray | 16.4 (100) | Moorabbin Oval | 15,680 | 20 August 1983 |
| Fitzroy | 19.13 (127) | Collingwood | 7.21 (63) | Junction Oval | 24,104 | 20 August 1983 |
| Hawthorn | 25.22 (172) | Melbourne | 8.9 (57) | VFL Park | 21,192 | 20 August 1983 |
| Geelong | 12.11 (83) | Essendon | 26.9 (165) | Kardinia Park | 20,110 | 21 August 1983 |
Round 22
| Home team | Home team score | Away team | Away team score | Venue | Crowd | Date |
| Geelong | 11.11 (77) | Hawthorn | 24.13 (157) | Kardinia Park | 11,214 | 27 August 1983 |
| Footscray | 17.12 (114) | Sydney | 10.12 (72) | Western Oval | 13,369 | 27 August 1983 |
| Collingwood | 24.11 (155) | St Kilda | 14.8 (92) | Victoria Park | 19,016 | 27 August 1983 |
| North Melbourne | 21.22 (148) | Melbourne | 10.15 (75) | Arden Street Oval | 10,603 | 27 August 1983 |
| Richmond | 12.21 (93) | Fitzroy | 19.13 (127) | MCG | 27,310 | 27 August 1983 |
| Essendon | 18.10 (118) | Carlton | 8.19 (67) | VFL Park | 64,232 | 27 August 1983 |
Ladder
| ||||||||||||
| TEAM | P | W | L | D | PF | PA | % | PTS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | North Melbourne | 22 | 16 | 6 | 0 | 2789 | 2183 | 127.76 | 64 | |||
| 2 | Hawthorn (P) | 22 | 15 | 7 | 0 | 2675 | 2078 | 128.73 | 60 | |||
| 3 | Fitzroy | 22 | 15 | 7 | 0 | 2608 | 2059 | 126.66 | 60 | |||
| 4 | Essendon | 22 | 15 | 7 | 0 | 2664 | 2215 | 120.27 | 60 | |||
| 5 | Carlton | 22 | 13 | 9 | 0 | 2360 | 2244 | 105.17 | 52 | |||
| 6 | Collingwood | 22 | 12 | 10 | 0 | 2315 | 2247 | 103.03 | 48 | |||
| 7 | Footscray | 22 | 10 | 12 | 0 | 2102 | 2428 | 86.57 | 40 | |||
| 8 | Melbourne | 22 | 9 | 13 | 0 | 2220 | 2557 | 86.82 | 36 | |||
| 9 | Geelong | 22 | 8 | 14 | 0 | 1932 | 2197 | 87.94 | 32 | |||
| 10 | Richmond | 22 | 7 | 15 | 0 | 2124 | 2392 | 88.80 | 28 | |||
| 11 | Sydney | 22 | 7 | 15 | 0 | 2068 | 2670 | 77.45 | 28 | |||
| 12 | St Kilda | 22 | 5 | 17 | 0 | 2150 | 2737 | 78.55 | 20 | |||
| Key: P = Played, W = Won, L = Lost, D = Drawn, PF = Points for, PA = Points against | ||||||||||||
Finals
Elimination Finals
| Home team | Score | Away team | Score | Venue | Attendance | Date |
| Essendon | 17.12 (114) | Carlton | 12.9 (81) | Waverley Park | 65,881 | Saturday, 3 September |
Qualifying Final
| Home team | Score | Away team | Score | Venue | Attendance | Date |
| Hawthorn | 19.13 (127) | Fitzroy | 19.9 (123) | MCG | 58,288 | Saturday, 3 September |
Semi Finals
| Home team | Score | Away team | Score | Venue | Attendance | Date |
| North Melbourne | 6.12 (48) | Hawthorn | 13.10 (88) | Waverley Park | 41,063 | Saturday, 10 September |
| Fitzroy | 12.14 (86) | Essendon | 16.13 (109) | MCG | 81,090 | Saturday, 10 September |
Preliminary Final
| Home team | Score | Away team | Score | Venue | Attendance | Date |
| North Melbourne | 12.6 (78) | Essendon | 25.14 (164) | Waverley Park | 63,785 | Saturday, 17 September |
Grand Final
Main article: 1983 VFL Grand Final
| Home team | Score | Away team | Score | Venue | Attendance | Date |
| Hawthorn | 20.20 (140) | Essendon | 8.9 (57) | MCG | 110,332 | Saturday, 24 September |
Attendance
A total of 3,631,042 people attended VFL matches during the 1983 season, an average of about 26,312 per game (including finals matches). A combined total of 420,439 attended finals matches in 1983, an average of 70,073 per finals match. The largest attendance for a home and away game was Richmond versus Collingwood at the MCG, the attendance figure was 81,966.
Awards
- The Brownlow Medal was awarded to Ross Glendinning of North Melbourne.
- The Coleman Medal was awarded to Bernie Quinlan of Fitzroy.
- The VFL Players Association MVP Award, now known as the Leigh Matthews Trophy, was awarded to Terry Daniher of Essendon.
- The Norm Smith Medal was awarded to Colin Robertson of Hawthorn.
- The “Wooden Spoon” was “awarded’ to St Kilda.
- The reserves premiership was won by Essendon. Essendon 19.14 (128) defeated Collingwood 15.9 (99) in the Grand Final, held as a curtain-raiser to the seniors Grand Final on 24 September.[1]
Notable events
- In Round 4, St Kilda played Paul Morwood and Silvio Foschini without their clearances from the Sydney Swans being finalised. Had they beaten Geelong, they would have forfeited the points under the laws at the time.
- North Melbourne's 150-point loss to Fitzroy in Round 13 more than doubled the previous biggest loss by a minor premier of 69 points, which had occurred in 1952 and 1974.
- In Fitzroy's Round 17 game with St Kilda, a record quarter aggregate of 19.7 (121) - Fitzroy 12.6 (78), St. Kilda 7.1 (43) - was kicked during the second quarter.
- In Round 19, Kevin Bartlett became the first player to play 400 VFL games, after having in Round 11 of 1981 become the first to reach 350 games. As of 2015, only Michael Tuck, Dustin Fletcher and Brent Harvey have since equalled his achievement.
See also
References
- ↑ "Grand final scores". The Age (Melbourne, VIC). 26 September 1983. p. 25.
Sources
- Stephen Rodgers: Every Game Ever Played VFL/AFL Results 1897-1991 3rd Edition 1992. Penguin Books Australia ISBN 0-670-90526-7.
- 1983 Season - AFL Tables
| ||||||||||
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Thursday, October 08, 2015. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.