1921 Persian coup d'état

1921 Persian Coup
On the picture: Rezā Khan, Masoud Keyhan, Colonel Gleerup (Commander of the Gendarmerie), Seyyed Zia Tabatabai, Hossein Dadgar, Hassan Moshar, Ali Riazi, Kazem Khan Sayah. (1921)
Date 21 February 1921[1] Location Tehran Result Persian Cossack Brigade victory power takeover by Rezā Khan; Ahmad Shah Qajar flees Persia in 1923 suppression of Colonel Pessian's revolt and dissolution of the Autonomous Government of Khorasan dissolution of the Republic of Gilan continuing conflict with Simko Shikak until 1922 deterioration of Persian control over Sheikh Khazal's Emirate of Mohammerah until 1925
Belligerents
Persian Cossack Brigade	Persian Qajar police Fathollah Khan Akbar (Sepahdar Rashti) Jangalis Simko Kurdish rebels Autonomous Government of Khorasan supported by:  Soviet Union
Commanders and leaders
Rezā Khan Mirpanj  Zia'eddin Tabatabaee  Habibollah Khan Ahmad Qavam (since September 1921) Amanullah Jahanbani Edmund Ironside[2]	Ahmad Shah Qajar Ahmad Qavam (until March 1921) Kuchik Khan Simko Shikak Colonel Pessian †
Strength
3,000-4,000 Persian Cossacks
Casualties and losses
	several policemen killed or injured in Tehran during the coup

1921 Persian Coup (Persian: کودتای ۳ اسفند ۱۲۹۹‎‎) refers to several major events in Iran (Persia) in 1921, which eventually led to the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty as the ruling house of the country in 1925.

The events began with a coup led by leaders of the Persian Cossack Brigade such as Colonel Mohammad Taghi Pessian, and directed by the British,^[1] on 21 February 1921.^[1] With this coup the British established Rezā Khan as the most powerful person in Iran. The coup was largely bloodless and faced little resistance. With his expanded forces and the Cossack Brigade, Colonel Mohammad Taghi Pessian and several other generals launched successful military actions to eliminate separatist and dissident movements in Tabriz, Mashhad and the Janglis in Gilan. The campaign on Simko and the Kurds turned less successful and spanned well into 1922, though eventually concluding with Persian success.

Background

In late 1920, the Persian Soviet Socialist Republic in Rasht was preparing to march on Tehran with "a guerrilla force of 1,500 Jangalis, Kurds, Armenians and Azerbaijanis", reinforced by the Bolsheviks' Red Army. This fact, along with various other disorders, mutinies and unrest in the country created "an acute political crisis in the capital."^[3]

By 1921, the ruling Qajar dynasty of Iran (at that time also known as Persia) had become corrupt and inefficient.^[4] The oil-rich nation was somewhat reliant on the nations of Britain and Russia for military and economic support. Civil wars earlier in the decade had threatened the government, and the only regular military force at the time was the Cossack Brigade.^[5]

The Qajar shah in 1921 was Ahmad, who had been crowned at the age of eleven. He was considered to be a weak, incompetent ruler,^[6] especially after British, Russian and Ottoman occupations of Iran during World War I. In 1911, when the capital city, Tehran, had been seized by the Russians, armed Bakhtiaris tribemen, rather than Iranian regular troops, expelled the invaders.^[6] This further diminished the government's reputation, rendering it almost powerless in time of war.

Britain, which played a major role in Iran, was dismayed by the Qajar government's inability to rule efficiently.^[4] This inefficiency was the background of a power struggle between Britain and Russia, each nation hoping to control Iran.

On 14 January 1921, the British General Ironside chose to promote Reza Khan, who had been leading the Tabriz battalion, to lead the entire brigade.^[1] About a month later, under British direction, Reza Khan's 3,000-4,000 strong detachment of the Cossack Brigade reached Tehran.

The coup and subsequent events

Pahlavi seizes Tehran

On February 18, 1921, the Cossacks reached Tehran meeting little resistance.^[5] On early morning of February 21, they entered the city.^[7] Only several policemen, taken by surprise, are said to had been killed or wounded in the center of Tehran.^[7] Backed by his troops, Khan forced the government to dissolve and oversaw his own appointment as minister of war. Khan also ensured that Ahmad, still ruling as shah, appointed as prime minister Sayyed Ziaoddin Tabatabaee.^[4]

Treaty with the USSR

On February 26, the new government signed a treaty of friendship with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, formerly the Russian Empire. As a result of the treaty, the Soviet Union gave up some of its former Russian facilities in Iran, although the Soviet diplomats ensured that their nation was allowed to intervene with its military in Iran, as long as the intervention was "self-defense".^[4] The USSR also gave up any Russian-owned railroads and ports in Iran.

Change of prime ministers

Prior to the coup, Ahmad Qavam, governor of Khorasan, had asserted his loyalty to the Qajar regime. When he refused to recognize the government installed by Reza Khan,^[4] he was jailed in Tehran. During his imprisonment, Gavam nurtured a hatred of the man who had arrested him, Colonel Mohammad Taghi Pessian, now the gendarmerie chief.

Sayyed Ziaoddin Tabatabaee, who had been installed as prime minister, was removed from office on May 25, by Shah Ahmad's decree. Shortly afterward, Qavam was released from prison and given Tabatabaee's former post. Colonel Pessian refused to accept this betrayal of the coup's ideals of a democratic Iran and began to gather popular support and many tribes flocked to make up his formidable force.

Quelling local uprisings

Pessian's revolt

After Gavam was made prime minister, on eof the coup leaders and now the gendarmerie chief [olonel Mohammad Taghi Pessian opposed the new order and erosion of the democratic principles for which he and many of his fellow Iranians had faught and so departed Tehran. Soon at the head of a rebel army, Pessian went to battle with the armies of several regional governors. However, the rebels were eventually defeated and Reza Khan ordered that Pessian be beheaded and that the head be returned to tehran and put on display to proove that Pessian, now a national hero, was dead to quell further rebellions.^[4] The Kurds of Khorasan also revolted in the same year.^[8]

Gilan campaign

The campaign on the Republic of Gilan was taken in early July 1921, by the main Cossack force, led by Vsevolod Starosselsky.^[7] Following a gendarme operation, led by Habibollah Khan (Shiabani), they cleared up Mazandaran and moved into Gilan.^[7] On August 20, ahead of the arrival of the Cossacks, the insurgents pulled out of Rasht, retreating towards Enzeli.^[7] The Cossacks entered Rusht on August 24.^[7] Though further pursuit after the revolutionaries turned successful at Khomam and Pirbazar, they have become heavily assaulted later on by the Soviet fleet, which bombed them by heavy artillery fire.^[7] First, it had been believed that the entire force of 700 men, led by Reza Khan, became annihilited in this event, though later the actual casualty rate was determined to be about 10%, with the rest of them scattering upon the bombardment.^[7] As a result, Starosselski ordered evacuation of Rasht.^[7]

The Soviet Republic of Gilan officially came to an end in September 1921. Mirza and his German friend Gauook (Hooshang) were left alone in the Khalkhal Mountains, and died of frostbite.

Kurdish revolt

Aftermath

Reza Shah

In the aftermath of 1921 events, relations of Persian government with the Sheikhdom of Mohammerah had also become strained. In 1924, Sheikh Khazal rebellion^[9] broke out in Khuzestan, being the first modern Arab nationalist uprising led by the Sheikh of Mohammerah Khaz'al al-Ka'bi. The rebellion was quickly and effectively suppressed with minimal casualties.

Rezā Khan was placed on the throne by the British in 1926, and many of those involved in the coup were either killed or put in prison. One General, Sepahbod Amir Ahmadi, tried to stand up against teh establishment of a new monarch, but on a visit to his imprisoned brother-in-law, General Heydargholi Pessian, he confessed that his efforts were being thwarted by the British. Reza Khan was finally declared Shah, taking the surname Pahlavi and thus founding the Pahlavi dynasty. The Pahlavis ruled in Iran until the revolution of 1979, when the government was toppled and replaced with that of the Islamic Republic of Iran, headed by Ruhollah Khomeini.^[5] The day after the Shah left Iran, the revolutionary leaders declared Colonel Mohammad Taghi Pessian the first Martyr of the Revolution although Pessian was a Secularist.

See also

• Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1907)
• Iran crisis of 1946
• Iranian Revolution (1979)
• List of modern conflicts in the Middle East

References

External links

• THE PERSIAN COUP D'ETAT (1921), Advocate of Peace through Justice. Vol. 88, No. 2 (FEBRUARY, 1926), pp. 86-88
• COUP D’ETAT OF 1921. Ecyclopedia Iranica
• PERSIAN OOUP D'ETAT. Kalgoorlie Miner, Saturday 26 February 1921, page 5