1896 Sanriku earthquake

1896 Sanriku earthquake

Devastation caused by the tsunami at Sanriku.
Date June 15, 1896 (1896-06-15)
Origin time 19:32:30 JST (UTC+09:00)
Magnitude 8.5 Mw, 7.2 Ms[1]
Depth shallow
Epicenter 39°30′N 144°00′E / 39.5°N 144.0°E / 39.5; 144.0Coordinates: 39°30′N 144°00′E / 39.5°N 144.0°E / 39.5; 144.0
Type Megathrust
Areas affected Japan, United States
Total damage Tsunami
Tsunami Up to 38.2 m (125 ft)
in Ryori, Kesen, Iwate, Tōhoku
Casualties 22,066 people dead or missing

The 1896 Sanriku earthquake was one of the most destructive seismic events in Japanese history.[2] The 8.5 magnitude earthquake occurred at 19:32 (local time) on June 15, 1896, approximately 166 kilometres (103 mi) off the coast of Iwate Prefecture, Honshu. It resulted in two tsunamis which destroyed about 9,000 homes and caused at least 22,000 deaths.[3] The waves reached a record height of 38.2 metres (125 ft); more than a meter lower than those created after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake which triggered the 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents.[4]

Seismologists have discovered the tsunamis' magnitude (Mt = 8.2)[5] was much greater than expected for the estimated seismic magnitude. This earthquake is now regarded as being part of a distinct class of seismic events, the tsunami earthquake.[6]

Geology

Houses heavily damaged by the earthquake

The epicenter lies just to the west of the Japan Trench, the surface expression of the west-dipping subduction zone. The trench forms part of the convergent boundary between the Pacific and Eurasian plates.[7]

Magnitude

The unusual disparity between the magnitude of the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami may be due to a combination of forces:[7]

  1. the tsunami was caused by a slope failure triggered by the earthquake
  2. the rupture velocity was unusually low

Scientists believe the effect of subducted sediment beneath the accretionary wedge was responsible for a slow rupture velocity. The effects of a 20° dipping fault along the top of the subducting plate was found to match both the observed seismic response and tsunami, but required a displacement of 10.4 m.[7] The displacement was reduced to a more reasonable value after the extra uplift caused by the deformation of sediments in the wedge and a shallower fault dip of 10° was considered. This revised fault model gave a magnitude of Mw=8.0-8.1. A figure much closer to the estimated actual tsunami magnitude.[8] A magnitude of 8.5 on the moment magnitude scale has also been estimated for this event.[1]

Tsunami

On the evening of June 15, 1896, communities along the Sanriku coast in northern Japan were celebrating a Shinto holiday and the return of soldiers from the First Sino-Japanese War. After a small earthquake, there was little concern because it was so weak and many small tremors had also been felt in the previous few months. However 35 minutes later the first tsunami wave struck the coast, followed by a second a few minutes later.[2][9] Damage was particularly severe because the tsunamis coincided with high tides. Most deaths occurred in Iwate and Miyagi although casualties were also recorded from Aomori and Hokkaido.

The power of the tsunami was great: large numbers of victims were found with broken bodies or missing limbs.[2] As was their normal practice each evening, the local fishing fleets were all at sea when the tsunamis struck. In the deep water the wave went unnoticed. Only when they returned the next morning did they discover the debris and bodies.[10]

Wave heights of up to 9 meters (30 ft) were also measured in Hawaii. They destroyed wharves and swept several houses away.[3][11]

Legacy

Preventive coastal measures were not implemented until after another tsunami struck in 1933. Due to higher levels of tsunami awareness, fewer casualties were recorded following the Sanriku earthquake.[2] Nevertheless, the earthquake of 11 March 2011 caused a huge tsunami that resulted in thousands of deaths across the same region and the nuclear disaster at Fukushima.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Nishimura, T.; Miura S., Tachibana K., Hashimoto K., Sato T., Hori S., Murakami E., Kono T., Nid, K., Mishina M., Hirasawa T. & Miyazaki S. (2000). "Distribution of seismic coupling on the subducting plate boundary in northeastern Japan inferred from GPS observations". Tectonophysics (Elsevier) 323 (3-4): 217–238. Bibcode:2000Tectp.323..217N. doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00108-6. Retrieved 14 November 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Nakao, Masayuki. "The Great Meiji Sanriku Tsunami June 15, 1896 at the Sanriku coast of the Tohoku region". Retrieved 2009-10-18.
  3. 1 2 USGS. "Today in Earthquake History: June 15". Retrieved 2009-10-18.
  4. ↑ "Experts say Japanese tsunami over 40m high". Nine News. 2011-07-19.
  5. ↑ Abe, K. (1981). "Physical size of tsunamigenic earthquakes of the northwestern Pacific". Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 27: 194–205. Bibcode:1981PEPI...27..194A. doi:10.1016/0031-9201(81)90016-9.
  6. ↑ Kanamori, H. (1972). "Mechanism of tsunami earthquakes" (PDF). Phys. Earth Planet. Int. 6: 346–359. Bibcode:1972PEPI....6..346K. doi:10.1016/0031-9201(72)90058-1.
  7. 1 2 3 Tanioka, Yuichiro; Sataka K. (1996). "Fault parameters of the 1896 Sanriku Tsunami Earthquake estimated from Tsunami Numerical Modeling". Geophysical Research Letters 23 (3): 1549–1552. Bibcode:1996GeoRL..23.1549T. doi:10.1029/96GL01479.
  8. ↑ Tanioka, Y.; Seno T. (2001). "Sediment effect on tsunami generation of the 1896 Sanriku tsunami earthquake" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters 28 (17): 3389–3392. Bibcode:2001GeoRL..28.3389T. doi:10.1029/2001GL013149.
  9. ↑ Corkill, Edan, "Heights of survival", Japan Times, 12 June 2011, pp. 9-10.
  10. ↑ Kusky, Timothy M. (2003). Geological hazards: a sourcebook. Greenwood Press. p. 312.
  11. ↑ Hatori, Tokutaro (1963). "On the Tsunamis along the Island of Hawaii" (PDF). Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute 41: 49–59.
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