1828 in science
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The year 1828 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Astronomy
- Félix Savary computes the first orbit of a visual double star when he calculates the orbit of the double star Xi Ursae Majoris.
Biochemistry
- Urea becomes the first organic compound to be artificially synthesised, by Friedrich Wöhler, potentially discrediting a cornerstone of vitalism, the belief that life is not subject to the laws of science in the way inanimate objects are.
Biology
- April 27 – London Zoo opens in Regent's Park for members of the Zoological Society of London.[1]
- Karl Ernst von Baer lays the foundations of the science of comparative embryology with his book Über Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere.
- Martin Lichtenstein publishes a monograph on the Dipodidae, Über die Springmäuse, in Berlin.
- Belfast Botanic Gardens open.
Chemistry
- Jöns Jakob Berzelius produces a table of atomic weights and discovers thorium.
- Friedrich Wöhler synthesizes urea, thereby establishing that organic compounds could be produced from inorganic starting materials, disproving the theory of vitalism.[2]
Medicine
- February 19 – The Boston Society for Medical Improvement is established in the United States.
- April 17 – Royal Free Hospital, established as the London General Institution for the Gratuitous Care of Malignant Diseases by surgeon William Marsden, opens.
- December 24 – Burke and Hare murders: William Burke is sentenced to hang for his part in the murder of 17 victims to provide bodies for dissection by Edinburgh anatomist Robert Knox.
- F. Maury publishes Traité Complet de l'Art du Dentiste, the first handbook of dentistry.[3]
Paleontology
- Adolphe Theodore Brongniart publishes Prodrome d'une histoire des Végétaux Fossils, a study of fossil plants.
- Mary Anning discovers Britain's first pterosaur fossil at Lyme Regis.
Physics
- Self-taught English mathematician George Green publishes An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism[4] in Nottingham, the first mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism, introducing a form of divergence theorem (a version of Green's theorem), the idea of potential theory, and the concept of what will come to be called Green's functions.[5][6]
- Irish astronomer William Rowan Hamilton publishes Theory of Systems of Rays.
Technology
- James Beaumont Neilson of Scotland patents the hot blast process for ironmaking.[7]
- Ányos Jedlik creates the world's first electric motor.
- The brothers John and Charles Deane produce the first diving helmet by adaptation of a smoke helmet produced for them by Augustus Siebe.[8]
- Scottish architect Peter Nicholson sets out a method of preparing stones for construction of a helicoidal skew arch.[9][10][11]
Awards
- Copley Medal: not awarded
Births
- April 17 – Sampson Gamgee (died 1886), Tuscan-born English surgeon.
- March 24 – Jules Verne (died 1905), French science fiction author.
- September 15 – Aleksandr Butlerov (died 1886), Russian chemist.
- October 31 – Joseph Swan (died 1914), English physicist.
- November 22 – Lydia Shackleton (died 1914), Irish botanical artist.
Deaths
- March 17 – James Edward Smith (born 1759), English botanist.
- March 23 – David Friesenhausen (born 1756), German-Hungarian-Jewish rabbi, mathematician and astronomer.
- July 5 – Andrew Duncan (born 1744), Scottish physician.
- August 8 – Carl Peter Thunberg (born 1743), Swedish botanist.
- August 22 – Franz Joseph Gall (born 1758), German-born neuroanatomist.
- December 22 – William Hyde Wollaston (born 1766), English chemist.
References
- ↑ "April 27". Today in Science History. Retrieved 2011-12-20.
- ↑ "Justus von Liebig and Friedrich Wöhler". Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of Chemical Sciences. Chemical Heritage Foundation. 2005. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
- ↑ Puschmann, Theodor. Handbuch der Geschichte der Medizin 3. Jena. p. 384.
- ↑ Green, George (1828). An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism. Nottingham: T. Wheelhouse. Retrieved 2013-11-12.
- ↑ Ferrers, N. M. (ed.). Mathematical papers of the late George Green.
- ↑ Cannell, D. M. (1999). "George Green: An Enigmatic Mathematician". American Mathematical Monthly 106 (2): 136–151. doi:10.2307/2589050.
- ↑ Gale, W.K.V. (1981). Ironmaking. Princes Risborough: Shire Publications. p. 22. ISBN 0-85263-546-X.
- ↑ Bevan, John (1996). The Infernal Diver: the lives of John and Charles Deane, their invention of the diving helmet and its first application... London: Submex. pp. 28–33. ISBN 0-9508242-1-6.
- ↑ Nicholson, Peter (1828). A Popular and Practical Treatise on Masonry and Stone-cutting. London: Thomas Hurst, Edward Chance & Company. pp. 39–60.
- ↑ Welch, Henry (1837). Loudon, John Claudius, ed. "On the Construction of Oblique Arches". Architectural Magazine (London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green & Longman) IV: 90.
The stones were cut, or dressed, previously to the erection of the centre
- ↑ Schofield, Reginald B. (2000). Benjamin Outram, 1764–1805: An Engineering Biography. Cardiff: Merton Priory Press. pp. 149–154. ISBN 1-898937-42-7.
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