Ordnance QF 17-pounder

Ordnance QF 17-pounder

17-pounder in Batey ha-Osef museum, Israel
Type Anti-tank gun
Tank gun
Place of origin  United Kingdom
Service history
In service 1943–
Used by British Commonwealth
Wars World War II,
Korean War
Production history
Designed 1941–42
Produced 1942-
Specifications
Weight 3 long tons (3.05 t)
Barrel length 13 ft 9 in (4.191 m)
55 calibres
Shell 76.2×583mmR
Calibre 3 inches (76.2 mm)
Carriage Split trail carriage, with gunshield.
Elevation -6° to +16.5°
Traverse 60°
Muzzle velocity 2,900 ft/s (880 m/s) HE, HEAT
3,950 ft/s (1,200 m/s) APDS

The Ordnance Quick-Firing 17-pounder (or just 17-pdr)[1] was a 76.2 mm (3 inch) gun developed by the United Kingdom during World War II. It was used as an anti-tank gun on its own carriage, as well as equipping a number of British tanks. It was the most effective Allied anti-tank gun of the war. Used with the APDS shot, it was capable of defeating all but the thickest armour on German tanks. It was used to 'up-gun' some foreign-built vehicles in British service, notably to produce the Sherman Firefly variant of the US M4 Sherman tank, giving British tank units the ability to hold their own against their German counterparts. In the anti-tank role, it was replaced after the war by the 120 mm BAT recoilless rifle. As a tank gun, it was succeeded by the 84 mm 20 pounder.

History

17-pounder, side view.

Before the QF 6-pounder had entered service, the British predicted that it would soon be inadequate given the increasing armour of German tanks. In late 1940, design of a replacement was started, and was largely complete by the end of 1941. A prototype production line was set up that spring, and with the appearance of Tiger I tanks in early 1943 in the North Africa, the first 100 prototype 17-pounder anti-tank guns were quickly sent to help counter this new threat. So great was the rush that they were sent before proper carriages had been developed, and the guns had to be mounted in the carriages of 25-pounder gun-howitzers. These early weapons were known as 17/25-pounders and given the codename Pheasant. They first saw action in February 1943. Fully developed 17-pounders started production in 1943 and were first used during the Italian Campaign.

A Sherman Firefly with the 17-pounder

The 17-pounder outperformed all other Allied armour-piercing guns, and was quickly adapted for use on various tank chassis. However, few tanks were capable of carrying such a large gun due to the size of their turret rings. It was expected that a 75 mm gun under development by Vickers would be used for tanks, however this did not enter service.

The British had planned a tank based on the Cromwell then under development to mount the 17-pounder. However, the problems inherent in the design of the new tank meant that the result, the Cruiser Mark VIII Challenger, was delayed and relatively few built.

While developing the Challenger tank the British devised a conversion for their US-supplied M4 Sherman tanks to mount the 17-pounder. This was applied in sufficient numbers to put them into service in time for D-Day as the Sherman Firefly. The gun, a modified design that was produced specifically for the Firefly, was rotated through 90 degrees to mount into the turret of the Sherman, i.e. it lay on its side. An additional box was welded to the back of the turret to take the radio, which was moved to allow for the breech and its recoil.[2] More Shermans were converted until about 50% of Shermans in British service were Fireflies.

17-pounder SP Achilles of the Battle of the Bulge in La Roche-en-Ardenne.

The British also converted some of their US-produced M10 tank destroyers, replacing the 3-inch (76 mm) gun with the 17-pounder; the resulting vehicles were called 17pdr SP Achilles or just 17-pdr M10.

The 17-pounder was also successfully trialled on the Australian-designed Sentinel tank, though no Sentinels equipped with this gun entered service with the Australian Army.

The 17-pounder anti-tank guns saw action in Korea against tanks and in general support use against bunker positions. After the conflict the gun was largely replaced in the tank role by the Ordnance QF 20 pounder and in the anti-tank role by the BAT, MOBAT and 120 mm L6 WOMBAT series of recoilless rifles.

The United States Army did not use the 17-pounder, though the gun was offered to US forces with a number of Shermans modified for testing.[3]

Variants

Rear view of QF 17-pounder displayed in Burlington, Ontario
Mark I
Mark II
Mark III
Mark IV
Mark V
Mark VI
Mark VII
Straussler Conversion

77 mm HV

77 mm HV

77 mm HV Mk2 on a prototype armoured car
Type Tank gun
Place of origin  United Kingdom
Production history
Designer Vickers
Manufacturer Vickers
Specifications
Weight 1,502 pounds (681 kg)
Length 165.5 inches (420 cm)
Calibre 76.2 millimetres (3.00 in)
Elevation +20/-14 on Comet
Effective firing range 2,000 yards (1,800 m)

The British started work on developing a gun that was small enough to fit on their tank designs - particularly the Cromwell cruiser tank then at the design stage - firing the US 75 mm projectiles (AP shot and HE) but at higher velocity. This 50 calibre long gun, firing a 75mm projectile attached to a necked down 3-inch (76.2 mm) 20 cwt AA gun cartridge through a modified breech, known as the Vickers HV 75 mm, used a larger propellant charge in a larger cartridge. Although the 75 mm HV was a promising weapon, it proved to be too big for the Cromwell tank, which was fitted with the normal QF 75 mm gun in use on other British tanks. When the Cromwell's replacement - the Comet - was at the design stage, the 75 mm HV concept was reworked to fire the same projectiles as the 17-pounder through a shortened 17-pounder barrel, but retaining the 3-inch cartridge case firing from a standard 3-inch breech.[5]

This has the benefit of greater ease of use on tanks, many of which would not have sufficient turret space to accommodate the breech length and recoil distance of the 17-pounder. This new gun's ammunition was not interchangeable with the 17-pounder, however, and to prevent confusion over ammunition supplies, it was renamed the "77 mm HV"—the 'HV' standing for High Velocity—although it was the same 76.2 mm calibre as the 17-pounder. This gun was used in the Comet tank.

Ammunition

Loading 77 mm HV ammunition into a Comet tank
17-pounder gun, three loaders standing by with AP ammunition during Operation Epsom, 27 June 1944.

The 17-pounder used two types of anti-tank ammunition. Armour Piercing, Capped, Ballistic Capped (APCBC) ammunition could penetrate 163 mm of armour at 500 metres and 150 mm at 1000 m. The Armour-piercing discarding sabot (APDS) could penetrate 256 mm of armour at 500 m and 233 mm at 1000 m,[6][7] and allowing it in theory to penetrate the armour of even the German King Tiger heavy tank. However, the smaller (sub-calibre) tungsten core of APDS was considered less accurate than APCBC ammunition at ranges beyond 1,000 yards due to rounds that fell short of the target creating much less visible impact. It was thus harder for the gunner to spot the 'fall of shot' and correct his aim. The APDS was also considered to cause less damage to an enemy tank - if it did penetrate the armour - but the sub-calibre tungsten steel core tended to destabilise after penetrating armour and ricochet around inside the armoured target causing crew casualties. APCBC ammunition was standard; APDS shot was used for about 6% of the average load of a 17-pounder equipped British tank. Most sources agree that APDS was not available on D-Day itself but reached Normandy in increasing amounts by the end of June or early July 1944. It was available for the breakout battle from Normandy and the advance to the Netherlands and Germany.

Armour-Piercing Discarding-Sabot /Tracer round for 17-pounder gun (WW2), with its tungsten carbide core.

The HE shell initially developed for the 17-pounder lacked power. Due to the high-powered cartridge, the shell walls had to be thicker to stand the stresses of firing, leaving less room for explosive. Reducing the size of the propelling charge for the HE shell allowed the use of a thinner-walled and more powerful shell.

The 17-pounder produced a very large muzzle flash due to the large amount of propellant in its cartridges. Muzzle blast was also significant, described by crews of the anti-tank gun variant as resembling a hard slap on the chest.

Penetration comparison

Penetration figures (90 degrees) uses American and British 50% success criteria,
and allowing direct comparison to foreign gun performance.[8]
Gun typeAmmunition typeMuzzle velocity
(m/s)		Penetration (mm)
100 m 250 m 500 m 750 m 1000 m 1250 m 1500 m 1750 m 2000 m 2500 m 3000 m
QF 77 mm APCBC 785 m/s (2,580 ft/s) 147 143 137 131 126 121 116 111 106 98 90
QF 77 mm APCBC FH 785 m/s (2,580 ft/s) 157 153 147 141 135 130 124 119 114 105 96
QF 17 pdr AP 884 m/s (2,900 ft/s) 200 190 175 160 147 135 124 114 105 88 74
QF 17 pdr AP FH 884 m/s (2,900 ft/s) 164 156 144 132 121 112 103 94 87 73 62
QF 17 pdr APCBC 884 m/s (2,900 ft/s) 174 170 163 156 150 143 137 132 126 116 107
QF 17 pdr APCBC FH 884 m/s (2,900 ft/s) 187 182 175 167 161 154 148 141 136 125 115
QF 17 pdr APDS 1,204 m/s (3,950 ft/s) 275 268 256 244 233 223 213 204 194 178 162

Use

Anti-tank gun

The 17-pounder was a much bulkier and heavier weapon than its predecessor. As a result, it had to be towed by a gun tractor, such as the Morris Quad, M3 Half-track or the Crusader, as it could not effectively be moved by its gun crew alone, especially on poor ground. After firing on soft ground, the 17-pounder frequently had to be pulled out of the ground due to the gun recoil burying the trail spades. After the Second World War, it was issued to anti-tank units of the Royal Artillery in the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) towed by the M3 Half Track. When the Royal Artillery anti-tank units were disbanded in 1951, it was transferred to Infantry battalions in the BAOR (six per battalion), towed by the Oxford Tracked Carrier. It was later replaced by the recoilless 120 mm BAT anti-tank gun.

The complete AP round of a 17-pounder
25-pounder carriage

Stop gap measure named Pheasant.

Split trail carriage

Israel

The Israelis used a number of 17 pounders they captured from the Arabs in the war of independence[9]

Vehicle mount

World War II
Post-war

See also

Weapons of comparable role, performance and era

Notes

  1. ↑ The British military often used the gun's projectile weight to denote different guns of the same calibre. Hence this was a 3-inch gun, of which there were several types in British service, which fired a projectile weighing approximately 17 lb (7.7 kg)
  2. ↑ Being a long gun, in order to give a satisfactory balance, more of the gun was mounted inside the turret
  3. ↑ Sherman M4 and M4A3 17 pounder in US service New Information
  4. ↑ Henry, Chris; Delft, Brian (2004). British Anti-tank Artillery 1939-45. Osprey Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 1-84176-638-0.
  5. ↑ Williams, Anthony G (2012), An alternative 1930s tank gun
  6. ↑ Bird, Lorrin Rexford; Livingston, Robert D. (2001). WWII Ballistics: Armor and Gunnery. Overmatch Press. p. 60.
  7. ↑ A Bovington Tank Museum document states the 17-Pounder Mk II firing APDS could penetrate 187 mm at 500 yards with a 30° angle of obliquity, while Jane's Armour and Artillery 1981-82 gives a penetration of 231 mm at 1,000 yards with the same strike angle.
  8. ↑ Bird, Lorrin Rexford; Livingston, Robert D. (2001). WWII Ballistics: Armor and Gunnery. Overmatch Press. p. 60.
  9. ↑ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YAd8efHdVzIC&pg=PA161&dq=17+pounder+%2B+israel&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Ch2yUeGvBdOd0wWiqYGoBg&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=17%20pounder%20%2B%20israel&f=false
  10. ↑ "Lesakeng". South African Armour Museum. 6 December 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2013.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to QF 17 pounder.


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