113th United States Congress
| 113th United States Congress | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The One Hundred Thirteenth United States Congress was the meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, from January 3, 2013 to January 3, 2015. It was composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives based on the results of the 2012 Senate elections and the 2012 House elections. The seats in the House were apportioned based on the 2010 United States Census. It first met in Washington, D.C. on January 3, 2013, and it ended on January 3, 2015. Senators elected to regular terms in 2008 were in the last two years of those terms during this Congress.
At its outset, this Congress had 43 African American members (all but one in the House of Representatives),[1] and a record high number of female (100)[2] and LGBT (8)[3][4] members. Nineteen percent of its members had active duty military service background, which was down from 80% in 1977.[5]
Widespread public dissatisfaction with the institution increased over its second year,[6][7][8][9] and some commentators have ranked it among the worst in United States congressional history. According to a Gallup Poll released in August 2014, the 113th Congress had the highest disapproval rating of any Congress since 1974, when data first started being collected: 83% of Americans surveyed said that they disapproved of the job Congress was doing, while only 13% said that they approved.[10][11] In October 2013, during the government shutdown, this decreased to 10% approval according to several polls.
Major events
A government shutdown notice posted on October 1, 2013, with the Statue of Liberty in the far background[12]
- January 3, 2013: Election of Speaker. Incumbent Speaker John Boehner was re-elected despite the largest number of defections in the vote for speaker since at least 1991.[13]
- January 4, 2013: Joint session to count the Electoral College votes for the 2012 presidential election.[14]
- January 20–21, 2013: Second inauguration of President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden.[15] The terms began January 20, but because that was a Sunday, the Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies scheduled the inauguration ceremony for the next day.[15]
- February 12, 2013: Joint session to hear the 2013 State of the Union Address.
- March 6–7, 2013: Senator Rand Paul led a filibuster of the nomination of John O. Brennan for Director of the Central Intelligence Agency with a 12-hour, 52-minute speech.
- June 5, 2013: The first media reports of Edward Snowden's surveillance disclosures surfaced in the media.[16]
- June 25, 2013: The Supreme Court struck down section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 in Shelby County v. Holder, ending the need for some counties and states to receive "preclearance" from the Justice Department before changing election laws.
- June 26, 2013: The Supreme Court struck down section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act in United States v. Windsor, forcing the federal government to acknowledge same-sex marriages granted under the laws of states.
- July 16, 2013: The Senate reached a deal to allow some presidential nominations to come to a vote, avoiding the "Nuclear option" for filibuster reform.[17]
- September 24–25, 2013: Senator Ted Cruz delivered a 21-hour, 19-minute speech, one of the longest in Senate history, in opposition to the Affordable Care Act. Cruz's speech was not a filibuster, as it delayed no vote.[18]
- October 1–17, 2013: The United States federal government was shut down as most routine operations were curtailed after Congress failed to enact legislation appropriating funds for fiscal year 2014, or a continuing resolution for the interim authorization of appropriations for fiscal year 2014.
- October 3, 2013: United States Capitol shooting incident
- November 21, 2013: In a 52-48 vote, the Senate ended the use of the filibuster on all executive branch nominees, as well as on most judicial nominees. The filibuster remained in place for Supreme Court nominees and for legislation.[19]
- November 4, 2014: United States elections, 2014, including United States Senate elections, 2014 and United States House of Representatives elections, 2014.
Major legislation
Enacted
Main article: Acts of the 113th United States Congress
- March 7, 2013: Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013, Pub.L. 113–4
- March 13, 2013: Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013, Pub.L. 113–5
- March 26, 2013: 2013 United States federal budget (as Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013), Pub.L. 113–6
- June 3, 2013: Stolen Valor Act of 2013, Pub.L. 113–12
- August 9, 2013: Hydropower Regulatory Efficiency Act of 2013, Pub.L. 113–23
- August 9, 2013: Bipartisan Student Loan Certainty Act of 2013, Pub.L. 113–28
- September 30, 2013: Pay Our Military Act, Pub.L. 113–39
- November 27, 2013: Drug Quality and Security Act, Pub.L. 113–54
- December 26, 2013: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014, Pub.L. 113–66
- January 17, 2014: Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014, Pub.L. 113–76
- February 7, 2014: Agricultural Act of 2014, Pub.L. 113–79
- March 21, 2014: Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2014, Pub.L. 113–89
- April 3, 2014: Gabriella Miller Kids First Research Act, Pub.L. 113–94
- April 3, 2014: Support for the Sovereignty, Integrity, Democracy, and Economic Stability of Ukraine Act of 2014, Pub.L. 113–95
- May 9, 2014: Digital Accountability and Transparency Act (DATA), Pub.L. 113–101
- May 20, 2014: Kilah Davenport Child Protection Act, Pub.L. 113–104
- June 10, 2014: Water Resources Reform and Development Act, Pub.L. 113–121
- July 23, 2014: Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act, Pub.L. 113–128
- August 1, 2014: Unlocking Consumer Choice and Wireless Competition Act, Pub.L. 113–144
- August 7, 2014: Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014, Pub.L. 113–146
- September 29, 2014: Preventing Sex Trafficking and Strengthening Families Act, Pub.L. 113–183
- October 6, 2014: IMPACT Act of 2014, Pub.L. 113–185
- November 26, 2014: Presidential and Federal Records Act Amendments of 2014, Pub.L. 113–187
- November 26, 2014: Government Reports Elimination Act of 2014, Pub.L. 113–188
- December 18, 2014: Death in Custody Reporting Act of 2013, Pub.L. 113–242
- December 18, 2014: Transportation Security Acquisition Reform Act, Pub.L. 113–245
- December 18, 2014: American Savings Promotion Act, Pub.L. 113–251
- December 18, 2014: Credit Union Share Insurance Fund Parity Act, Pub.L. 113–252
- December 18, 2014: EPS Service Parts Act of 2014 Pub.L. 113–263
- December 18, 2014: Venezuela Defense of Human Rights and Civil Society Act of 2014, Pub.L. 113–278
- December 18, 2014: Insurance Capital Standards Clarification Act of 2014, Pub.L. 113–279
Proposed
Main article: List of bills in the 113th United States Congress
- 2014 United States federal budget: H.Con.Res. 25, S.Con.Res. 8
- Assault Weapons Ban of 2013 (S. 150) - Introduced after Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting
- Justice Safety Valve Act of 2013: S. 619, H.R. 1695
- Marketplace Fairness Act of 2013: (H.R 684, S. 743) - Also known as the "Internet Sales Tax"
- Border Security, Economic Opportunity, and Immigration Modernization Act of 2013 (S. 744) - Also known as the immigration bill
Appropriations bills
Fiscal year 2014
Fiscal year 2014 runs from October 1, 2013 to September 30, 2014.[20]
- Military Construction and Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2014 (H.R. 2216) - proposed
- Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2014 (H.R. 2217) - proposed
- Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2014 (H.R. 2609) - proposed
Fiscal year 2015
Main article: 2015 United States federal appropriations
Fiscal year 2015 runs from October 1, 2014 to September 20, 2015.[20]
- Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2015 (H.R. 4800) - considered in the House on June 11, 2014.[21] The bill would appropriate $20.9 billion.[22]
- Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2015 (H.R. 4660) - passed the House on May 30, 2014.[23] The total amount of money appropriated in the bill was $51.2 billion, approximately $400 million less than fiscal year 2014.[24]
- Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2015 - considered in the House on June 18, 2014. The bill would provide funding of approximately $491 billion.[25]
- Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2015 (H.R. 4923; 113th Congress) (H.R. 4923) - The bill would appropriate $34 billion to the United States Department of Energy, the United States Army Corps of Engineers, and related agencies.[26]
- Legislative Branch Appropriations Act, 2015 (H.R. 4487) - passed in the House on May 1, 2014.[27] The bill would appropriate $3.3 billion to the legislative branch for FY 2015.[28]
- Military Construction and Veterans Affairs and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2015 (H.R. 4486) - passed the House on April 30, 2014.[29] The total amount appropriated by the introduced version of the bill is $71.5 billion.[28]
- Transportation, Housing and Urban Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2015 (H.R. 4745 or "THUD") - passed the House on June 10, 2014.[30] The bill would appropriate $17 billion to the Department of Transportation and $40.3 billion to the Department of Housing and Urban Development.[31]
Party summary
- Resignations and new members are discussed in the "Changes in membership" section, below.
Senate
Senate party standings (at the end of the Congress)
| Party (Shading indicates majority caucus) |
Total | Vacant | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Independent | Republican | |||
| End of previous Congress | 51 | 2 | 47 | 100 | 0 |
| Begin | 53 | 2 | 45 | 100 | 0 |
| June 3, 2013 | 52 | 99 | 1 | ||
| June 10, 2013 | 46 | 100 | 0 | ||
| October 31, 2013 | 53 | 45 | |||
| Final voting share | 55% | 45% | |||
| Beginning of the next Congress | 44 | 2 | 54 | 100 | 0 |
House of Representatives
House party standings (at the end of the Congress)
| Party (Shading indicates majority caucus) |
Total | Vacant | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Republican | ||||
| End of previous Congress | 191 | 240 | 431 | 4 | |
| Begin | 200 | 233 | 433 | 2 | |
| January 22, 2013 | 232 | 432 | 3 | ||
| April 9, 2013 | 201 | 433 | 2 | ||
| May 7, 2013 | 233 | 434 | 1 | ||
| June 4, 2013 | 234 | 435 | 0 | ||
| July 15, 2013 | 200 | 434 | 1 | ||
| August 2, 2013 | 233 | 433 | 2 | ||
| September 26, 2013 | 232 | 432 | 3 | ||
| October 18, 2013 | 231 | 431 | 4 | ||
| November 16, 2013 | 232 | 432 | 3 | ||
| December 10, 2013 | 201 | 433 | 2 | ||
| December 17, 2013 | 233 | 434 | 1 | ||
| January 6, 2014 | 200 | 433 | 2 | ||
| January 27, 2014 | 232 | 432 | 3 | ||
| February 18, 2014 | 199 | 431 | 4 | ||
| March 11, 2014 | 233 | 432 | 3 | ||
| June 24, 2014 | 234 | 433 | 2 | ||
| August 18, 2014 | 233 | 432 | 3 | ||
| November 4, 2014 | 201 | 234 | 435 | 0 | |
| Final voting share | 46.2% | 53.8% | |||
| Non-voting members | 6 | 0 | 6 | 0 | |
| Beginning of the next Congress | 188 | 247 | 435 | 0 | |
Leadership
[ Section contents: Senate: Majority (D), Minority (R) • House: Majority (R), Minority (D) ]
Senate
Senate President
Joe Biden (D)
Joe Biden (D)
Senate President pro tempore
Patrick Leahy (D)
Patrick Leahy (D)
- President: Joe Biden (D)
- President pro tempore: Patrick Leahy (D)
Majority (Democratic) leadership
- Majority Leader and Caucus Chair: Harry Reid
- Assistant Majority Leader (Majority Whip): Dick Durbin
- Caucus Vice Chair and Policy Committee Chair: Chuck Schumer
- Caucus Secretary: Patty Murray
- Senatorial Campaign Committee Chair: Michael Bennet
- Policy Committee Vice Chair: Debbie Stabenow
- Steering and Outreach Committee Chair: Mark Begich
- Steering and Outreach Committee Vice Chair: Jeanne Shaheen
- Chief Deputy Whip: Barbara Boxer
Minority (Republican) leadership
- Minority Leader: Mitch McConnell
- Assistant Minority Leader (Minority Whip): John Cornyn
- Conference Chairman: John Thune
- Conference Vice Chair: Roy Blunt
- Senatorial Committee Chair: Jerry Moran
- Policy Committee Chairman: John Barrasso
- Deputy Whips: Roy Blunt, Richard Burr, Mike Crapo, Saxby Chambliss, Rob Portman, David Vitter, Roger Wicker
House of Representatives
House Speaker
John Boehner (R)
John Boehner (R)
- Speaker: John Boehner (R)
Majority (Republican) leadership
- Majority Leader: Eric Cantor, until August 1, 2014
- Kevin McCarthy, from August 1, 2014
- Majority Whip: Kevin McCarthy, until August 1, 2014
- Steve Scalise, from August 1, 2014
- Majority Chief Deputy Whip: Peter Roskam, until August 1, 2014
- Patrick McHenry, from August 1, 2014
- Conference Chair: Cathy McMorris Rodgers
- Conference Vice-Chair: Lynn Jenkins
- Conference Secretary: Virginia Foxx
- Campaign Committee Chairman: Greg Walden
- Policy Committee Chairman: James Lankford
Minority (Democratic) leadership
- Minority Leader: Nancy Pelosi
- Minority Whip: Steny Hoyer
- Assistant Democratic Leader: Jim Clyburn
- Caucus Chairman: Xavier Becerra
- Caucus Vice-Chairman: Joseph Crowley
- Campaign Committee Chairman: Steve Israel
- Steering and Policy Committee Co-Chairs: Rosa DeLauro (Steering) and Rob Andrews (Policy, until February 18, 2014); George Miller (Policy, from March 24, 2014)
- Organization, Study, and Review Chairman: Mike Capuano
- Senior Chief Deputy Minority Whip: John Lewis
- Chief Deputy Minority Whips: Terri Sewell, Keith Ellison, Jim Matheson, Ben R. Luján, Jan Schakowsky, Diana DeGette, G. K. Butterfield, Debbie Wasserman Schultz, Peter Welch
Members
Senate
For year of birth, when first took office, when current term expires, prior background, and education, see List of current United States Senators.
Senators are listed by state, and the numbers refer to their Senate classes.
House of Representatives
For year of birth, when first took office, prior background, religious affiliation and education, see Current members of the United States House of Representatives.
For maps of congressional districts, see List of United States congressional districts.
Contents
- Alabama
- Alaska
- Arizona
- Arkansas
- California
- Colorado
- Connecticut
- Delaware
- Florida
- Georgia
- Hawaii
- Idaho
- Illinois
- Indiana
- Iowa
- Kansas
- Kentucky
- Louisiana
- Maine
- Maryland
- Massachusetts
- Michigan
- Minnesota
- Mississippi
- Missouri
- Montana
- Nebraska
- Nevada
- New Hampshire
- New Jersey
- New Mexico
- New York
- North Carolina
- North Dakota
- Ohio
- Oklahoma
- Oregon
- Pennsylvania
- Rhode Island
- South Carolina
- South Dakota
- Tennessee
- Texas
- Utah
- Vermont
- Virginia
- Washington
- West Virginia
- Wisconsin
- Wyoming
- Non-voting members
Changes in membership
Senate
| State (class) |
Vacator | Reason for change | Successor | Date of successor's formal installation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Massachusetts (2) |
John Kerry (D) |
Resigned February 1, 2013 to become U.S. Secretary of State.[33][34] Successor was appointed February 1, 2013 to continue the term. |
Mo Cowan (D) |
February 1, 2013 |
| New Jersey (2) |
Frank Lautenberg (D) |
Died June 3, 2013. Successor was appointed June 6, 2013 to continue the term. |
Jeffrey Chiesa (R) | June 10, 2013 |
| Massachusetts (2) |
Mo Cowan (D) |
Appointment expired July 16, 2013, following a special election.[35] Successor was elected June 25, 2013 to finish the term ending with this Congress. |
Ed Markey (D) | July 16, 2013 |
| New Jersey (2) |
Jeffrey Chiesa (R) |
Appointment expired October 31, 2013, following a special election.[36][37] Successor was elected October 16, 2013 to finish the term ending with this Congress. |
Cory Booker (D) | October 31, 2013[37] |
| Montana (2) |
Max Baucus (D) |
Resigned February 6, 2014 to become Ambassador to China. Successor was appointed February 9, 2014 to finish the term ending with this Congress. |
John Walsh (D) | February 11, 2014 |
House of Representatives
| District | Vacator | Reason for change | Successor | Date successor seated |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Illinois 2nd | Vacant | Jesse Jackson, Jr. (D) resigned November 21, 2012, near the end of the previous Congress for health reasons.[38] A special election was held April 9, 2013. |
Robin Kelly (D) | April 9, 2013[39] |
| South Carolina 1st | Vacant | Tim Scott (R) resigned January 2, 2013, near the end of the previous Congress, when appointed to the Senate.[40] A special election was held May 7, 2013. |
Mark Sanford (R) | May 15, 2013[41] |
| Missouri 8th | Jo Ann Emerson (R) |
Resigned January 22, 2013 to become president and CEO of the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association.[42] A special election was held June 4, 2013. |
Jason Smith (R)[43] | June 5, 2013[44] |
| Massachusetts 5th | Ed Markey (D) |
Resigned July 16, 2013, having been elected to the United States Senate in a special election. A special election was held December 10, 2013. |
Katherine Clark (D)[45] | December 12, 2013 |
| Alabama 1st | Jo Bonner (R) |
Resigned August 2, 2013 to become a vice chancellor in the University of Alabama System. A special election was held December 17, 2013. |
Bradley Byrne (R) |
January 7, 2014 |
| Louisiana 5th | Rodney Alexander (R) |
Resigned September 26, 2013 to become the secretary of the Louisiana Department of Veterans Affairs. A special election was held November 16, 2013.[46] |
Vance McAllister (R) | November 21, 2013[47] |
| Florida 13th | Bill Young (R) |
Died October 18, 2013. A special election was held March 11, 2014. |
David Jolly (R) | March 13, 2014[48] |
| North Carolina 12th | Mel Watt (D) | Resigned January 6, 2014 to become head of the Federal Housing Finance Agency. A special election was held November 4, 2014. |
Alma Adams (D) | November 12, 2014 |
| Florida 19th | Trey Radel (R) | Resigned January 27, 2014 following a conviction for cocaine possession.[49] A special election was held June 24, 2014. |
Curt Clawson (R) | June 25, 2014 |
| New Jersey 1st | Rob Andrews (D) |
Resigned February 18, 2014, to take a position at a Philadelphia law firm.[50] A special election was held November 4, 2014. |
Donald Norcross (D) |
November 12, 2014 |
| Virginia 7th | Eric Cantor (R) |
Resigned August 18, 2014 following his primary defeat. A special election was held November 4, 2014. |
Dave Brat (R) |
November 12, 2014 |
Committees
[Section contents: Senate, House, Joint ] Listed alphabetically by chamber, including Chairperson and Ranking Member.
Senate
Main article: List of current United States Senate committees
House of Representatives
|
|
Joint committees
Main article: List of United States congressional joint committees
- Economic: Kevin Brady, Amy Klobuchar
- Inaugural Ceremonies (Special): Chuck Schumer, Lamar Alexander
- The Library: Gregg Harper, Chuck Schumer
- Printing: Chuck Schumer, Gregg Harper
- Taxation: Vacant, Dave Camp
See also
- United States Senate elections, 2012 (election leading to this Congress)
- United States Senate elections, 2014 (election during this Congress)
- United States House of Representatives elections, 2012 (election leading to this Congress)
- United States House of Representatives elections, 2014 (election during this Congress)
References
- ↑ Burke, Lauren Victoria (November 7, 2012). "Congress: 5 New African Americans Will Join Congress in 2013". politic365. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
- ↑ Karpowitz, Christopher F.; Mendelberg, Tali (November 8, 2012). "The opinion pages: More women, but not nearly enough". The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Retrieved November 12, 2012.
- ↑ Moulton, Brian (November 12, 2012). "Kyrsten Sinema Headed to the U.S. House of Representatives". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
- ↑ "Yes, I'm gay, Michaud says. Now let's get our state back on track". Portland Press Herald. November 4, 2013.
- ↑ Davis, Susan (November 20, 2012). "Number of veterans in Congress continues to decline". USA Today. Associated Press. Retrieved June 23, 2013.
- ↑ Domenico Montanaro, NBC News, October 10, 2013, NBC/WSJ poll: 60 percent say fire every member of Congress, Accessed October 10, 2013, “...60 percent of Americans ... saying if they had the chance to vote to defeat and replace every single member of Congress, including their own representative, they would...”
- ↑ Wall Street Journal, Approval of Congress Matches All-Time Low, Accessed June 13, 2013
- ↑ Carrie Dann, NBC News, Americans' faith in Congress lower than all major institutions – ever, Accessed June 13, 2013
- ↑ "White House: Republicans Will 'Do the Right Thing'". Voice of America. October 9, 2013. Retrieved October 10, 2013.
- ↑ "Congress and the Public". Gallup.com. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
- ↑ Brown, Alyssa (July 17, 2013). "U.S. Congress Approval Remains Dismal". Gallup.com. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
- ↑ Bailey, Holly (October 1, 2013). "Federal shutdown closes Statue of Liberty and other top tourist sites". Yahoo News. Retrieved October 26, 2013.
- ↑ Cohen, Micah. "Fivethirtyeight blog: Were the GOP Votes Against Boehner a Historic Rejection?". NYTimes.com (The New York Times).
- ↑ H.J.Res. 122
- 1 2 "Joint Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies". Inaugural.senate.gov. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
- ↑ Volz, Dustin (December 31, 2013). "Everything We Learned From Edward Snowden in 2013". National Journal. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
- ↑ "McCain claims Senate leaders have deal to avert showdown over Obama nominees". FoxNews. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ↑ Peters, Jeremy W. (September 25, 2013). "After 21 Hours, Cruz Ends Senate Speech". the New York Times. Retrieved September 25, 2013.
- ↑ "In Landmark Vote, Senate Limits Use of the Filibuster". New York Times.
- 1 2 Heniff Jr., Bill (November 26, 2012). "Basic Federal Budgeting Terminology" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
- ↑ "H.R. 4800 - All Actions". United States Congress. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- ↑ Cox, Ramsey; Marcos, Cristina (June 11, 2014). "Wednesday: School is out but Congress considers student loans, lunches". The Hill. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- ↑ "H.R. 4660 - All Actions". United States Congress. Retrieved May 28, 2014.
- ↑ Marcos, Cristina (May 30, 2014). "House passes third '15 appropriations bill". The Hill. Retrieved May 30, 2014.
- ↑ Marcos, Cristina (June 16, 2014). "This week: Spending bills, VA reform, leadership races". The Hill. Retrieved June 16, 2014.
- ↑ Marcos, Cristina (July 7, 2014). "This week: Sportsmen's bill, appropriations". The Hill. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
- ↑ "H.R. 4487 - All Actions". United States Congress. Retrieved May 2, 2014.
- 1 2 Marcos, Cristina (April 25, 2014). "Next week:Appropriations season begins". The Hill. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
- ↑ "H.R. 4486 - All Actions". United States Congress. Retrieved May 1, 2014.
- ↑ "H.R. 4745 - All Actions". United States Congress. Retrieved June 9, 2014.
- ↑ Marcos, Cristina (June 10, 2014). "House passes fourth '15 appropriations bill". The Hill. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
- ↑ Newlin, Eliza. "Res. Com. Pedro Pierluisi (D-PR, At-large) - The Almanac of American Politics". Nationaljournal.com. Retrieved November 9, 2012.
- ↑ Murphy, Matt (January 28, 2013). "US senate special election to replace John Kerry will be June 25". metrowestdailynews.com (Cambridge Chronicle & Tab). Retrieved January 29, 2013.
- ↑ Landler, Mark (December 21, 2012). "Kerry Named for the Role of a Lifetime". NYTimes.com (The New York Times). p. A1. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
- ↑ Seelye, Katharine (January 30, 2013). "Governor Names Longtime Friend to Kerry’s Seat". NYTimes.com (The New York Times). Retrieved January 30, 2013.
- ↑ Santi, Angela (June 4, 2013). "Chris Christie: Special Election To Be Held In October For Frank Lautenberg's Seat". AP (The Huffington Post). Retrieved June 4, 2013.
- 1 2 Cramer, Ruby (October 23, 2013). "Cory Booker To Be Sworn In To The Senate On Halloween". Buzzfeed. Retrieved October 23, 2013.
- ↑ O'Keefe, Ed (November 21, 2012). "Jesse Jackson Jr. resigns: Read his resignation letter". washingtonpost.com (The Washington Post).
- ↑ "Kelly, Robin L.". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
- ↑ 2012 Congressional Record, Vol. 158, Page H7467 (December 30, 2012)
- ↑ Camia, Catalina (May 14, 2013). "Mark Sanford to be sworn in Wednesday". USAToday.com (USA Today). Retrieved June 5, 2013.
- ↑ "Missouri rep leaving Congress in February". cnn.com (CNN). December 3, 2012.
- ↑ "2013 Missouri House 8th District Special Election". Politico.com (Politico). June 4, 2013. Retrieved June 4, 2013.
- ↑ "Jason Smith sworn in as newest Missourian in Congress". stltoday.com (St. Louis Post-Dispatch). June 6, 2013. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
- ↑ Isenstadt, Alex (December 10, 2013). "Katherine Clark wins Massachusetts special".
- ↑ McGaughy, Lauren (August 7, 2013). "Rodney Alexander to join Jindal administration, departure from Congress will trigger special election". The Times-Picayune. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
- ↑ Alpert, Bruce (November 21, 2013). "Vance McAllister's first visit to Washington is to take a seat in Congress". The Times-Picayune. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
- ↑ http://www.wtsp.com/news/topstories/article/360110/250/Jolly-to-be-sworn-in-Thursday-afternoon
- ↑ Sherman, Jake (January 27, 2014). "Trey Radel to resign House seat". politico.com. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
- ↑ Ostermeier, Eric (February 4, 2014). "Andrews Exits US House with Top 10 Longest Tenure in New Jersey History". Retrieved February 27, 2014.
- Ramshaw, Emily (June 26, 2011). "Joaquin Castro: The 113th Congress and New District Brings Positive Change For Texas". NYTimes.com (The New York Times).
- Peters, Jeremy W. (December 9, 2012). "113th Congress: This Time, It’s Out With the New". NYTimes.com (The New York Times). Retrieved December 10, 2012.
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