Fitzpatrick scale
The Fitzpatrick scale (also Fitzpatrick skin typing test; or Fitzpatrick phototyping scale) is a numerical classification schema for human skin color. It was developed in 1975 by Thomas B. Fitzpatrick, a Harvard dermatologist, as a way to estimate the response of different types of skin to ultraviolet (UV) light.[1] It was initially developed on the basis of skin and eye colour, but when this proved misleading, it was altered to be based on the patient's reports of how their skin responds to the sun; it was also extended to a wider range of skin types.[2][3][4] The Fitzpatrick scale remains a recognized tool for dermatological research into human skin pigmentation.
The following list shows the six categories of the Fitzpatrick scale,[5][6] in relation to the 36 categories of the older von Luschan scale:
- Type I (scores 0–6) always burns, never tans (pale white; blond or red hair; blue eyes; freckles).
- Type II (scores 7–13) usually burns, tans minimally (white; fair; blond or red hair; blue, green, or hazel eyes)
- Type III (scores 14–20) sometimes mild burn, tans uniformly (cream white; fair with any hair or eye color)
- Type IV (scores 21–27) burns, always tans well (moderate brown)
- Type V (scores 28–34) very rarely burns, tans very easily (dark brown)
- Type VI (scores 35–36) Never burns, never tans (deeply pigmented dark brown to darkest brown)
Unicode
The Unicode Standard uses the Fitzpatrick scale to specify skin tones for emoji characters which represent human beings. Five special emoji modifier characters were introduced into Unicode version 8.0 in June 2015, and when one of these characters is applied to an emoji character showing a person or body part, the rendering system or font should display the emoji with the corresponding skin tone (Fitzpatrick Types 1–2 through 6). If the rendering system or font do not support these emoji modifier characters the character should be rendered as a square patch following the emoji character. These characters only apply to certain defined emoji characters, and cannot be used to modify the color of emoji characters that do not show people or body parts.[7][8]
| Code point | Character | Character name |
|---|---|---|
| U+1F3FB | 🏻 | Emoji Modifier Fitzpatrick Type-1–2 |
| U+1F3FC | 🏼 | Emoji Modifier Fitzpatrick Type-3 |
| U+1F3FD | 🏽 | Emoji Modifier Fitzpatrick Type-4 |
| U+1F3FE | 🏾 | Emoji Modifier Fitzpatrick Type-5 |
| U+1F3FF | 🏿 | Emoji Modifier Fitzpatrick Type-6 |
| Code point | Default | FITZ-1-2 | FITZ-3 | FITZ-4 | FITZ-5 | FITZ-6 |
| U+1F466: BOY | 👦 | 👦🏻 | 👦🏼 | 👦🏽 | 👦🏾 | 👦🏿 |
| U+1F467: GIRL | 👧 | 👧🏻 | 👧🏼 | 👧🏽 | 👧🏾 | 👧🏿 |
| U+1F468: MAN | 👨 | 👨🏻 | 👨🏼 | 👨🏽 | 👨🏾 | 👨🏿 |
| U+1F469: WOMAN | 👩 | 👩🏻 | 👩🏼 | 👩🏽 | 👩🏾 | 👩🏿 |
As of Unicode 8.0, Fitzpatrick modifiers can be used with 64 human emoji spread across six blocks: Dingbats, Emoticons, Miscellaneous Symbols, Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs, Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs and Transport and Map Symbols.[8]
References
- ↑ Fitzpatrick, T. B. (1975). "Soleil et peau" [Sun and skin]. Journal de Médecine Esthétique (in French) (2): 33–34
- ↑ Fitzpatrick, T.B. (1988), "The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types i through vi", Archives of Dermatology 124 (6): 869–871, doi:10.1001/archderm.1988.01670060015008
- ↑ Pathak, M. A.; Jimbow, K.; Szabo, G.; Fitzpatrick, T. B. (1976). "Sunlight and melanin pigmentation". In Smith, K. C. (ed.): Photochemical and photobiological reviews, Plenum Press, New York, 1976: 211-239
- ↑ Fitzpatrick, T. B. (1986). "Ultraviolet-induced pigmentary changes: Benefits and hazards", Therapeutic Photomedicine, Karger, vol. 15 of "Current Problems in Dermatology", 1986: 25-38
- ↑ "The Fitzpatrick Skin Type Classification Scale". Skin Inc. (November 2007). Retrieved 7 January 2014.
- ↑ "Fitzpatrick Skin Type" (PDF). Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency. Retrieved 7 January 2014.
- ↑ "UTR #51: Unicode Emoji". Unicode Consortium. 2015-11-12.
- 1 2 "UCD: Emoji Data for UTR #51". Unicode Consortium. 2015-11-11.
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