Near-close near-front rounded vowel
| Near-close near-front rounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʏ | |||
| y̽ | |||
| IPA number | 320 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) |
ʏ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+028F | ||
| X-SAMPA |
Y | ||
| Kirshenbaum |
I. | ||
| Braille |
  | ||
| |||
| Sound | |||
 source · help | |||
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The near-close near-front rounded vowel, or near-high near-front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʏ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is Y.
Handbook of the International Phonetic Association defines [ʏ] as a mid-centralized (lowered and centralized) close front rounded vowel,[1] therefore, an alternative transcription of this vowel is ⟨y̽⟩ (a symbol equivalent to a more complex ⟨ÿ˕⟩).
The very rare near-close front rounded vowel, which differs from its near-front counterpart in that it is a lowered, but not centralized close front rounded vowel has been reported by one source[2] as a phonetic realization of Standard Eastern Norwegian /ʏ/. It is transcribed in IPA as ⟨y˕⟩, ⟨ʏ̟⟩ or ⟨ø̝⟩ (this article uses ⟨ʏ̟⟩).
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, though many linguists prefer the terms "high" and "low".
In most languages this rounded vowel is pronounced with compressed lips (in an exolabial manner). However, in a few cases the lips are protruded (in an endolabial manner). This is the case with Swedish, which contrasts the two types of rounding.
Near-close near-front compressed vowel
The near-close near-front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨ʏ⟩, and that is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter ⟨β̞⟩ as ⟨ɪ͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɪ] and labial compression) or ⟨ɪᵝ⟩ ([ɪ] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨ ͍ ⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ⟨ʏ͍⟩ as an ad hoc symbol, though technically 'spread' means unrounded.
Features
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- Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
- Its vowel backness is near-front. also known as front-central or centralized front, which means the tongue is positioned almost as far forward as a front vowel.
- Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.
Occurrence
Note: Since front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have protrusion.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Armenian | Western | գիւղ | [kʰʏʁ] | 'village' | |
| Chinese | Shanghainese[3] | [kʏ¹] | 'liver' | May be transcribed as ⟨ø⟩.[3] | |
| Dutch | Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[4] | rug | [rʏç] | 'back' | See Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology |
| Standard[5] | fuut | [fʏt] | 'grebe' | Also described as near-close central [ʉ̞][6] and close near-front [ÿ].[7] See Dutch phonology | |
| English | Estuary[8][9] | foot | [fʏʔt] | 'foot' | Possible realization of /ʊ/ and, in Estuary and West County English, also /uː/.[8][10][11] See English phonology |
| Multicultural London[10] | |||||
| West Country[12] | [fʏt] | ||||
| New Zealand[13][14] | nurse | [nʏːs] | 'nurse' | Possible realization of /uː/ (and also /ʉː/).[13][14][15] | |
| Ulster[16] | mule | [mjʏl] | 'mule' | Short allophone of /u/; occurs only after /j/.[16] See English phonology | |
| Faroese | krúss | [kɹʏsː] | 'mug' | ||
| French | Quebec | lune | [lʏn] | 'moon' | Allophone of /y/ in closed syllables. See Quebec French phonology |
| German | Southern Bernese | Corresponds to [œi̯] in the city of Bern. See Bernese German phonology | |||
| Standard[17] | schützen | [ˈʃʏt͡sn̩] | 'protect' | May be somewhat lowered.[18] See German phonology | |
| Limburgish | Hamont dialect[19] | bul | [bʏl¹] | 'a paper bag' | May be transcribed /y/.[19] See Hamont dialect phonology |
| Weert dialect[20] | Allophone of /øə/ before nasals.[20] | ||||
| Ripuarian | Colognian | üch | [ʏɧ] | See Colognian phonology | |
| Kerkrade dialect[21] | kümme | [ˈkʏmə] | Realized as fully close [y] in the word-final position.[21] | ||
| Swedish | Central Standard[22] | ut |  [ʏβ̞t̪] | 'out' | May be central [ʉː] in other dialects. See Swedish phonology |
| Turkish[23] | atasözü | [ät̪äˈs̪ø̞̈z̪ʏ] | 'proverb' | Allophone of /y/ described variously as "word-final"[23] and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".[24] See Turkish phonology | |
Dutch short ⟨u⟩ is often transcribed as /ʏ/, but it is actually a central vowel, close-mid [ɵ] in the Netherlands,[6][25] and near-close [ʊ̈] in Belgium.[7]
Similarly, Icelandic ⟨u⟩ is often transcribed as /ʏ/, but it is actually close-mid central [ɵ].[26][27][28]
Near-close near-front protruded vowel
| Near-close near-front protruded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ʏ̫ | |
| ʏʷ | |
| ɪʷ |
Catford notes that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few languages, such as Scandinavian ones, have protruded front vowels. One of these, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels (together with height and duration).[29]
As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, old diacritic for labialization, ⟨◌̫⟩, will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded front vowels. Another possible transcription is ⟨ʏʷ⟩ or ⟨ɪʷ⟩ (a near-close near-front vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.
Features
- Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
- Its vowel backness is near-front. also known as front-central or centralized front, which means the tongue is positioned almost as far forward as a front vowel.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kurdish | Jafi | xö | [xʏ̫ː] | 'salt' | |
| Norwegian | Standard Eastern[30][31] | nytt | [nʏ̫tː] | 'new' | Described variously as near-front[30] and front.[2] See Norwegian phonology |
| Swedish | Central Standard[22] | ylle | [ˈʏ̫l̪ːɛ] | 'wool' | See Swedish phonology |
References
- ↑ International Phonetic Association (1999:13)
- 1 2 Vanvik (1979:13)
- 1 2 Chen & Gussenhoven (2015:328). It is worth to mention that the source uses an inverted transcription, meaning that the near-close vowel is transcribed as ⟨ø⟩, whereas the close-mid vowel is transcribed as ⟨ʏ⟩.
- ↑ Peters (2010:241)
- ↑ Collins & Mees (2003:132)
- 1 2 Gussenhoven (1992:47)
- 1 2 Verhoeven (2005:245)
- 1 2 Przedlacka (2001:42–43)
- ↑ Altendorf & Watt (2004:188, 190)
- 1 2 Gimson (2014:91)
- ↑ Altendorf & Watt (2004:188, 190–192, 200)
- ↑ Altendorf & Watt (2004:200)
- 1 2 Bauer et al. (2007:98)
- 1 2 Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
- ↑ Bauer & Warren (2004:582)
- 1 2 "Irish English and Ulster English" (PDF). p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2014.
- ↑ Kohler (1999:87), Mangold (2005:37)
- ↑ Kohler (1999:87)
- 1 2 Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
- 1 2 Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 110.
- 1 2 Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997:16)
- 1 2 Engstrand (1999:140)
- 1 2 Göksel & Kerslake (2005:11)
- ↑ Zimmer & Organ (1999:155)
- ↑ Rietveld & Van Heuven (2009:68)
- ↑ Árnason (2011:60)
- ↑ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
- ↑ Haugen (1958:65)
- ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:?)
- 1 2 Strandskogen (1979:15, 23)
- ↑ Vanvik (1979:13, 20)
Bibliography
- Altendorf, Ulrike; Watt, Dominik (2004), "The dialects in the South of England: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive, A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 181–196, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul (2004), "New Zealand English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive, A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 580–602, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
- Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015), "Shanghai Chinese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45 (3): 321–327, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406
- Einarsson, Stefán (1945), Icelandic. Grammar texts glossary., Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, ISBN 978-0801863578
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan, ed., Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2014
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Gussmann, Edmund (2011). "Getting your head around: the vowel system of Modern Icelandic" (PDF). Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia 12: 71–90. ISBN 978-83-232-2296-5.
- Haugen, Einar (1958). "The Phonemics of Modern Icelandic". Language 34 (1): 55–88. doi:10.2307/411276. JSTOR 411276.
- Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 28: 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307
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- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
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