Open-mid central unrounded vowel
| Open-mid central unrounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɜ | |||
| ɛ̈ | |||
| IPA number | 326 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) |
ɜ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+025C | ||
| X-SAMPA |
3 | ||
| Kirshenbaum |
V" | ||
| Braille |
  | ||
| |||
| Sound | |||
 source · help | |||
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The open-mid central unrounded vowel, or low-mid central unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɜ⟩. Note that the IPA symbol is not the digit ⟨3⟩ nor Cyrillic small letter Ze (which arose from the Greek letter zeta, Ζ ζ), but a reversed Latinized variant of the lowercase epsilon, ɛ. The value of this letter was specified only in 1993; before that, it was transcribed ⟨ɛ̈⟩.
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".
Features
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| Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded | |||||||||||||||||||
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IPA help • IPA key • chart • | |||||||||||||||||||
- Its vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel (a low vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | Shanghainese[1] | [kɜʔ4] | 'to reform' | Allophone of /ə/ in syllables closed by a glottal stop; may be as open as [ɐ] for some speakers.[2] | |
| Cotabato Manobo[3] | [bätɜʔ] | 'child' | Allophone of /a/ before glottal consonants; may be transcribed in IPA as ⟨ʌ⟩.[3] | ||
| Dinka | Luanyjang[4] | laŋ | [lɜ́ŋ] | 'berry' | Short allophone of /a/.[4] |
| Dutch[5] | grappig | [ˈχɾɑpɜχ] | 'funny' | Possible realization of /ə/.[5] See Dutch phonology | |
| English | Received Pronunciation[6] | bird | [bɜːd] | 'bird' | Sulcalized (the tongue is grooved like in [ɹ]). 'Upper Crust RP' speakers pronounce a more open vowel [ɐː], but for most other speakers it's actually mid ([ɜ̝ː]). This vowel corresponds to rhotacized [ɝ] in rhotic dialects. |
| Norfolk[7] | bet | [bɜ̟ʔ] | 'bet' | Somewhat fronted,[7] corresponds to /ɛ/ in other dialects. | |
| Great Lakes region | [bɜ̟ˀt] | Corresponds to /ɛ/ in other dialects, may be near-open central [ɐ] instead. See Northern Cities Vowel Shift | |||
| Ohio[8] | bust | [bɜst] | 'bust' | The most common realization of the vowel transcribed as ⟨ʌ⟩ in American English. Nevertheless, it is not a standard pronunciation throughout the whole country.[6][8] | |
| Most of Texas[8] | |||||
| Northern Welsh[9] | Some speakers.[9] Corresponds to [ə] (or a further back vowel) in other Welsh dialects.[10] | ||||
| Scottish[11] | [bɜ̠st] | Somewhat retracted; may be more back [ʌ] instead. | |||
| German | Chemnitz dialect[12] | passe | [ˈpɜsə] | 'I pass' | Typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ʌ⟩. See Chemnitz dialect phonology |
| Jebero[13] | [ˈkɘnmɜʔ] | 'indigenous person' | Allophone of /a/ in closed syllables.[13] | ||
| Kaingang[14] | [ˈɾɜ] | 'mark' | Varies between central [ɜ] and back [ʌ].[15] | ||
| Kalagan Kaagan[16] | [mɜˈt̪äs] | 'tall' | Allophone of /a/; may be transcribed in IPA as ⟨ʌ⟩.[16] | ||
| Kallahan[17] | |||||
| Ladin | Some dialects | Urtijëi |  [uχt̪iˈʒɜj] | 'Urtijëi' | |
| Mapudungun[18] | füta | [ˈfɘtɜ] | 'elderly person' | Unstressed allophone of /ɐ/.[18] | |
| Northern Tiwa | Taos dialect | [ʔɜ̃̄mˈpʊ̄i̯ˌwæ̀ˑʔɪ̄nã̄] | 'his friends' | Allophone of /æ/ and /ɑ/. See Taos phonology | |
| Paicî | [mbʷɜ̄] | 'remainder' | |||
| Romanian | Standard[19] | măr | [mɜ̠r] | 'apple' | Somewhat retracted;[19] also described as mid [ə]. See Romanian phonology |
| Transylvanian dialects[20] | așa | [aˈʂɜ] | 'such' | Corresponds to [ä] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology | |
| Sama | Sibutu[21] | [ˈsäpɜw] | 'roof' | Allophone of /a/; may be transcribed in IPA as ⟨ʌ⟩.[21] | |
| Vietnamese | Southern | bên | [ˀɓɜːn˧˥] | 'side' | Allophone of /e/ before /t, n/. See Vietnamese phonology |
| Xumi | Upper[22] | [Rbɜ] | 'pot, pan' | ||
| Yiddish | Standard[23] | ענלעך | [ˈɛnlɜχ] | 'similar' | Unstressed vowel.[23] See Yiddish phonology |
References
- ↑ Chen & Gussenhoven (2015:328)
- ↑ Chen & Gussenhoven (2015:328, 330)
- 1 2 Kerr (1988), pp. 110, 113.
- 1 2 Remijsen & Manyang (2009:117, 119)
- 1 2 Collins & Mees (2003), p. 129.
- 1 2 Ladefoged (1993:82)
- 1 2 Lodge (2009:168)
- 1 2 3 Thomas (2001:27–28)
- 1 2 Tench, Paul (1990). "The Pronunciation of English in Abercrave". In Coupland, Nikolas. English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 9781853590313.
- ↑ Wells (1982:380–381)
- ↑ Lodge (2009:167)
- ↑ Khan & Weise (2013:236)
- 1 2 Valenzuela & Gussenhoven (2013:101)
- ↑ Jolkesky (2009:676–677, 682)
- ↑ Jolkesky (2009:676, 682)
- 1 2 Wendel & Wendel (1978:198)
- ↑ Santiago (2010:1, 8–10)
- 1 2 Sadowsky et al. (2013:92)
- 1 2 Sarlin (2014:18)
- ↑ Pop (1938:30)
- 1 2 Allison (1979:82)
- ↑ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013:388)
- 1 2 Kleine (2003:263)
Bibliography
- Allison, E. Joseph (1979), "The phonology of Sibutu Sama: A language of the southern Philippines" (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics 3 (2): 63–104
- Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015), "Shanghai Chinese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45 (3): 321–327, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043
- Chirkova, Katia; Chen, Yiya; Kocjančič Antolík, Tanja (2013), "Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (3): 381–396, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000169
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA (Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP) 3: 675–685
- Kerr, Harland (1988), "Cotabato Manobo Grammar" (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics 7 (1): 1–123
- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
- Kleine, Ane (2003), "Standard Yiddish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 261–265, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001385
- Ladefoged, Peter (1993), A course in phonetics (3rd ed.), Fort Worth: Harcourt College Publishers
- Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Remijsen, Bert; Manyang, Caguor Adong (2009), "Luanyjang Dinka" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 39 (1): 113–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003605
- Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768
- Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
- Santiago, Paul Julian (2010), The Phonetic Structures of Kalanguya
- Sarlin, Mika (2014), Romanian Grammar, Helsinki: Books on Demand GmbH, ISBN 978-952-286-898-5
- Thomas, Erik R. (2001), An acoustic analysis of vowel variation in New World English, Publication of the American Dialect Society 85, Duke University Press for the American Dialect Society, ISSN 0002-8207
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2013), "Shiwilu (Jebero)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association 43 (1): 97–106, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000370
- Wendel, Åsa; Wendel, Dag (1978), "Kaagan-Kalagan phonemic statement" (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics 2 (1): 191–203
- Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, 2: The British Isles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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