Palatal nasal
| Palatal nasal | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɲ | |||
| IPA number | 118 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) |
ɲ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0272 | ||
| X-SAMPA |
J | ||
| Kirshenbaum |
n^ | ||
| Braille |
 | ||
| |||
| Sound | |||
 source · help | |||
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| Alveolo-palatal nasal | |
|---|---|
| n̠ʲ | |
| ɲ̟ | |
| ȵ |
The palatal nasal is a type of consonant, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɲ⟩,[1] a lowercase letter n with a leftward-pointing tail protruding from the bottom of the left stem of the letter. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is J. The IPA symbol ⟨ɲ⟩ is similar to ⟨ɳ⟩, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to ⟨ŋ⟩, the symbol for the velar nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem.
Palatal nasals are more common than the palatal stops, [c] and [ɟ].[2] In Spanish and languages whose writing systems are influenced by Spanish orthography, this sound is represented with the letter eñe (ñ); the same is true for Occitan, the source of the Portuguese digraph ene-agá (nh), used by languages whose writing systems are influenced by Portuguese orthography, such as Vietnamese; in Catalan, Hungarian and many African languages, as Swahili or Dinka, the digraph ny is used.
The alveolo-palatal nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some oral languages. There is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound. If more precision is desired, it may be transcribed ⟨n̠ʲ⟩ or ⟨ɲ̟⟩; these are essentially equivalent, since the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. There is a non-IPA letter ⟨ȵ⟩, used especially in Sinological circles.
The alveolo-palatal nasal is commonly described as palatal; it is often unclear whether a language has a true palatal or not. Many languages claimed to have a palatal nasal, such as Portuguese, actually have an alveolo-palatal nasal. This is likely true of several of the languages listed here. Some dialects of Irish as well as some non-standard dialects of Malayalam are reported to contrast alveolo-palatal and palatal nasals.[3][4]
There is also a post-palatal nasal (also called pre-velar, fronted velar etc.) in some languages.
Features
Features of the voiced palatal nasal:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| !Kung | — | — | Represented by ⟨ny⟩[5] | ||
| Albanian | një | [ɲə] | 'one' | ||
| Aranda | — | — | Alveolo-palatal and dento-alveolo-palatal.[6] | ||
| Basque | andereño | [än̪d̪e̞ɾe̞ɲo̞] | 'teacher (f)' | ||
| Burmese[7] | ညာ | [ɲà] | 'right(-hand side)' | Contrasts with the voiceless palatal nasal /ɲ̥/. | |
| Catalan[8] | any | [ˈaɲ̟] | 'year' | Alveolo-palatal or palatal.[6] See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Wu | 女人/gniugnin | [ȵy˩˧ȵiȵ˥˨] | 'woman' | Alveolo-palatal |
| Czech | kůň | [kuːɲ] | 'horse' | May be intermediate between palatal and alveolo-palatal.[4] See Czech phonology | |
| Dinka | nyɔt | [ɲɔt] | 'very' | ||
| Dutch[9] | oranje | [oˈrɑɲə] | 'orange' | Not all dialects. See Dutch phonology | |
| French[10] | agneau | [äˈɲo] | 'lamb' | Alveolo-palatal or palatal.[6] Merging with /nj/. See French phonology | |
| Galician | viño | [ˈbiɲo] | 'wine' | Formerly approximant in some words (eg. vīnum > vĩo [ˈvĩj̃o] > viño).[11][12] | |
| Greek | πρωτοχρονιά/prōtochroniá | [pro̞to̞xro̞ˈɲ̟ɐ] | 'New Year's Day' | Alveolo-palatal.[13] See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hungarian[14] | anya | [ˈɒɲɒ] | 'mother' | Alveolo-palatal with alveolar contact.[6] See Hungarian phonology | |
| Indonesian | banyak | [ˈbäɲäk] | 'a lot' | ||
| Italian | Standard | bagno | [ˈbäɲːo] | 'bath' | Postalveolo-prepalatal.[15] See Italian phonology |
| Romanesco dialect | niente | [ˈɲːɛn̪t̪e] | 'nothing' | ||
| Irish[3] | inné | [əˈn̠ʲeː] | 'yesterday' | Irish contrasts alveolo-palatal /n̠ʲ/, palatal/palatovelar /ɲ/, velar /ŋ/ and, in some dialects, palatalized alveolar /nʲ/.[16][17][18][3] See Irish phonology | |
| a ngé | [əˈɲeː] | 'their goose' | |||
| Japanese[19] | 庭/niwa | [n̠ʲiwᵝa] | 'garden' | Alveolar or dento-alveolar.[6] See Japanese phonology | |
| Korean | 고니/goni | [ko̞n̠ʲi] | 'swan' | Alveolo-palatal. See Korean phonology | |
| Latvian | mākoņains | [maːkuɔɲains] | 'cloudy' | ||
| Macedonian | чешање/češanje | [ˈt͡ʃɛʃaɲɛ] | 'itching' | ||
| Malagasy[6] | — | — | Palatal. | ||
| Malay | banyak | [bäɲäʔ] | 'a lot' | ||
| Malayalam[20] | ഞാന് | [ɲäːn] | 'I' | ||
| North Frisian | Mooring | fliinj | [ˈfliːɲ] | 'to fly' | |
| Norwegian | Northern[21] | mann | [mɑɲː] | 'man' | See Norwegian phonology |
| Southern[21] | |||||
| Occitan | Northern | Polonha | [puˈluɲo̞] | 'Poland' | Simultaneous alveolo-palatal and dento-alveolar or dento-alveolo-palatal.[6] See Occitan phonology |
| Southern | |||||
| Gascon | banh | [baɲ] | 'bath' | ||
| Polish[22] | koń |  [kɔɲ̟] | 'horse' | Alveolo-palatal. May be replaced by a nasal palatal approximant in coda position or before fricatives. See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | Many dialects[23] | Sônia | [ˈsõn̠ʲɐ] | 'Sonia' | Possible realization of post-stressed /ni/ plus vowel. |
| Brazilian[23][24] | sonha | [ˈsõɲɐ] | 'it dreams' | Central palatal, not the same that /ʎ/ which is pre-palatal.[25] May instead be approximant[11][12] in Brazil and Africa. See Portuguese phonology | |
| European[26] | arranhar | [ɐʁɐ̃ˈn̠ʲaɾ] | 'to scratch' | Dento-alveolo-palatal.[6] | |
| Quechua | ñuqa | [ˈɲɔqɑ] | 'I' | ||
| Romanian | Transylvanian dialects[27] | câine | [ˈkɨɲe̞] | 'dog' | Alveolo-palatal.[27] corresponds to [n] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Scottish Gaelic[28] | seinn | [ʃeiɲ̟] | 'sing' | Alveolo-palatal. See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbo-Croatian | питање / pitanje | [pǐːt̪äːɲ̟e̞] | 'question' | Alveolo-palatal. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak | pečeň | [ˈpɛt͡ʃɛɲ] | 'liver' | Alveolar.[6] | |
| Spanish[29] | enseñar | [ẽ̞nse̞ˈɲär] | 'to teach' | Simultaneous alveolo-palatal and dento-alveolar or dento-alveolo-palatal.[6] See Spanish phonology | |
| Ukrainian | тінь | [t̪in̠ʲ] | 'shadow' | Alveolo-palatal. See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Vietnamese | nhà | [ɲâː] | 'house' | "Laminoalveolar".[30] See Vietnamese phonology | |
| West Frisian | njonken | [ˈɲoŋkən] | 'next to' | ||
| Yanyuwa[31] | [l̪uwaɲ̄u] | 'strip of turtle fat' | Post-palatal;[31] contrasts with post-velar nasal.[31] | ||
| Yi | ꑌ/nyi | [n̠ʲi˧] | 'sit' | Alveolo-palatal | |
| Zulu | inyoni | [iɲ̟óːni] | 'bird' | Alveolo-palatal.[6] | |
See also
- Nasal palatal approximant
- Index of phonetics articles
- Ɲ (upper and lower case letter used in some orthographies)
References
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. xviii.
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 163.
- 1 2 3 Ní Chasaide (1999).
- 1 2 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 33.
- ↑ Doke (1925), p. ?.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Recasens (2013), p. 11.
- ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 111.
- ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
- ↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 46.
- ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- 1 2 Portuguese vinho: diachronic evidence for biphonemic nasal vowels
- 1 2 Mattos e Silva (1991), p. 73.
- ↑ Arvaniti (2007), p. 20.
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 164.
- ↑ Recasens et al. (1993), p. 222.
- ↑ Quiggin (1906).
- ↑ de Bhaldraithe (1966).
- ↑ Mhac an Fhailigh (1968).
- ↑ Okada (1991), p. 95.
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
- 1 2 Skjekkeland (1997), pp. 105–107.
- ↑ Jassem (2003), pp. 103–104.
- 1 2 Considerações sobre o status das palato-alveolares em português, p. 12.
- ↑ Aragão (2009), p. 168.
- ↑ Cagliari 1974, p. 77. Citation:Em português, o [ɲ] se aproxima mais do [ŋ] do que do [n]; por isso será classificado como "central" e não como pré-palatal. O [ʎ] em muitas línguas se realiza como "central"; em português, [ʎ] tende a [lj] e se realiza sempre na região prepalatal.
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- 1 2 Pop (1938), p. 30.
- ↑ Oftedal (1956), p. ?.
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
- ↑ Thompson (1959), pp. 460.
- 1 2 3 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 34-35.
Bibliography
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- Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics 8: 97–208, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv
- Cagliari, Luiz Carlos (1974), A palatalização em portugues : uma investigação palatografica
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Doke, Clement M. (1925), "An outline of the phonetics of the language of the ʗhũ: Bushman of the North-West Kalahari", Bantu Studies 2: 129–166
- de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1966), The Irish of Cois Fhairrge, Co. Galway (2nd ed.), Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 0-901282-51-0
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19814-8
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Mattos e Silva, Rosa (1991), O Português arcaico – fonologia, Contexto
- Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn (1968), The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 0-901282-02-2
- Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999), "Irish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–16, ISBN 0-521-63751-1, retrieved 2009-01-21
- Oftedal, M. (1956), The Gaelic of Leurbost, Oslo: Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap
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- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
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