Open-mid back rounded vowel
The open-mid back rounded vowel, or low-mid back rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɔ⟩. The IPA symbol is a turned letter c and both the symbol and the sound are commonly called "open-o". The name open-o represents the sound, in that it is like the sound represented by ⟨o⟩, the close-mid back rounded vowel, except it is more open. It also represents the symbol, which can be remembered as an o which has been "opened" by removing part of the closed circular shape.
The IPA prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".
Features
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Note that unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
See also
References
- ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009:13)
- 1 2 Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ↑ Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999:56)
- ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
- 1 2 Grønnum (1998:100)
- 1 2 Grønnum (2005:268)
- 1 2 Grønnum (2003)
- 1 2 Basbøll (2005:47)
- ↑ Allan, Holmes & Lundskær-Nielsen (2000:17)
- 1 2 Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ↑ Collins & Mees (2003:132)
- ↑ Collins & Mees (2003:132, 222 and 224)
- ↑ Collins & Mees (2003:222)
- 1 2 Gussenhoven (1992:47)
- ↑ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
- ↑ Wells (1982a:305)
- ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a)
- ↑ Bauer et al. (2007:98)
- ↑ Wikström (2013:45), "It seems to be the case that younger RP or near-RP speakers typically use a closer quality, possibly approaching Cardinal 6 considering that the quality appears to be roughly intermediate between that used by older speakers for the LOT vowel and that used for the THOUGHT vowel, while older speakers use a more open quality, between Cardinal Vowels 13 and 6."
- ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b)
- ↑ Lodge (2009:168)
- ↑ Wells (1982a:293)
- ↑ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
- ↑ Stoddart, Upton and Widowson in Urban Voices, Arnold, London, 1999, page 74
- 1 2 Wells (1982b:498)
- ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
- ↑ Mangold (2005:37)
- ↑ Árnason (2011:60)
- ↑ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
- ↑ Haugen (1958:65)
- ↑ Árnason (2011:57–60)
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
- ↑ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
- ↑ Verhoeven (2007:221)
- ↑ Peters (2006:118–119)
- ↑ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998:110)
- ↑ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:158–159)
- ↑ Peters (2006:118–119)
- 1 2 Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- 1 2 Popperwell (2010:26)
- ↑ Jassem (2003:105)
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ↑ Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira
- ↑ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP (Portuguese)
- 1 2 Pavlík (2004:94–95)
- 1 2 Bamgboṣe (1969:166)
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