Švenčionys

Švenčionys
City

Church

Coat of arms
Švenčionys

Location of Švenčionys

Coordinates: 55°08′N 26°10′E / 55.133°N 26.167°E / 55.133; 26.167Coordinates: 55°08′N 26°10′E / 55.133°N 26.167°E / 55.133; 26.167
Country  Lithuania
County Vilnius County
Municipality Švenčionys district municipality
Eldership Švenčionys eldership
Capital of Švenčionys district municipality
Švenčionys eldership
First mentioned 1800
Granted city rights 1961
Population (2011)
 • Total 4,963
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
 • Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)

Švenčionys ( pronunciation , known also by several alternative names) is a town located 84 kilometers (52 mi) north of Vilnius in Lithuania. It is the capital of the Švenčionys district municipality. As of 2011, it had population of 4,963 of which about 17% is part of the Polish minority in Lithuania.[1]

Etymology

There are two established hypotheses about the etymology of the Švenčionys name: one that it is the name of the nearby lake Šventas (literally: saint) with the addition of the Lithuanian suffix -onys; another is that it is derived from the personal name, Švenčionis. In other languages the name is rendered as Polish: Święciany, Belarusian: Свянцяны/Svjacjany, Russian: Свентяны/Sventiany, Yiddish: סווינציאַן /Svintsyán‎, and German: Swenziany.

History

Year Pop.[2]
1833 1,128
1880 6,795
1897 6,025
1931 5,893
1959 4,006
1970 4,617
One of the oldest towns in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the settlement was a major center of Nalšia. Grand Duke Vytautas settled Lipka Tatars in the town and built a Catholic church in 1414. The place grew from the 14th to 16th centuries, becoming the site of a local court and monastery. From 1801 the town was part of the Russian Vilna Governorate and grew significantly after completion of the Saint Petersburg – Warsaw Railway in 1862, but eventually lost competition to Švenčionėliai, which grew around the train station.[2] At the turn of the 20th century the town had one Greek Orthodox church and one Roman Catholic church.[3]

During the 1812 French invasion of Russia, Napoleon stayed in the town for 12 hours to write orders and receive an envoy from the King of Naples.[4] The town was one of the main centers of the November Uprising (1830–1831) in Poland and Lithuania against the Russian Empire. During World War I, it was the location of the German Sventiany Offensive.

The city was part of the Second Polish Republic for most of the interwar period. It had a significant Jewish population (according to the 1897 Russian census – 52%),[5] but during World War II. Under German occupation, the Švenčionys Ghetto was established. It operated from July 1941 to April 1943. At its peak, the ghetto housed some 1,500 prisoners. The Jewish inhabitants were deported and murdered.[6] It was a powiat centre in Wilno Voivodeship as Święciany during Polish rule between 1920-1939.

The Soviets placed it firstly in part of Vileyka Oblast of the Belorussian SSR in 1939 but then incorporated into Lithuanian SSR in 1940. In 1942 the Lithuanian Security Police murdered around 1,200 Poles in the village.[7] Most of the municipal area remained part of the Lithuanian SSR except the Oszmiana region which was reincorporated into Belarus in 1944.

Notable residents

References

  1. ↑ "Lithuania 2011 Census". Lietuvos statistikos departamentas. 2011.
  2. 1 2 Jonas Zinkus; et al., eds. (1985–1988). "Švenčionys". Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija 4. Vilnius, Lithuania: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija. p. 233. LCC 86232954.
  3. ↑ Meyer, Hermann Julius (1908). Meyers grosses Konvesations-Lexikon (in German) 19 (6th ed.). Leipzig and Vienna: Bibliographisches Institut. p. 227.
  4. ↑ Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt; Jean Hanoteau (1938). Memoirs of General de Caulaincourt, Duke of Vicenza 1. Cassell and Co. pp. 135–136.
  5. ↑ "The First General Census of the Russian Empire of 1897. Breakdown of population by mother tongue and districts* in 50 Governorates of the European Russia". Demoscope Weekly. Institute of Demography of the State University - Higher School of Economics.
  6. ↑ "Lithuania". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 2011-03-04.
  7. ↑ "PRZEGLĄD MEDIÓW - 15 marca 2005 r." (in Polish). Institute of National Remembrance. 2005-03-15.

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