Ziryab

Hadith Bayad wa Riyad, 13th century

Abu l-Hasan ‘Ali Ibn Nafi‘ (789-857),[1][2] Arabic: أبو الحسن علي ابن نافع, Persian: زریاب) was a kurdish Muslim musician, singer, oud player, composer, poet and teacher, who lived and worked in Iraq, Northern Africa and during more than 30 years, in Andalus of the medieval Islamic period. He was also known as a polymath, with knowledge in astronomy, geography, meteorology, botanics, cosmetics, culinary art and fashion. His nickname Ziryab comes possibly from a name of black singing bird in Arabic, he is also known as Pájaro Negro (blackbird) in Spanish.[1] He was active at the Umayyad court of Córdoba in Islamic Iberia. He first achieved notoriety at the Abbasid court in Baghdad, Iraq, his birthplace, as a performer and student of the great Persian musician and composer, Ishaq al-Mawsili.

Ziryab was a gifted pupil of Ishaq al-Mawsili (d. 850). He left Baghdad during the reign of the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun (d. 833) and moved to Córdoba in southern Iberian Peninsula, where he was accepted as court musician in the court of Abd ar-Rahman II of the Umayyad Dynasty (822-52).

Ethnic origin

Ziryab's career flourished in Al-Andalus, although his origins remain controversial. He is variously described as Kurdish. [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] [10] [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] or Persian.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] Arab,[33] and Black African.[34][35][36][37]

Historical context/early life

As the Islamic armies conquered more and more territories, their musical culture spread with them, as far as western China in the east and Iberia in the west. After their 8th century conquest of nearly all of Hispania, which they renamed Al-Andalus, the Muslims were a small minority for quite some time, greatly outnumbered by the majority Christians and a smaller community of Jews, who had their own styles of music. With their arrival, the Muslims and Arabs introduced new styles of music, and the main cities of Iberia soon became well known centers for music within the Islamic world.[38] During the 8th and 9th centuries, many musicians and artists from across the Islamic world flocked to Iberia. While many were talented, Ziryab surpassed them all.[39]

There are conflicting tales of the early years of Ziryab. He was born around 789 CE. According to the earliest accounts we have of him, he was African or a racially mixed African-Arab; in this period, the Muslims brought African slaves with them to the lands they had conquered, and many of these slaves were known for their musical skills. Ziryab was most likely born in Baghdad, though Arab sources[40] say he was born in Mosul and was trained in the art of music from a young age. During that time, Baghdad was an important center of music in the Muslim world. The sources all agree that the accomplished and talented musician Ishaq al-Mawsili was Ziryab’s teacher. There is some debate about how he arrived in al-Andalus, but he may have offended his patron or some powerful figure with his musical talent.[41]

One account recorded by al-Maqqari says that Ziryab inspired the jealousy of his mentor by giving an impressive performance for the caliph Harun al-Rashid (d. 809), with the result that al-Mawsili told him to leave the city.[38][39] Earlier, more reliable sources indicate that he outlived both Harun and his son al-Amin and left after al-Amin's death in 813.[42]

Ziryab left Baghdad During the reign of al-Ma'mun some time after the year 813. He then traveled first to (Syria), then to Ifriqiya (Tunisia), where he lived at the Aghlabid court of Ziyadat Allah (ruled 816-837). Ziryab fell out with Ziyadat Allah but was invited to Al-Andalus by the Umayyad prince, Al-Hakam I (ruled 796-822). He found on arrival in 822 that the prince had died, but the prince's son, Abd ar-Rahman II, renewed his father's invitation.[42] Ziryab settled in Córdoba he was honored a monthly salary of 200 Gold Dinars, he soon became even more celebrated as the court's aficionado of food, fashion, singing and music. He introduced standards of excellence in all these fields as well as setting new norms for elegant and noble manners. Ziryab became such a prominent cultural figure, and was given a huge salary from Abd al Rahman II.[39] He was an intimate companion of the prince and established a school of music that trained singers and musicians which influenced musical performance for at least two generations after him.

According to Historians: Ziryab was well known for his black color and beautiful singing voice, which inspired his nickname, said to mean something like "Blackbird".[42] Al-Maqqari further states in his Nafh al-Tib (Fragrant Breeze): “There never was, either before or after him (Ziryab), a man of his profession who was more generally beloved and admired”.

Music

Ziryab is said to have improved the Oud (or Laúd) by adding a fifth pair of strings, and using an eagle's beak or quill instead of a wooden pick. Ziryab also dyed the four strings a color to symbolize the Aristotelian humors, and the fifth string to represent the soul.[38] He is said to have created a unique and influential style of musical performance, and written songs that were performed in Iberia for generations. He was a great influence on Spanish music, and is considered the founder of the Andalusian music traditions of North Africa.

Ziryab’s Baghdadi musical style became very popular in the court of Abd al-Rahman II.[41] Ziryab also became the example of how a courtier, a person who attended aristocratic courts, should act. According to Ibn Hayyan, in common with erudite men of his time he was well versed in many areas of classical study such as astronomy, history, and geography.

According to al-Tifashi, Ziryab appears to have popularized an early song-sequence, which may have been a precursor to the nawba (originally simply a performer's "turn" to perform for the prince), or Nuba, which is known today as the classical Arabic music of North Africa, though the connections are tenuous at best.

Abd al-Rahman II was a great patron of the arts and Ziryab was given a great deal of freedom. He established one of the first schools of music in Córdoba. This school incorporated both male and female students, especially slave women, who were very popular amongst the aristocracy of the time.[42] According to Ibn Hayyan, Ziryab developed various tests for them. If a student didn't have a large vocal capacity, for instance, he would put pieces of wood in their jaw to force them to hold their mouth open. Or he would tie a sash tightly around the waist in order to make them breathe in a particular way, and he would test incoming students by having them sing as loudly and as long a note as they possibly could to see whether they had lung capacity.

Family

According to the main source, Ibn Hayyan, Ziryab had eight sons and two daughters. Five of the sons and both daughters became musicians of some prominence.[39] These children kept their father's music school alive, but the female slave singers he trained also were regarded as reliable sources for his repertoire in the following generation.[42]

Fashion and hygiene

Ziryab started a vogue by changing clothes according to the weather and season.[39] He suggested different clothing for mornings, afternoons and evenings. Henri Terrasse, a French historian of North Africa, commented that legend attributes winter and summer clothing styles and "the luxurious dress of the Orient" found in Morocco today to Ziryab, but argues that "Without a doubt, a lone man could not achieve this transformation. It is rather a development which shook the Muslim world in general..."[43]

He created a new type of deodorant to get rid of bad odors[39] and also promoted morning and evening baths and emphasized the maintenance of personal hygiene. Ziryab is thought to have invented an early toothpaste, which he popularized throughout Islamic Iberia.[44] The exact ingredients of this toothpaste are not currently known,[45] but it was reported to have been both "functional and pleasant to taste.".[44]

According to Al-Maqqari before the arrival of Ziryab, all the people of al-Andalus, in the Cordoban court, wore their long hair parted in the middle and hung down loose down to the shoulders, men and women; Ziryab had his hair cut with bangs down to his eyebrows and straight across his forehead, "new short hairstyles leaving the neck, ears and eyebrows free,".[38] He popularized shaving among men and set new haircut trends. Royalty used to wash their hair with rose water, but Ziryab introduced the use of salt and fragrant oils to improve the hair’s condition.[45]

Ziryab is alleged by some[45] to have opened beauty parlors for women of the Cordoban elite. However, this is not supported by the early sources.

Cuisine

He was an arbiter of culinary fashion and taste, who also "revolutionized the local cuisine" by introducing new fruit and vegetables such as asparagus, and by introducing the three-course meal served on leathern tablecloths, insisting that meals should be served in three separate courses consisting of soup, the main course, and dessert. He also introduced the use of crystal as a container for drinks, which was more effective than metal. This claim is supported by accounts of him cutting large crystal goblets.[38] Prior to his time, food was served plainly on platters on bare tables, as was the case with the Romans.

Legacy

Ziryab revolutionized the court at Córdoba and made it the stylistic capital of its time. Whether introducing new clothes, styles, foods, hygiene products, or music, Ziryab changed al-Andalusian culture forever. The musical contributions of Ziryab alone are staggering, laying the early groundwork for classic Spanish music. Ziryab transcended music and style and became a revolutionary cultural figure in 8th and 9th century Iberia.

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gill, John (2008). Andalucia: A Cultural History. Oxford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-01-95-37610-4.
  2. ↑ Lapidus, Ira M. (2002). A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge University Press. p. 311. ISBN 9780521779333.
  3. ↑ The encyclopaedia of Islām. 1938. p. 263.
  4. ↑ Thomas Bois (1965). Connaissance des Kurdes.
  5. ↑ The World of Music. 1979. p. 26.
  6. ↑ Kurdistan. Storia, economia e risorse, società e tradizioni, arte e cultura, religione. 1999. p. 84. ISBN 8886366981.
  7. ↑ Sweet Treats around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. 2014. p. 181. ISBN 1610692217.
  8. ↑ Critical Muslim 06: Reclaiming Al-Andalus. 2013. p. 105. ISBN 1849043167.
  9. ↑ Andalucia : A Cultural History: A Cultural History. 2008. p. 81. ISBN 0199704511.
  10. ↑ Arabesque: A Taste of Morocco, Turkey, and Lebanon. 2008. p. 14. ISBN 0307493970.
  11. ↑ The New Book of Middle Eastern Food. 2008. p. 25. ISBN 0307558568.
  12. ↑ Ruiz, Ana (1960). Vibrant Andalusia: the spice of life in southern Spain.
  13. ↑ Roden, laudia Roden. The book of Jewish food: an odyssey from Samarkand to New York.An Iraqi Kurdish musician called Ziryab, a refugee from the court of Harun al-Rashid in Baghdad, who was introduced to the court of Cordoba by a Jewish musician.
  14. ↑ Cello - Los Kurdos - Transoxiana 2
  15. ↑ La Orden Sufi Nematollahi / Sufismo
  16. ↑ Kassel, Bärenreiter (1979). The World of music, Band 21;Band 21,Ausgabe 1.
  17. ↑ C.E.R.A.P (2007). Le Banquet.
  18. ↑ http://www.zamanfrance.fr/article/ziry%C3%A2b-l%E2%80%99homme-qui-r%C3%A9volutionna-l%E2%80%99art-de-vivre-europ%C3%A9en
  19. ↑ A Literary History of the Arabs. Reynold Alleyne Nicholson. p.418
  20. ↑ Persian and Turkish Loan-words in Malay. Muhammad Abdul Jabbar Beg. 1982. p.80
  21. ↑ Hispano Arabic Poetry: A Student Anthology. James T. Monroe. Gorgias Press. 2004. p.7
  22. ↑ Colors of Enchantment: Theater, Dance, Music, and the Visual Arts of the Middle East. Sherifa Zuhur. 2001. p.324
  23. ↑ The Holy Sword: The Story of Islam from Muhammad to the Present. Robert Payne. 1961. p.186
  24. ↑ Aspects of Jewish Culture in the Middle Ages. Paul Edward Szarmach. 1979. p.55
  25. ↑ The Story of the Moors in Spain. Stanley Lane-Poole, Arthur Gilman. p.81: "Probably the most irresistible detail in Ziryab's outrageous career is that this Persian musician,..."
  26. ↑ Shojaedin Shafa (شجاع الدین شفا) in his book Iran and Spain (ایران و اسپانیا) goes into detail about the fallacy of claims of Ziryab's "Arab origins". His argument can be found on p.325-340 of his book. Farzad publications 2005 (نشر فرزاد). A copy of the book is located at the Perry-Castañeda Library at DS274 S523
  27. ↑ Andalusian Feast
  28. ↑ Ziryab (Persian musician
  29. ↑ Philip Khuri Hitti, Islam, a Way of Life , page 174: "The founder of the Andalusian school was a tenor of Persian origin named Ziryab (d. ca. 860). "
  30. ↑ Mary Caroline Montaño ,"Tradiciones nuevomexicanas: Hispano arts and culture of New Mexico " "Poetry was a special love of the Islamic people, and so it was in southern Spain as well In the late eighth century, an academy of music was founded in Cordoba by Ziryab, a Persian singer "
  31. ↑ Joseph F. O'Callaghan, A History of Medieval Spain , 1975, Cornell University Press, 1975. "courtier was the musician Ziryab, a Persian, who had held high position "
  32. ↑ James T. Monroe , "Hispano-Arabic poetry: a student anthology ", Gorgias Press LLC, Jan 30, 2004 . "Modernism had been brought from the court of Harun ar-Rashid by Ziryab, the Persian singer who became an arbiter..."
  33. ↑ Zayyadine, Fawri (2000). The Umayyads: The Rise of Islamic Art. AIRP. p. 125. ISBN 9781874044352.
  34. ↑ Salaam/ Ma Salaam, Muhammad Ali. A Black Man's Journey in America: Glimpses of Islam, Conversations and Travels. Xlibris Corporation. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-4628-7399-9.
  35. ↑ Jayyusi, Marín, Salma Khadra, Manuela (1992). Handbuch der Orientalistik: Der Nahe und Mittlere Osten. The legacy of Muslim Spain, Part 1, Volume 12. BRILL. p. 709. ISBN 978-90-04-09599-1.
  36. ↑ Abu-Bakr, Mohammed (1993). Islam's black legacy: some leading figures. Purple Dawn Books. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-882250-08-0.
  37. ↑ Drake, St. Clair (1990). Black folk here and there: an essay in history and anthropology, Volume 2. Center for Afro-American Studies, University of California. p. 123. ISBN 978-0-934934-30-5.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 Salma Khadra Jayyusi and Manuela Marin (1994), The Legacy of Muslim Spain, p. 117, Brill Publishers, ISBN 90-04-09599-3
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.5 Menocal, María Rosa, Raymond P. Scheindlin, Michael Anthony Sells (eds.) (2000), The Literature of Al-Andalus, Cambridge University Press
  40. ↑ ar:زرياب
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Constable, Olivia Remie (ed.) (1997), Medieval Iberia, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 Davila, Carl (2009), Fixing a Misbegotten Biography: Ziryab in the Mediterranean World, Al-Masaq: Islam in the Medieval Mediterranean Vol. 21 No. 2
  43. ↑ Terrasse, H. (1958) 'Islam d'Espagne' une rencontre de l'Orient et de l'Occident", Librairie Plon, Paris, pp.52-53.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 van Sertima, Ivan (1992), The Golden Age of the Moor, Transaction Publishers, p. 267, ISBN 1-56000-581-5
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Lebling Jr., Robert W. (July–August 2003), "Flight of the Blackbird", Saudi Aramco World: 24–33, retrieved 28 January 2008

References

Other sources

Further reading