Zimbabwean diaspora

The Zimbabwean diaspora refers to the diaspora of immigrants from the nation of Zimbabwe. The term Rhodesian diaspora only describes a specific subset of former Rhodesian/Southern Rhodesian residents who left the country during or after the Rhodesian Bush War.

History

Temporary labour migration to South Africa has long been a feature of Rhodesian and then Zimbabwean society. A 2002 survey by the Southern African Migration Project show that almost 25% of adult Zimbabweans' parents or grandparents had worked in South Africa at some point in their lives.^[1] However, permanent emigration is a relatively new phenomenon. There have been two major waves of emigration from Zimbabwe. The first was that of whites in Zimbabwe who left the country soon after independence; they were followed by black Zimbabweans beginning in the 1990s. In both cases, South Africa was again their primary destination; however, from 1994 onwards, the South African government displayed increasing hostility to skilled immigration from the rest of Africa, leading Zimbabwean emigrants to seek other pastures.^[2]

Overall statistics

It is estimated that there are millions of residents outside of Zimbabwe's borders who were either born in the country or are descended from immigrants; Many recent emigrants are illegally residing in other countries because of the fall of the standard of living and economic conditions in Zimbabwe.

The Zimbabwean diaspora has a 95% literacy rate in English and a very highly educated adult population. The main languages spoken are English, Shona, and Ndebele.

By country

Australia

Zimbabweans can also be found in Australia with their numbers having grown to 30,252 as of 2011.^[3] In 2006, around 3,000 Zimbabwean migrants lived in Sydney,^[4] 1,000 of whom spoke indigenous Zimbabwean languages such as Shona and Ndebele.^[5] As of 2011 there are over 5,600 Zimbabwean-born in Sydney and the state of New South Wales.^[6] One in three of Australia's Ndebele-speakers live in Sydney. ^[7][8]

Botswana

There were estimated to be between forty and one hundred thousand Zimbabweans in Botswana as of 2009.^[9]

Canada

The Zimbabwean community in Canada is concentrated in Toronto; Calgary; Edmonton; Hamilton, Ontario and Kitchener-Waterloo in Ontario. Vancouver; Victoria, British Columbia in British Columbia. Their numbers have been slowly but steadily increasing since 2000.

South Africa

There are estimated to be between one and five million Zimbabweans in South Africa as of 2008.^[10]

United Kingdom

The UK Zimbabwean community is said to be close to 100,000. They are mainly concentrated in London and other urban areas.

United States

There are various conflicting unofficial figures about the number of Zimbabweans in the US. The RAND Corporation estimated in 2000 that there were 100,000 in the state of New York alone.^[11] In contrast, a 2008 estimate from the Association of Zimbabweans Based Abroad put the population of Zimbabweans in the whole US at just 45,000.^[12] They make up just a small part of the Zimbabwean diaspora compared to the larger communities in South Africa and the United Kingdom.^[12] However, of Zimbabweans who have not yet emigrated but are considering it, a somewhat higher proportion state that the United States, rather than the United Kingdom, is their preferred destination; this may be due to harassment and discrimination which Zimbabweans have faced in the UK.^[13]

There is a small community of Zimbabweans in Chicago, perhaps 80 to 100 people, consisting primarily of former students at area universities.^[14] Other cities with Zimbabwean communities include Washington DC, New York City, Indianapolis, Dallas, Houston, Atlanta, and Detroit.

References

Notes

Sources

• Tevera, Daniel S.; Zinyama, Lovemore (2002), Zimbabweans Who Move: Perspectives on International Migration in Zimbabwe 25, Cape Town, South Africa/Ontario, Canada: The Southern African Migration Project, ISBN 1-919798-40-4, retrieved 2009-04-18 

• Tevera, Daniel S.; Crush, Jonathan (2003), The New Brain Drain from Zimbabwe, Migration Policy Series 29, Cape Town, South Africa/Ontario, Canada: The Southern African Migration Project, ISBN 1-919798-48-X, retrieved 2009-04-18 
• Steffes, Tracy (2005), "Zimbabweans", in Reiff, Janice L.; Keating, Ann Durkin; Grossman, James, Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago, Chicago Historical Society, retrieved 2009-04-18 
• Polzer, Tara (2008), South African Government and Civil Society Responses to Zimbabwean Migration, Migration Policy Briefs 22, Cape Town, South Africa/Ontario, Canada: Southern African Migration Project 
• Betts, Alexander; Kaytaz, Ezra (2009), National and international responses to the Zimbabwean exodus: implications for the refugee protection regime, Research Papers 175, Policy Development and Evaluation Service, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 

External links

• So where are Zimbabweans going?
• Zimbabwean Diaspora Forum
• Zimbabweans in the Diaspora
• The Zimbabwean - UK-based Zimbabwean newspaper

Zimbabwean diaspora Australia Botswana Canada South Africa United Kingdom United States Zambia