Zhou Youguang
| Zhou Youguang 周有光 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born |
Zhou Yaoping 周耀平 13 January 1906 Changzhou, Jiangsu, China |
| Alma mater |
Changzhou Senior High School of Jiangsu Province Saint John's University, Shanghai Guanghua University |
Political party | China Democratic National Construction Association |
| Spouse(s) | Zhang Yunhe (m. 1933-2002) |
| Children |
Zhou Xiaoping (1934-2015)[1] Zhou Xiaohe (1935–1941) |
| Relatives |
Granddaughter: Zhou Hexin (b. 1959) Great grandson: Andy Zhou (b. 1993) |
Zhou Youguang (Chou Yu-kuang; Chinese: 周有光; pinyin: Zhōu Yǒuguāng; Wade–Giles: Chou1 Yu3-kuang1; born 13 January 1906) is the art-name of Zhou Yaoping (Chinese: 周耀平; pinyin: Zhōu Yàopíng; Wade–Giles: Chou1 Yao4-p'ing2) who is a Chinese linguist, often credited as the "father of (Hanyu) Pinyin",[2][3][4] the official romanization for Mandarin in the People's Republic of China.
Education and early career
Zhou was born in Changzhou.[2][5] Zhou enrolled in Saint John's University, Shanghai, in 1923, where he majored in economics and took supplementary coursework in linguistics.[5] He left during the May Thirtieth Movement of 1925 and transferred to the short-lived Guanghua University, from which he graduated in 1927.[5] Zhou spent time as an exchange student in Japan,[5] and spent his early career working as a banker and economist overseas (mainly in New York City), but returned to Shanghai[5] in 1949 when the People's Republic was established.[2][3]
Designing pinyin
In 1955, the government placed Zhou at the head of a committee to reform the Chinese language in order to increase literacy. While other committees oversaw the tasks of promulgating Mandarin Chinese as the national language and creating simplified Chinese characters, Zhou's committee was charged with developing a romanization to represent the pronunciation of Chinese characters.[2] Zhou says the task took about three years, and was a full-time job.[2] Pinyin was made the official romanization in 1958, although then (as now) it was only a pronunciation guide, not a substitute writing system.[6]
Later activities
During the Cultural Revolution Zhou was sent to live in the countryside and be "re-educated", like many intellectuals at that time.[2][3] He spent two years in a labour camp.[7]
After 1980, Zhou, over 76, worked with Liu Zunqi and Chien Wei-zang on translating the Encyclopædia Britannica into Chinese, earning him the nickname "Encyclopedia Zhou".[5] Zhou has continued writing and publishing since the creation of Pinyin; for example, his book Zhongguo Yuwen de Shidai Yanjin 中國語文的時代演進, translated into English by Zhang Liqing, was published in 2003 as The Historical Evolution of Chinese Languages and Scripts.[8] In total he wrote ten books since 2000, some of which have been banned in China. In his old age he has become an advocate for political reform, and was critical of the Communist Party of China's attacks on traditional Chinese culture when it came into power.[7]
Personal life
Zhou married Zhang Yunhe on 30 April 1933; she died on 14 August 2002. The couple were married for 69 years, 106 days. The couple had two children: a daughter who died at age 6, and a son Zhou Xiaoping,[2] who died at the age of 80 on 26 January 2015.[1]
In early 2013, Zhou and his son were interviewed by Dr. Adeline Yen Mah at their residence in Beijing. Dr. Mah documented the visit in a video and presented Zhou with a Pinyin game she created on iPad.[9]
See also
Further reading
- Bristow, Michael (22 March 2012). "The man who helped 'simplify' Chinese". BBC News Online.
- LaFraniere, Sharon (2 March 2012). "A Chinese Voice of Dissent That Took Its Time". New York Times.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 偉坤, 牛; 宋宇晟 (26 January 2015). 周有光之子、氣象學家周曉平遺體告別式舉行 (in Chinese). China: Beijing Evening News. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 "Father of pinyin". China Daily. 26 March 2009. Retrieved 12 July 2009. Reprinted in part as Simon, Alan (21–27 Jan 2011). "Father of Pinyin". China Daily Asia Weekly (Hong Kong). Xinhua. p. 20.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Branigan, Tania (21 February 2008). "Sound Principles". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
- ↑ Swofford, Mark (11 July 2009). "Meeting Zhou Yougang". PinyinInfo. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 李怀宇 (Li Huaining) (8 December 2005). 周有光：与时俱进文章里 百年风云笑谈中 (in Chinese). 南方网 (Southcn.com). Retrieved 12 July 2009.
- ↑ Ramsey, S. Robert (1989). The Languages of China. Princeton University Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-691-01468-5.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lim, Louisa (19 October 2011). "At 105, Chinese Linguist Now A Government Critic". National Public Radio. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- ↑ Zhou Youguang 周有光. The Historical Evolution of Chinese Languages and Scripts; 中國語文的時代演進, translated by Zhang Liqing 張立青. Ohio State University National East Asian Language Resource Center. 2003.
- ↑ "Dr. Adeline Yen Mah meets the founder of Pin Yin Zhou Youguang". chinesecharacteraday.com. 2013. Retrieved 2013.