Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev
| Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev | |
|---|---|
|
Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev | |
| Native name | Евге́ний Ива́нович Алексе́ев |
| Born |
May 13, 1843 St Petersburg, Russian Empire |
| Died |
May 27, 1917 (aged 74) Yalta, Russian Empire |
| Allegiance |
 Russian Empire |
| Service/branch |
 Imperial Russian Navy |
| Years of service | 1859-1904 |
| Rank | Admiral |
| Battles/wars | Russo Japanese War |
Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev or Alexeyev (Russian: Евге́ний Ива́нович Алексе́ев (May 23 [O.S. May 11] 1843 – May 27, 1917) was an admiral in the Imperial Russian Navy, viceroy of the Russian Far East, and commander-in-chief of Imperial Russian forces at Port Arthur and in Manchuria during the first year of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05.
Biography
Alexeyev was an illegitimate son of Tsar Alexander II, raised by the family of Lieutenant Ivan Maximovich Alexeyev (1796–1849) in Sevastopol. [1]
At the age of 13, Alexeyev attended the Sea Cadet Corps and completed his training three years later. He was assigned as a midshipman for four years to the screw corvette Varyag, on a world tour. He was commissioned as an ensign in 1867. After serving on numerous ships in the Imperial Russian Navy, he was given his first command in 1878: the cruiser Afrika, which he commanded on a voyage around the world from 1880-1883. From 1883-1888 Alexeyev served as a naval attaché to France, and was promoted to the rank of captain in 1886. After his return to Russia in 1889, he was given command of the protected cruiser Admiral Kornilov. In 1891, he made another round the world cruise, this time accompanied by the Tsarevich Nicholas (the future Tsar Nicholas II).
Alexeyev was promoted to rear admiral in 1892 and served on the General Staff of the Imperial Russian Navy, becoming vice admiral in 1894 and deputy chief-of-staff in 1895. From 1895-1897 he was made commander of the Russian Pacific Fleet, initially at Vladivostok, and from December 1897, from Port Arthur in the southern Liaodong Peninsula leased from Qing dynasty China. In 1898 he was appointed governor of the Kwantung Fortified Region, and was again named commander of the Russian Pacific Fleet from 1899. He participated in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion as commander of an army corps, following an appointment by War Minister Aleksey Kuropatkin [1] and was promoted to Adjutant general.
The failure of Russia to withdraw its forces from Manchuria after the end of the Boxer Rebellion further alarmed the Empire of Japan, still upset over the Triple Intervention and Russian de facto annexation of the Liaodong Peninsula and increasing Russian influence over Joseon dynasty Korea – all of which the Japanese deemed detrimental to their interests and national security.
Alexeyev was a key member of the “Bezobrazov Circle”, a politically-motivated investment group organized by Aleksandr Mikhailovich Bezobrazov whose investors included many members of the highest level in the Russian court. The aim of the “Bezobrazov Circle” was the establishment of a commercial enterprise reminiscent of the British East India Company, which would reward its investors with financial benefits while setting the stage for the conquest of Manchuria and Korea. Alexeyev reassured the Tsar that increased aggressive action in the region would not provoke a military response from Japan. [1]
On August 13, 1903 Tsar Nicolas II appointed Alexeyev as viceroy in charge of all civil and military authority over Russian possessions in the Far East, including Russian-occupied Manchuria, the Liaodong Peninsula, and Russia Amur Military District (present day Maritime Provinces). As viceroy, he was beyond the jurisdiction of any ministry and reported directly to the Tsar; however, his exact functions were poorly defined, and as stated by historian Ian Nish: he himself was unclear about the extent of his autonomy... In any event Alekseyev, who already had been given in May very great powers of coordination, did not greatly welcome the new title and almost declined to accept it.[2]
With the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War on February 9, 1904, Alexeyev became commander of all Russian land and naval forces in the Far East. He assumed direct command over the Russian Pacific Fleet after the dismissal of Vice Admiral Oskar Stark until the arrival of Vice Admiral Stepan Makarov, and again after Makarov’s death until the arrival of Vice Admiral Nikolai Skrydlov. [1]
On land, Alexeyev had serious and continual disagreements with General Kuropatkin, the former minister of war over the strategy employed against the Japanese and forced Kuropatkin to take a more aggressive position despite Kuropatkin’s insistence on assuming a defensive war of attrition until the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railroad, which would bring reinforcements and supplies. Following a direct order from the Tsar, Alexeyev left Port Arthur on May 5, 1904 for Mukden, and following the defeat at the Battle of Shaho, was relieved of his command and ordered back to St. Petersburg on October 12, 1904. [1]
In June 1905, the post of viceroy was abolished, and Alexeyev became a member of the State Council of Imperial Russia. In his later years, he moved to Russian Armenia and worked as a school teacher. [1] In April 1917, in the wake of the February Revolution and the abdication of the Tsar in March, he retired from public life. He died a few weeks later in Yalta, on 27 May 1917.
Honors
Order of St. Stanislaus 3rd degree, 1871
Order of the Crown of Italy, Officer's Cross 1873 (Italy).png)
Order of St Vladimir 4th degree with bow, 1875 .
Osminieh Order 4th degree 1876 (Ottoman Empire)- Order of St. Stanislaus 2nd degree 1877.
Order of St. Anne 2nd degree 1879
Legion of Honor, Commander, 1888 (France)
, Order of the Redeemer, Commander's Cross 1889 (Greece)- Order of St Vladimir, 3rd degree, 1890
- Order of St. Anne 1st degree, 1896
- Order of the Double Dragon, 1886 (China)
Order of the Rising Sun, 1st degree, 1896 (Japan)- Order of St Vladimir, 2nd degree, 1898
Order of the White Eagle, with swords, 1901
Legion of Honor, Grand Croix, 1901 (France)
Order of the Red Eagle, 1st class with swords, 1901 (Prussia)
Order of Leopold II, Grand Cross, 1901 (Belgium)
Order of St. George, 3rd class, 1903
, Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, 1906- Order of St Vladimir, 1st degree
- Order of St. Stanislaus 1st degree
References
- Connaughton, R.M (1988). The War of the Rising Sun and the Tumbling Bear—A Military History of the Russo-Japanese War 1904–5, London, ISBN 0-415-00906-5.
- Jukes, Geoffry. The Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905. Osprey Essential Histories. (2002). ISBN 978-1-84176-446-7.
- Kowner, Rotem (2006). Historical Dictionary of the Russo-Japanese War. ISBN 0-8108-4927-5: The Scarecrow Press.
- Warner, Denis & Peggy. The Tide at Sunrise, A History of the Russo-Japanese War 1904–1905. (1975). ISBN 0-7146-5256-3.