Yalu River

Yalu (鸭绿江, )
Amnok (압록강, 鴨綠江)
Name origin: Manchu, "the boundary between two countries"
Countries	China (CHN), North Korea (PRK)
Provinces	Jilin (CHN), Liaoning (CHN), Ryanggang (PRK), Chagang (PRK), North Pyongan (PRK), Sinuiju SAR (PRK)
Source	South of Heaven Lake, CHN-PRK border, Paektu Mountain
- coordinates	41°58′8″N 128°4′24″E / 41.96889°N 128.07333°E / 41.96889; 128.07333
Mouth	Korea Bay
- coordinates	39°52′N 124°19′E / 39.867°N 124.317°E / 39.867; 124.317Coordinates: 39°52′N 124°19′E / 39.867°N 124.317°E / 39.867; 124.317
Length	790 km (491 mi)
Location of the Yalu River

Yalu River
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	鴨綠江
Simplified Chinese	鸭绿江
Transcriptions Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Yālù Jiāng Wade–Giles Ya-lu Chiang IPA [jálû tɕjɑ́ŋ] Cantonese Jyutping aap3 luk6 gong1 IPA [ʔáːplʊ̀kkɔ́ːŋ]
Korean name
Chosŏn'gŭl	압록강
Hancha	鴨綠江
Transcriptions Revised Romanization Amnokgang McCune–Reischauer Amnokkang
Manchu name
Manchu script
Romanization	Yalu ula

The Yalu River, also called the Amnok River (Korean pronunciation: [amnog.k͈aŋ]), is a river on the border between North Korea and China. Together with the Tumen River to its east, and a small portion of Paektu Mountain, the Yalu forms the border between North Korea and China and is notable as a site involved in military conflicts in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and the Korean War.

Name

There are two versions regarding the origin of the river name. One is that the name derived from "Yalv ula" in Manchu language, one ethnic language in China. The Manchu word "Yalu" means "the boundary between two countries". In Mandarin Chinese, "Yalu" phonetically approximates the original Manchu word "Yalu" in Mandarin, but literally means "Duck Green", which was said to be the color of the river once before. The other is that the river was named after the combination of its two upper branches, which was called "Ya"and "Lu" respectively.

Geography

From 2,500 m above sea level on Baekdu Mountain (Changbai Mountain), on the North Korea-China border, the river flows south to Hyesan before sweeping 130 km northwest to Linjiang and then returning to a more southerly route for a further 300 km to empty into the Korea Bay between Dandong (China) and Sinuiju (North Korea). The bordering Chinese provinces are Jilin and Liaoning.

The river is 795 km (493 mi) long and receives the water from over 30,000 km² of land. The Yalu's most significant tributaries are the Changjin (장진강/長津江), the Hochon (허천강/虚川江), the Tokro (독로강/禿魯江) and the Ai (瑷河) rivers. The river is not easily navigable for most of its length.^[1]

The depth of the Yalu River varies from some of the more shallow parts on the eastern side in Hyesan (1 metre) to the deeper parts of the river near the Yellow Sea (2.5 metres).^[2] The estuary is the site of the Amrok River estuary Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International.^[3]

There are 205 islands on the Yalu. A 1962 border treaty between North Korea and China split the islands according to which ethnic group were living on each island. North Korea possesses 127 and China 78. Due to the division criteria, some islands such as Hwanggumpyong Island belong to North Korea but abut the Chinese side of the river.

History

North Korean village in the Yalu River delta

The river basin is the site where the ancient kingdom of Goguryeo rose to power. Many former fortresses are located along the river and the former capital of that kingdom was situated at what is now the medium-sized city of Ji'an, China along the Yalu, a site rich in Goguryeo era relics.

Wihwa Island on the river is historically famous as the place where General Yi Songgye, in 1392, decided to turn back his army southward to Kaesong in the first of a series of revolts that eventually led to the establishment of the Yi Dynasty.^[4]

The river has been the site of several battles because of its strategic location between Korea and China, including:

• Battle of the Yalu River (1894) – First Sino-Japanese War
• Battle of Yalu River (1904) – Russo-Japanese War

The Korean side of the river was heavily industrialized during Colonial Korea (1910–1945), and by 1945 almost 20% of Imperial Japan's total industrial output originated in Korea. During the Korean War the movement of United Nations troops approaching the river precipitated massive Chinese intervention from around Dandong. In the course of the conflict every bridge across the river except one was destroyed. The one remaining bridge was the Sino-Korea Friendship Bridge connecting Sinuiju, North Korea to Dandong, China. During the war the valley surrounding the western end of the river also became the focal point of a series of dogfights for air superiority over North Korea, earning the nickname "MiG Alley" in reference to the MiG-15 fighters flown by the combined North Korean, Chinese and Soviet forces.

It was the advance of UN forces during the Korean War toward the Yalu which prompted Chairman Mao Zedong to involve China in the war for fear of an American invasion, since toppling communism was one of America's stated goals and Douglas MacArthur had expressed his desire to expand the war into China.

The river has frequently been crossed by North Koreans fleeing to China since the early 1990s.

Economy

The river is important for hydroelectric power, and one of the largest hydroelectric dams in Asia is in Sup'ung Dam, 106 m high and over 850 m long, located upstream from Sinuiju, North Korea. The dam has created an artificial lake over a portion of the river, called Sapung Lake. In addition the river is used for transportation, particularly of lumber from its forested banks. The river provides fish for the local population. Downstream of Sup'ung is the Taipingwan Dam. Upstream of Sup'ung is the Yunfeng Dam. Both dams produce hydroelectric power as well.

Crossings

The Sino-Korean Friendship Bridge across the Yalu (Amnokgang) at Sinŭiju and Dandong

• Sino-Korean Friendship Bridge, Dandong, China – Sinŭiju, North Korea
• Ji'an Yalu River Border Railway Bridge, Ji'an China – Manp'o, North Korea
• New Yalu River Bridge, under construction between Dandong, China and Sinŭiju, North Korea

See also

• Geography of China
• Geography of North Korea
• List of China-related topics
• List of Korea-related topics
• List of rivers of Asia
• Chinese–Korean border fence

References

External links

• Encyclopædia Britannica

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