Windy Nook

Windy Nook

The Church of St Alban's, Windy Nook Road
Windy Nook
 Windy Nook shown within Tyne and Wear
Population 2,628 
OS grid referenceNZ2760
Metropolitan boroughGateshead
Metropolitan county Tyne and Wear
RegionNorth East
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post town GATESHEAD
Postcode district NE10
Dialling code 0191
Police Northumbria
Fire Tyne and Wear
Ambulance North East
EU Parliament North East England
UK ParliamentGateshead (UK Parliament constituency)
List of places
UK
England
Tyne and Wear

Coordinates: 54°56′18″N 1°34′15″W / 54.9383°N 1.57072°W

Windy Nook is a village in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead, Tyne and Wear, England. It is bordered by Carr Hill to the west, Leam Lane Estate to the east, Felling to the north and Sheriff Hill to the south. It lies on steep, sloping land 2.25 miles (3.62 km) south of Gateshead, 2.75 miles (4.43 km) south of the city of Newcastle upon Tyne and 12 miles (19 km) north of the City of Durham. According to the 2001 UK census, the population was 2,628. Formerly part of Heworth, it was constituted in 1843 and was formally incorporated into the newly formed Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead by the Local Government Act 1972 which took effect on 1 April 1974. It is governed locally and nationally by the Labour party.

It has a long industrial history, with evidence of milling and pottery in the area. The principle industry, however, was stone quarrying, and the initial settlement grew as this industry flourished. By the turn of the 20th century, several quarries operated in Windy Nook and the largest, Kell's Quarry, provided the sandstone and grindstone used to build St Alban's Church, a Grade II listed building and principle landmark in the village, which was consecrated on 25 August 1842.

The decline in industry during the 20th century saw the population fall to pre-industrial levels. Though today an urban suburb, there are no large commercial areas and the new Tesco store is comfortably the largest employer. There remains large areas of green space, however, and it is a popular and high-demand place to live. Residents compare favourably with others in the borough in terms of income, employment levels and educational qualifications.

Residents can enjoy Windy Nook Nature Reserve at Stone Street, which is a protected wildlife area, as well as one of the largest environmental sculptures in Europe. Perhaps the most notable resident of the settlement was Mary Elizabeth Wilson; a serial killer known colloquially as 'the merry widow of Windy Nook', though Joseph Hopper, founder of the aged mineworkers scheme, and John Oxberry, one of Gateshead's most prominent historians, both hailed from the village.

History

Quarrymen working at Kell's Quarry. Photograph courtesy of Gateshead Council public archives

The name Windy Nook derives from "the lofty and exposed nature of the situation it occupies".[1] In 1784, Richard Kell began quarrying at Heworth Shore. His business expanded quickly and, by the turn of the 19th century, Kell and his family had established a second quarry at Windy Nook which was known as Kell's Quarry.[2] This, along with a number of pre-existing, smaller quarries, provided work for the early settlers and by 1820 there existed a "modern but populous village".[3] The quarries of Windy Nook became renowned, described as equally important to the more vaunted quarries of Yorkshire and producing sandstone and 'Newcastle grindstone' of sufficient quality that stones from Kell's Quarry were used to build St Alban's Church and other local buildings.[2][4]

As the quarries prospered, the village continued to grow. In 1834 an account described Windy Nook as "a populous hamlet ... chiefly inhabited by workmen employed in the adjoining quarries. Here are three public houses, one farmstead, a corn-mill and several mechanics".[5] In 1842, a National school was built by subscription, and within six years the building of two more mills and a pottery saw the population increase to around 2,009 inhabitants.[6] The quarries continued to produce high quality grindstone; in 1860 stone from Kell's Quarry was used to build the Exchange Building in Newcastle upon Tyne.[2]

Ordnance Survey map of Windy Nook in 1862

In spite of this industrialisation, residents were still able to enjoy "wildly romantic scenery".[6] Ordnance survey maps of 1862 show that Windy Nook remained isolated from the neighbouring villages at Carr Hill and Sheriff Hill. The principal road, Windy Nook Road, had been established and at the junction between this road and Carr Hill Road, the church of St Alban and the national school are evidenced among a cluster of residential dwellings but there was little else save the quarries which dominated during those formative years.[7] By 1870 there were 430 houses for 2,653 inhabitants[8] which by 1887 had increased again to 3,554.[9]

However, by the turn of the 20th century, the quarries slowly fell into disuse and by the 1960s all of the remaining industrial areas had closed and the quarries infilled, though the sandstone properties at St Alban's Place and Co-Operative Terrace stand as a reminder to Windy Nook's industrial history.[2][10] The decrease in employment opportunities led to a steady decline in population and although some housing developed along Stone Street and Coldwell Lane, the urban sprawl that enveloped most of the outlying settlements of Gateshead during the early 20th century never reached Windy Nook, so that in 1945 it remained largely unchanged in location and size.[11] Despite some terraced housing being built in at Crossfield Park and Coltsfoot Gardens in the 1970–80's, the character of the suburb today remains suburban; the land is split 50/50 between residential properties and open green space and only 11.3% of the residential properties today are council housing.[10][12][13] The result is that Windy Nook is a high-demand area for privately owned and social housing.[14]

Economy

The Tesco Express store at the site of the former Black House Inn opened in 2012.

The decline of heavy industry in the 20th century left Windy Nook with no major employer and there was little in terms of economic activity.[15] There is no major commercial area and residents usually travel to neighbouring Felling town centre to shop[16] or use the small shopping area at the junction of Windy Nook Road and Carr Hill Road/Albion Street.[17] However, in November 2011, planning permission was approved for conversion of the Black House Inn at the junction of Carr Hill Road and Coldwell lane into a 'Tesco Extra' store.[18] The approval was granted in spite of complaints and concerns as to noise and traffic being raised by local residents.[19] This store is now the largest employer in Windy Nook, employing around 20 staff.[20]

Overall, Windy Nook is wholly outside the lowest 20% of residents in terms of income in Gateshead.[21] The unemployment rate in the Windy Nook and Whitehills Ward measured by those who claim Jobseeker's Allowance is 5%, which is the same as the overall Gateshead average, whilst youth unemployment is 10%. The average income of residents in the ward is £23,000 per annum.[note 1] Some 4.4% of residents are self-employed, which compares with a 4.5% borough average.[22]

Geography and topography

View east from Albion Street demonstrating the open fields of the area and the steepness of the land comparative to Tyneside.

At latitude 54.938° N and longitude 1.5703° W, Windy Nook lies 2.25 miles (3.62 km) south-east of Gateshead[23] and 255 miles (410 km) from London. It sits on a bed of coal, freestone and sandstone known locally as the "Grindstone Post"[6][24] and occupies an elevated position with a steep slope running from north to south to a maximum natural height of 160 metres (520 ft) above sea-level.[10] This distinctive, steep topography provides residents with "fantastic" views; especially to the north[25] and in some places panoramic views across the Team Valley in the west and towards the North Sea in the east.[12] Around 50% of the land is green space; a combination of urban green space, natural fields, wildlife corridors and a nature reserve. These combine to improve the quality and feel of the area.[12]

Official documents indicate that the boundaries of Windy Nook are Albion Road in the north, Windy Nook Road to the west, Stone Street and the adjoining streets to the south and the Fiddler's Three public house to the east.[26] Windy Nook was part of County Durham until it was incorporated into the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead by the Local Government Act 1972.[27] It is now bordered by settlements which are also part of the metropolitan borough. These are Sheriff Hill to the south, Carr Hill to the west, Felling to the north and Leam Lane Estate to the east.[26]

Neighbouring settlements and villages
Carr Hill Felling Felling
Carr Hill Leam Lane Estate
   Windy Nook  
Sheriff Hill Sheriff Hill Beacon Lough

Demography

Windy Nook compared (2012)
Windy Nook[28][29]Gateshead[28]England[28]
Total population2,628[note 2]191,15149,138,831
White99.1%98.4%90.9%
BME0.9%1.6%4.6%
Aged 0–1923.9%24.2%26.32%
Aged 65+13.8%17.3%15.9%
Male48%48.3%48.7%
Female52%51.7%51.3%

According to the United Kingdom Census 2001, Windy Nook has a population of 2,628– 52% of the population are female, slightly above the national average, whilst 48% are male.[14] Less than 1% of the population are from a black or other minority ethnic group (BME), as opposed to 9.1% of the national population.[28][30]

Windy Nook has a low proportion of lone parent households at some 7.2% of all households. This is one of the lowest figures in Gateshead and compares with a borough average of 11.5%.[31] Some 31.1% of households have dependent children, as opposed to 29.5% nationally and 28.4% in Gateshead.[32] The Index of Multiple Deprivation, which divides England into 32,482 areas and measures quality of life to indicate deprivation, splits Windy Nook into halves and lists the eastern half in the top 20% of all deprived areas in England in 2011. The western half is not considered deprived.[33]

Population change

The population of Windy Nook rose steadily through the 19th century but decreased as industry declined and is now at the lowest level since 1842.

Population change in Windy Nook 1842–2001[6][8][34][35]
Year 1842 1870 1887 2001
Population 2,009 2,653 3,554 2,628

Governance

Gateshead Council, Windy Nook & Whitehills
2012 local elections[36]
Candidate namePolitical partyNumber of votes% of votes cast
Pat RonanLabour1,96382.8%
Kyle MurrayConservative2289.6%
Lisa Angela Marie BradburyLiberal Democrats1797.56%

Windy Nook was initially an ecclesiastical district in the parish of Jarrow,[6] but after the Local Government Act 1972, it is today wholly within the council ward of Windy Nook and Whitehills in the Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead and is approximately 2.9 square kilometres (1.1 sq mi) in area.[17] It is represented by three councillors. In June 2012, they were Jim Turnbull, Tom Graham and Pat Ronan.[37]

Windy Nook is part of the Westminster parliamentary constituency of Gateshead. It was previously in the Gateshead East and Washington West constituency which was abolished by boundary changes before the 2010 UK General Election.[38] For many years the MP was Joyce Quin, who retired on 11 April 2005 and was awarded a life peerage into the House of Lords on 13 June 2006[39] and is now Baroness Quin.

The present MP Ian Mearns, is a member of the Labour party and his office is in Gateshead.[40] He replaced Sharon Hodgson who successfully campaigned in the newly formed constituency of Washington and Sunderland West.[41] In the 2010 UK General Election, Mearns was elected with a majority of 12,549 over Frank Hindle. The swing from Labour to the Liberal Democrats was 3.9%.[42]

Windy Nook is in a safe Labour seat. Mearns' success in 2010 followed of Sharon Hodgson, who in the 2005 UK General Election polled over 60% of the votes cast[43] whilst in 2001, Joyce Quin was returned with a majority of 53.3%.[44]

Education

Entrance to Windy Nook Primary School

Windy Nook Primary school is at Albion Street and caters for students aged between 3 and 11 years.[45] It is a much larger than average-sized school though the number of students eligible for free school means is below average.[46] The standard of provision is declining; in 2001 the school was named by OFSTED as one of the most successful schools in England[47] but subsequent inspections have seen the school's rating decline so that in the most recent inspection the school was rated as satisfactory overall, with inconsistent levels of attainment and teaching noted.[48]

Windy Nook Primary is the only school in the village. Some children of primary school age attend Colegate Community Primary School, located on the fringe of Windy Nook at Colegate West in neighbouring Leam Lane.[49] This too is a satisfactory school which suffers from inconsistent attainment among pupils.[50] The nearest Roman Catholic school is St Augustine's Primary; a good school at Leam Lane Estate.[51] Secondary school provision is at Thomas Hepburn Community Academy on Swards Road in Felling.[52] This is a satisfactory but improving school where the number of pupils entitled to free school meals is more than twice the national average.[53]

Children in Windy Nook achieve better than average results at Key Stages two and three compared to the overall borough average.[54] Approximately 66% of children leave secondary school with 5 or more A*–C grade GCSEs, which is higher than the national and Gateshead averages (59% and 58% respectively),[55] though overall the total number of residents holding those qualifications is 36.5%. Only 17.4% of residents hold 2 or more A-Levels, as compared to local average of 18.4% and a national average of 28.2%.[56]

Culture and religion

Ebenezer Chapel today

Windy Nook has two Grade II listed buildings.

The Church of St Alban was designed by Thomas Liddell, the son of a Tory politician, and built between 1841 and 1842.[57] The completed building cost £880 and was consecrated on 25 August 1842 by the Bishop of Durham in attendance with 36 local clergy.[58][59] Built in locally quarried sandstone and named for the first martyr of the Anglican Church,[59] St Alban's is a "neat structure in the early English style"[60] with a Welsh slate roof and "satisfactory interior and decoration".[59] The church was extended in 1888 and is today a Grade II listed building.[57][61] The gates, gate piers and overthrows, also designed by Liddell and built at the same time as the church, are tall sandstone structures with wrought iron adornments.[62] These are also Grade II listed buildings.[63]

In addition, the residential properties at 1–10 East View Terrace were locally listed by Gateshead Council as buildings of special interest in 2004.[64] At the same panel hearing, the committee elected not to list the Ebenezer Chapel, a Methodist chapel at Stone Street.[65] A New Connexion chapel is evidenced in Windy Nook in 1855 though the chapel at Stone Street was opened in 1865; one year later than the "beautiful little Gothic church" opened by the Primitive Methodists at Albion Street at a cost of £340.[66][67][68] The New Connexion amalgamated with the Primitive Methodists in 1942 and services were held in Ebenezer until 1963 while the Albion Street chapel hosted Sunday School. By 1976, a new building was erected alongside the old chapel and that new building still stands as the Windy Nook Methodist Church.[67]

Places of interest

Venues

The last remnants of the Black House Inn

There are three venues in Windy Nook. Planning permission was sought on 20 June 2003 to renovate and reopen the near derelict Windy Nook Social Club at Stone Street. Approval was granted and Sutherlands Hotel was opened later that year.[69] Run by Helen Sutherland, today the hotel is a thriving venue which in December 2010 successfully applied for certification allowing marriage and civil partnerships to be performed in the upper 'Tree-House Suite'.[70]

Other venues are the Bay Horse, an older stone building at the corner of East Street and Stone Street, which has a conservatory, catering facilities and large car park. Whilst open for business, the Bay Horse is currently available for long term lease.[25][71] The Fiddlers Three public house, located at Albion Street, is another older stone building with modern catering facilities.[25] The Black House Inn, evidenced as the Coal Waggon Inn on ordnance survey maps in 1862 at the junction of Carr Hill Road and Co-operative Terrace, was partially demolished in 2011 to make way for a Tesco Extra store.[72][73]

'The Windy Nook'

Cole's The Windy Nook

'The Windy Nook' is the title of a local landmark created by sculptor Richard Cole at Whitehill Drive.[74] The sculpture appears at first glance to be an old fortification of interlinked walls and pathways sitting atop Windy Nook Pit Hill; local children refer to the artwork simply as 'the Fortress'[75] In fact, the hill is a former slag heap and the 'ruins' are made from 2,500 tons of granite blocks salvaged from the old Scotswood Bridge.[75] It was unveiled in 1986 during Gateshead Sculpture Week.[75]

Today, the 'Windy Nook' is a popular installation much used for walking and recreation and which is some 180 metres (590 ft) in height and covers 5,500 square metres (59,000 sq ft) in area. It remains one of the largest environmental sculptures in Europe. As it has matured it has become home to various plant- and animal life and is now considered an ordinary part of the landscape.[74]

Windy Nook Nature Reserve

Windy Nook Nature Park was opened in 1981 and is at the north west corner of Windy Nook.[76] It is a collaborative enterprise between local conservation volunteers and Gateshead Council, seeking to turn two hectares of unattractive wasteland into an urban nature park. Many of the trees were planted by local school children[77] and today the reserve is a large open space offering the same panoramic views as most other parts of the area, with acid-heath grassland, scrub woodland and a small spring-fed pond.[78] The reserve is also a Site of Nature Conservation Importance (SNCI).[79] In 2007, Gateshead Council invested £100,000 into the reserve from their 'Safer, Stronger Communities Fund' to make improvements to an area which had become "blighted by misuse". The money led to the removal of a BMX track within the reserve, the installation of an extensive footpath network, improved access points and gating and the planting of more trees.[80] Woodland thinning has also been undertaken.[78]

Recent budget cuts by Gateshead Council have seen the local authority transfer the management of the park to the community, despite a local petition raised in protest.[81] The reserve remains popular with residents; in May 2012 dozens of volunteers cleared rubbish and engaged in a 'Windy Nook Wildlife Festival' with face-painting and other traditional activities.[82] Local police continue to make 'targeted patrols' of the reserve to maintain the downward trend of anti-social behaviour in the area.[83] In November 2012 a 'green gym' was opened at the reserve. This saw fitness equipment installed in clusters of three and four machines which is available for use by the public free of charge. This is one of only two such outdoor public gyms in Gateshead, the other being opened simultaneously at Saltwell Park.[84]

Notable residents

Main article: Mary Elizabeth Wilson
Memorial to Joseph Hopper at St Alban's Church

Joseph Hopper was a local councillor and Methodist preacher who lived in Windy Nook and was the creator of the 'aged mineworkers home scheme' in 1898 which provided housing for miners who had retired and were no longer eligible for tenure by dint of their employment.[85] The organisation he created, the Durham Aged Mineworkers Homes Association, is today a registered charity[86] which owns around 1,500 properties and had a turnover in 2012 of over six million pounds.[87][88] A celebration of Hopper's work was produced after his death by John Oxberry, who was himself born in Windy Nook, in 1924.[89] Oxberry, born in 1857, was a renowned local historian who traveled to New Zealand but returned to publish various texts, including Windy Nook Village; its inhabitants and their Co-operative store, and served a variety of roles on Gateshead Council with sufficient distinction that he was made a Freeman of Gateshead in 1937. Oxberry died three years later.[90]

Arguably the most notable resident, however, is Mary Elizabeth Wilson; a serial killer who achieved worldwide notoriety as the "Merry Widow of Windy Nook".[91] Wilson was born in Hebburn but lived with her first husband John Knowles, along with her lover, John Russell in the same house at Windy Nook for 43 years.[92] Knowles died in 1955 and she married Russell five months later.[93] He died two years later and both were attributed to natural causes.[94] Wilson remarried again but her third marriage, to Oliver Leonard, lasted just twelve days and he died leaving £50 to his wife in his will.[95] A short time later, Wilson married for a fourth time to Ernest Wilson. At her wedding reception, Wilson joked to a guest that the sandwiches left over could be saved for the funeral. When Ernest died soon after, Wilson joked with the funeral director that she should be offered a trade discount for all of the trade she passed his way.[96] Local residents heard of these comment and began speculating as to the spate of deaths, so that Police eventually exhumed Oliver Leonard and Ernest Wilson in 1958 and found traces of phosphorus caused by rat poison.[94] Despite claiming that sexual stimulation pills were the source of the phosphorus, Wilson was convicted of both murders at Leeds in 1958 and sentenced to hang at Durham; the last woman to be so sentenced. Due to her age, her execution was commuted to a life sentence, and she died in Holloway prison in 1962.[97] A later exhumation of her first two husbands also resulted in phosphorus being found, but Wilson died before she could be tried again.[98]

Transport

The 93 Loop bus stops outside St Alban's Church

The principle roads in Windy Nook are Windy Nook Road and Albion Road, but several housing developments lack cohesive road links and some streets lead to dead ends.[99] Journey time by car or bus to Gateshead town centre is approximately ten minutes, and fifteen minutes into the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne.[100] Residents have a comparatively high level of car ownership; 71% as compared to a borough average of 56.8%.[101]

The nearest Metro station is Felling. The nearest British Rail station is Heworth Interchange.[102]

Windy Nook is on a bus route into Gateshead and Newcastle upon Tyne and is served by several bus services, such as the Orbit 51 which travels to Heworth Interchange and terminates at Gateshead, the CityLink 58 which terminates in Hardrian Park, the Pulse 69 which terminates at Winlaton and the 93/4 Loop which travels to the Team Valley.[103][104][105][106] All buses serving Windy Nook are operated by Go North East under the administration of Nexus.[107]

List of buses serving Windy Nook[108]
Route To Via
51 Gateshead Felling Square, Heworth, Leam Lane Estate, Springwell Estate, Wrekenton and Low Fell
52 Gateshead Deckham
58 Hadrian Park Felling Square, Deckham, Gateshead, Newcastle and Coast Road
Heworth Whitehills Estate and Fewster Square
67 Metrocentre Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Deckham, Shipcote, Bensham and Dunston
Wardley Fewster Square
68 Wrekenton Queen Elizabeth Hospital
Bill Quay Felling Square, Heworth and Pelaw
69 Winlaton Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Low Fell, Team Valley North, Lobley Hill, Whickham and Blaydon
Wardley Felling Square and Fewster Square
93 Gateshead Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Low Fell, Team Valley and Bensham
94 Gateshead Felling Square, Heworth, Gateshead Stadium and Gateshead College

Notes

  1. ↑ These figures includes the nearby Whitehills estate; a large council estate to the east. Independent figures for Windy Nook are not available. Figures taken from WFS, 2012: 2–3
  2. ↑ Figure is cumulative total of Lower Layer Super Output Areas Gateshead 018A and 018B per the 2001 UK Census. Gateshead Council records the combined population of Windy Nook and Staneway to be 5,576 (at NPE, 2008: 8) but does not provide separate population figures for the two areas. All other data is, however, provided separately and is specific to Windy Nook.

References

  1. ↑ MacKenzie and Ross, 1983: 26
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Author unknown. "Steam Truck, Windy Nook Quarry". iSee Gateshead:Visual Heritage Revealed. Gateshead Council. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  3. ↑ Surtees, 1820: 66
  4. ↑ Watson, 1911: 135
  5. ↑ MacKenzie & Ross, 1834: 26
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Lewis, 1848: 613
  7. ↑ 'England - Durham: 007', Ordnance Survey 1:10,560 - Epoch 1 (1862)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 J.M. Wilson, 1870–72: 522
  9. ↑ Bartholomew, 1887 available at A Vision of Britain through time website (retrieved 29 June 2012)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 GE13, 2008: 2
  11. ↑ Ordnance Survey of Great Britain New Popular Edition, Sheet 78 - Newcastle upon Tyne, 1945
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 GE13, 2008: 1
  13. ↑ ESTH, 2008: 57
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 NPE, 2008: 8
  15. ↑ Manders, 1973: 315
  16. ↑ NPE,2008: 8 at para.4
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 WFS, 2012: 1
  18. ↑ Application No: DC/11/00996/FUL. Dowling, 2001: 63–68
  19. ↑ Davies, 2011 at paras 8–12
  20. ↑ Davies, 2011 at para.5
  21. ↑ ESHT, 2008: 48
  22. ↑ EHST, 2008: 49
  23. ↑ Whellan, 1846: 804
  24. ↑ Watson, 1911: 134–5
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 GE13, 2008: 3
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 NPE, 2008: 5
  27. ↑ Manders, 1973, 306
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 Author unknown "Neighbourhood Statistics, Area Gateshead, Key figures for 2001", Office for National Statistics, UK Census 2001 (Retrieved 14 April 2012).
  29. ↑ NPE, 2008
  30. ↑ NPE, 2008:13
  31. ↑ NPE: 2008, 14
  32. ↑ NPE, 2008: 15
  33. ↑ Ward & Shimmin, 2011: 8
  34. ↑ Bartholomew, 1887 available at A vision of Britain through time website (retrieved 29 June 2012)
  35. ↑ Lower Layer Super Output Areas Gateshead 018A and 018B, 2001 UK Census
  36. ↑ Author unknown, "Local Elections 2012- Windy Nook & Whitehills", Gateshead MBC (Accessed 30 June 2012)
  37. ↑ Author unknown, "Ward Information–Windy Nook & Whitehills", Gateshead MBC (retrieved 30 June 2012)
  38. ↑ Author Unknown, "Gateshead East and Washington West", The Guardian Online (retrieved 17 June 2012)
  39. ↑ Author unknown, "(Profile) Joyce Quin", They Work For You (retrieved 14 April 2012)
  40. ↑ Author unknown, "Contact Ian Mearns", IanMearns.Org (retrieved 16 April 2012)
  41. ↑ Author unknown, "Election 2010- Washington & Sunderland West", the BBC Online (retrieved 14 April 2012)
  42. ↑ Author unknown, "Election 2010- Gateshead", the BBC Online (retrieved 14 April 2012).
  43. ↑ Author unknown, "Election 2005", the BBC Online (retrieved 14 April 2012)
  44. ↑ Morgan, 2001: 67
  45. ↑ Potter, 2011: 1
  46. ↑ Potter, 2011: 3
  47. ↑ Author unknown, Successful Primary Schools, the BBC, 6 February 2001 (retrieved 30 June 2012)
  48. ↑ Potter, 2011: 4–5
  49. ↑ Pringle, 2010: 1
  50. ↑ Pringle, 2010: 4
  51. ↑ Ulyatt, 2008: 1–4
  52. ↑ Northern, 2011: 1
  53. ↑ Northern, 2011: 4
  54. ↑ CYP, 2008: 20
  55. ↑ CYP, 2008: 21
  56. ↑ EHST, 2008: 52
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 Pevsner, 1983: 271
  58. ↑ Lewis, 1843: 613
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 Cox, 1842–3: 59
  60. ↑ Historic England. "Church of St Alban (1299810)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  61. ↑ English Heritage building reference 303823, listing reference NGR: NZ2721160966
  62. ↑ Historic England. "Gate piers, Gates and Overthrow to the east of Church of St Alban (1355089)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  63. ↑ English Heritage building reference 303824, listing reference NZ2723460949
  64. ↑ Quinn, 2004: 12
  65. ↑ Quinn, 2004: 4
  66. ↑ Whellan, 1855: 389
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Author unknown, Windy Nook Methodist Church, Tyne and Wear Archives and Museums (retrieved 3 July 2012)
  68. ↑ Antliff, 1864: 554
  69. ↑ Gateshead Council Planning Reference DC/03/00975/FUL (retrieved 3 July 2012)
  70. ↑ Barker, 2010: 1
  71. ↑ Author unknown, Bay Horse, Scottish and Newcastle Breweries (retrieved 3 July 2012)
  72. ↑ 'England - Durham: 007', Ordnance Survey 1:10,560 - Epoch 1 (1862). A version may be available at British History online (date accessed 3 July 2012)
  73. ↑ Application No: DC/11/00996/FUL. Dowling, 2001: 63 – 68
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Author unknown, Windy Nook– Richard Cole, Gateshead Council (retrieved 3 July 2012)
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 Author unknown, Windy Nook , Public Monuments and Sculpture Association (retrieved 3 July 2012)
  76. ↑ NPE, 2008: 9
  77. ↑ Author unknown, Domesday, the BBC, 1986 (retrieved 3 July 2012)
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Ross, Windy Nook Nature Park Local Nature reserve, Gateshead Council (retrieved 3 July 2012)
  79. ↑ Author unknown, Appendix 8: Sites of Nature Conservation Importance (SNCIs), Gateshead Council (retrieved 3 July 2012)
  80. ↑ GSP, 2006: 12
  81. ↑ Davies, 2012: paras 1–5
  82. ↑ Author unknown, News in brief, The Northern Echo, 17 May 2012 (retrieved 3 July 2012)
  83. ↑ Unknown (2012). "NE10 – Crime Statistics Commentary". Northumbria Police. (accessed 17 September 2012)
  84. ↑ "New Gateshead gyms will bring people outdoors". Newcastle Evening Chronicle. 6 November 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  85. ↑ Bailey, 1988: 190
  86. ↑ Registered charity number 222673
  87. ↑ Singleton, 2003: 25
  88. ↑ Author unknown, Charity Overview– Durham Aged Mineworkers' Homes Association, the Charity Commission (retrieved 2 July 2012)
  89. ↑ Oxberry and Hopper, 1924
  90. ↑ Author Unknown, John Oxberry (1857–1940) receiving the freedom of the Borough at the Shipley Art Gallery 22 December 1937, Gateshead Council photographic archives at ASAP Live website (retrieved 2 July 2012).
  91. ↑ Robertson, 2004: paras 1–2
  92. ↑ Robertson, 2004: para.6
  93. ↑ Robertson, 2004: para. 7
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 Author unknown, The Lady Killers, Daily Mirror, September 17, 2011
  95. ↑ Lloyd, 2008: paras 20–30
  96. ↑ Robertson, 2004: paras 12–15
  97. ↑ Lloyd, 2008: paras 31–33
  98. ↑ Robertson, 2004: para.17
  99. ↑ GE 13, 2008: 4
  100. ↑ Author unknown, Route Map CityLink, Go North East (retrieved 2 July 2012). Distance is taken from Felling Square, which is at the neighbourhood boundary with Windy Nook.
  101. ↑ ESTH, 2008: 55
  102. ↑ Author unknown, Nexus Buses 68, Go North East (retrieved 2 July 2012)
  103. ↑ Author Unknown, Route Map Orbit, Go North East (retrieved 2 July 2012)
  104. ↑ Author unknown, Route Map, City Link, Go North East (retrieved 20 June 2012).
  105. ↑ Author unknown, Route Map Pulse, Go North East (retrieved 2 July 2012)
  106. ↑ Author unknown, Route Map Loop, Go North East (retrieved 2 July 2012)
  107. ↑ Author unknown, "What is Nexus?", Nexus (retrieved 2 July 2012)
  108. ↑ "View All Routes". Go North East. Retrieved March 2014.

Bibliography

Texts and academic sources

Journals, reports and other sources

Where an abbreviation is used in the references this is indicated below in (brackets) at the end of the source name. When a source is available online, a link has been included.