William Mulock

The Honourable
Sir William Mulock
PC, KCMG, MP, QC
William Mulock, age 53 (1896)
(Acting) Lieutenant Governor of Ontario
In office
October 25, 1931 – November 1, 1932
Monarch George V
Governor General The Earl of Bessborough
Premier George Stewart Henry
Preceded by William Donald Ross
Succeeded by Herbert Alexander Bruce
Member of the Canadian Parliament
for York North
In office
1882–1905
Preceded by Frederick William Strange
Succeeded by Allen Bristol Aylesworth
Personal details
Born January 19, 1843
Bond Head, Canada West
Died October 1, 1944 (aged 101)
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Occupation Canadian lawyer, businessman, educator, farmer, politician, judge, and philanthropist
Known for Federation of University of Toronto, Imperial Penny Post, Canadian Department of Labour, bringing Mackenzie King into public life

Sir William Mulock, PC, KCMG, MP, QC, LL.D (January 19, 1843[1][2] – October 1, 1944) was a Canadian lawyer, businessman, educator, farmer, politician, judge, and philanthropist.

He served as vice-chancellor of the University of Toronto from 1881 to 1900, negotiating the federation of denominational colleges and professional schools into a modern university.

He was elected to the Canadian House of Commons as a Liberal Member of Parliament and served from 1882 to 1905. Sir Wilfrid Laurier appointed him to the Canadian Cabinet as Postmaster General from 1896 to 1905. In 1900, Mulock established the Department of Labour, bringing William Lyon Mackenzie King into public life as his Deputy Minister.

He initiated the final agreement for a transpacific cable linking Canada to Australia and New Zealand, and funded Marconi to establish the first transatlantic radio link from North America to Europe. In 1905 he chaired the parliamentary inquiry into telephones that led to regulation of Canadian telecommunications, and he participated in the negotiations that led to the creation of the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.

He was Chief Justice of the Exchequer Division of the Supreme Court of Ontario from 1905 until appointed by King in 1923 as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ontario, a position he held until 1936. From 1931 to 1932, he served as the acting Lieutenant Governor of Ontario.

Mulock was extremely active in both business and the community, being involved in the foundation of organizations as diverse as the Toronto-Dominion Bank, the Toronto Star, Toronto Wellesley Hospital, and Canada's first national peace organization. In later life he was known as the "Grand Old Man" of Canada.

Early life

Mulock was born in Bond Head, Canada West, the son of Irish immigrant Thomas Homan Mulock and Mary, the daughter of John Cawthra.[3] His father, a physician educated in Dublin at the Royal College of Surgeons and the Medical School of Trinity College, died when Mulock was 4 years old. His mother then moved the family to Newmarket, Ontario, where he was educated at the Newmarket Grammar School. Mulock's older brother, John, died in 1852; he had two sisters Marian and Rosamund (later married to George W. Monk). The family endured genteel poverty after the father's death, so Mulock spent much time chopping wood, milking the family cow, growing vegetables in the family garden, and on outside work such as repairing the local corduroy roads.[3][4]

University of Toronto

Student

University College in 1859

Mulock entered the new University College in Toronto in 1859; his classmates included J.M. Gibson, W.D. Lesueur, and W.B. McMurrich. On November 9, 1861, Mulock captained one of the teams in the first gridiron football game ever recorded.[5] During the Trent Affair of 1862, Mulock asked the head of the college John McCaul to call a student meeting that led to the formation of the University Company of volunteers, later K Company of the Queen's Own Rifles. At the time of the Fenian Raids in 1866, Mulock received training at the Royal Military School and was enlisted in the regiment for three weeks, but never saw action.[6]

Starting at the same time that Mulock arrived, Egerton Ryerson led a sustained attack on the University over money and the proper purpose of a university education. Ryerson did not think that modern languages or history, practical courses, nor even Law or Medicine belonged in a university, and a Royal Commission was struck which recommended that the endowment of the University be distributed among all Ontario colleges. The defence of the university culminated in a large meeting at the St. Lawrence Hall on March 5, 1863, where Mulock moved the concluding motion.[7] These efforts allowed the University to "escape extinction", according to Sir Daniel Wilson.[8]

After graduating in 1863 with the Gold Medal for Modern Languages, Mulock became a law student, first articled to Alfred Boultbee in Newmarket, and then in Toronto, eventually in the firm of Senator John Ross. To support himself, Mulock became a house-master at Upper Canada College. Mulock was called to the bar in 1868.[9]

University Senator (1873–1944)

After graduating, Mulock, Edward Blake, Thomas Moss, and James Loudon led the struggle to broaden the University of Toronto Senate to include elected members. As a result, Ontario Minister of Education Adam Crooks passed legislation in 1873 that added 15 new senators elected by the alumni. Mulock was elected and remained a member for 71 years. Mulock moved and passed the first requirement that University finances be reported to the senate and made public. Largely due to the efforts of Mulock and Loudon, in 1876 a School of Science was established and in 1878 an independent School of Practical Science (which joined the university in 1889 as the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering).[10]

In 1873 the Law Society of Upper Canada established a Law School, and Mulock soon became Lecturer and Examiner in Equity. After the school closed in 1878, the Osgoode Literary and Legal Society attempted to provide replacement instruction, with Mulock lecturing on Partnership.[11] When Mulock became Vice-Chancellor, one of his goals was to establish the best Law Faculty on the continent.[12]

Vice-Chancellor (1881–1900)

Mulock in 1883

Mulock was elected Vice-Chancellor in 1881. The University of Toronto then consisted of two small buildings, and the rest of higher education in Ontario was distributed among a variety of denominational colleges and small independent professional schools. Mulock believed that a single federated university would be more efficient, less expensive, and provide better educational opportunities to students, especially in sciences and the professions. He negotiated around resistance from many quarters, leading to the Federation Act in 1887 and affiliation (and later federation) with St. Michael's College in 1881, Wycliffe College and Knox College in 1885, the Ontario College of Agriculture and the Royal College of Dental Surgeons in 1888, Victoria College, the Ontario Medical College for Women and the Toronto College of Music in 1890, the College of Pharmacy in 1891, the Toronto Conservatory of Music in 1896, and the Ontario Veterinary College in 1897. In opposition to followers of John Rolph who believed medical education should be paid for by students since they would soon have a good income treating patients, Mulock thought it better to reduce disease by spending public money to train doctors.[13] The Federation Act established new faculties of Medicine and Law. Mulock efforts were not popular with everyone, but he survived several attempts to remove him from office, resigning in 1900 because of his increased political responsibilities.[14] As part of his internecine battles, Mulock secretly aided William Lyon Mackenzie King and other student leaders of the February 1895 student strike.[15]

In June 1893, Mulock provided the articling position needed by pioneering student-at-law Clara Brett Martin. Martin was so badly treated by her fellow male students that she eventually switched to another firm, but in 1897 she became the first female lawyer in the British Empire.[16]

In 1897, Mulock hired surgeon Herbert Bruce into the Faculty of Medicine without consultation.[17] Mulock later helped finance Bruce's new Wellesley Hospital and was the first Chair of its Board of Directors.[18]

The University awarded Mulock an Honorary Doctorate of Laws in 1894.[19] While Vice-Chancellor, Mulock accepted no salary, and the money accumulated was donated to the university.[20]

In 1906, the elected office of Vice-Chancellor was abolished; the unelected President of the University took over as Chair of the Senate. Mulock later spoke out against this "reactionary step", especially since the Act also "put the elected members of the senate in a hopeless minority" and reduced the senate's responsibilities to academic matters only.[21]

Mulock Cup

Chancellor (1924–1944)

After Sir William Meredith's death in 1923, Mulock was nominated for the primarily ceremonial role of Chancellor. Mulock was supported by most elected representatives, but opposed by most professors. The senate elected Sir Edmund Walker, but Walker died shortly thereafter. Mulock was subsequently elected unanimously as Chancellor on April 28, 1924[21] and served until his death.

Mulock's proudest achievements were his contributions to the University of Toronto.[22] His memorials at the university include the Mulock Cup, Canada's oldest continuously awarded sporting trophy,[23] the William Mulock Prize in Mathematics and Physics,[24] the William Mulock Prize in Classics,[25] and Mulock House in Whitney Hall residence.

Politics & Law

Mulock entered politics in 1881, unsuccessfully seeking the Liberal nomination in the then strongly Conservative federal riding of York North. The winning nominee, Dr. John Widderfield, later withdrew and was replaced by Mulock, who then unexpectedly defeated the Conservative incumbent in the 1882 election. Mulock remained in Opposition through two subsequent elections until 1896 when the Liberals under Wilfrid Laurier took power.[26] In order to provide "clean government", Mulock raised sufficient funds that year to provide Laurier with financial independence.[27]

Postmaster General (1896–1905)

Laurier appointed Mulock as Postmaster General.[28] He inherited an inefficient bureaucracy that was losing almost a million dollars a year, but he believed that improved service and lower prices would increase revenue and better connect Canada and the British Empire.[29] He campaigned for lower rates throughout the Empire, and when met by resistance decided to go it alone, announcing that at the end of 1897 Canada would unilaterally lower the letter rate to Britain from five to three cents. In response, a conference of all British Empire postal authorities was called for the summer of 1898. Over the objections of the Australian colonies and New Zealand, Mulock succeeded in implementing an Imperial Penny Post. Mulock also took advantage of this meeting to negotiate the final financial agreement for the transpacific cable first proposed by Sir Sandford Fleming to link Canada to Australia and New Zealand. The cable was completed on October 31, 1902, finishing the All Red Line.[30] By 1903, the Post Office was generating a surplus of almost a million dollars a year.[29]

1898 Christmas Stamp

To mark the start of the Imperial Penny Post, Mulock personally designed and issued a new stamp with a map of the world showing the extent of the British Empire. Partly by accident, this became the world's first Christmas stamp.[31]

On April 1, 1898, Mulock introduced an amendment to the Post Office Act that made Canada the first country in the world to give Franking privileges, i.e. free postage, for Braille materials and books for the blind.[32] He also initiated a program to provide Post Office employment for the deaf.[33]

After the first successful transatlantic radio communication in 1901 to his station at Signal Hill, Newfoundland, Guglielmo Marconi learned that the Anglo-American Cable Company had a monopoly on transatlantic telegraphy from Newfoundland, so he planned to move to a new location in the United States. When Mulock learned this, he immediately negotiated an agreement with Marconi for him to set up his North American radio station in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, where the first transatlantic message from North America was sent on December 17, 1902.[29]

Mulock was Canada's representative at the opening of Australia's first Parliament in 1901, and was one of Canadian representatives at the coronation of King Edward VII.[34] Mulock was knighted in 1902 for his services, in particular for the Penny Post, Transpacific Cable, and wireless telegraphy between Canada and Great Britain.[29]

In order to protect the public against Quackery Mulock amended the Post Office in 1904 to curtail advertising of "marvellous, extravagant or grossly improbable cures".[35] Mulock was also active in the negotiations that led to the formation of the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905.[36]

Mulock advocated public ownership of the telephone system. (Toronto Telegram, October 24, 1905)

In 1905, Mulock chaired the select parliamentary inquiry into telephone systems, especially the unregulated Bell Telephone monopoly.[37] The committee shed much light on the operations and finances of Bell, but Mulock was replaced when it became apparent that he was likely to recommend the telephone service be a government owned utility. The committee's work nevertheless led in 1906 to the first federal regulation of telephone and telegram service by the Board of Railway Commissioners, the ancestor of the current Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission. Despite being a wealthy businessman and fervent anticommunist, Mulock believed that government operation of public franchises provided better service at lower cost, with greater protection of personal privacy and public interest.[38]

Mulock was probably the best administrator in the Laurier Cabinet, but he did not always consider the political consequences of his actions. Without consulting Laurier, he fired the influential journalist Arthur Dansereau as Montreal's Postmaster. Mulock had ample cause, but Laurier immediately ordered Dansereau reinstated, straining Laurier's relationship with Mulock.[39]

Mulock once let politics try to overrule physics. He proposed the Newmarket Canal to the centre of his Riding to help local industry, despite engineering reports that that natural water flow would leave the canal dry for much of the year. "Mulock's Madness" was cancelled when Robert Borden became Prime Minister in 1911, but its partially completed remains are still prominent.[40]

Minister of Labour (1900–1905)

While Postmaster-General, Mulock learned from Mackenzie King that Post Office uniforms were being produced in sweatshops.[41] He immediately revised Post Office contracting policy so that all uniforms would be produced under Government approved conditions. In 1900, Mulock introduced "The Fair Wages Resolution" governing all Canadian government contracting, and an Act that created the Department of Labour and the Labour Gazette (one of the ancestors of Statistics Canada). Mulock became Canada's first Minister of Labour in addition to his Post Office responsibilities. In response to an urgent telegram from Mulock, Mackenzie King turned down a better paid academic position at Harvard to become Editor of the Labour Gazette and subsequently the first Deputy Minister of Labour. King eventually became Canada's longest serving Prime Minister, and remained friends with Mulock for the rest of his life. In 1903 Mulock introduced compulsory arbitration to Canada through the Railway Disputes Act.

Mulock retired from politics in 1905 due to rheumatism and neuritis exacerbated by overwork,[42] but the movement of his political views to the left may also have contributed to his decision.[40]

Chief Justice

Mulock was appointed Chief Justice of the Exchequer (1905–1923) and subsequently Chief Justice of Ontario (1923–1936). He served until age 93, probably a record for a Canadian court; lawyers referred to Mulock and his elderly colleagues as "murderers' row".[43] As Chief Justice of Ontario, Mulock participated in many widely publicized cases, such as quashing the rape conviction from Louis-Mathias Auger's first trial in 1929.[44]

On February 28, 1930, a Ku Klux Klan mob invaded the home of a mixed race couple in Oakville, Ontario. Several men were eventually convicted, but given only a small fine. On appeal, Mulock described the fine as a "travesty of justice", and replaced it with a three-month prison term. Mulock reported himself as an ardent abolitionist in his youth, and as a politician he actively campaigned in black communities,[4] but in his ruling Mulock denounced only mob law, not the underlying racial issues. This ruling marked the start of a significant decline in Klan activity in Canada.[45]

In 1931, Tim Buck and seven other members of the Communist Party of Canada were convicted of seditious conspiracy and membership in an unlawful organization. The strongly anticommunist Mulock presided over the appeal of the convictions in 1932, and despite dismissing the conspiracy charge, upheld the other convictions and his lengthy written decision established the Communist Party as an unlawful organization, effectively banning it.[46]

By modern standards, Mulock's judgements were not always free of apparent bias or conflicts of interest. In the long and very public case of "Campbell v Hogg", he was close to all participants, and Elizabeth Campbell was so unhappy with his court's judgement that to overturn it she became the first woman to argue a case before the Privy Council.[47]

Business & Community

Mulock returns to his farm in 1905 (Toronto Telegram, October 13, 1905)

Farming

In 1880, Mulock purchased a large property on what is now the northwest corner of Mulock Drive and Yonge Street in Newmarket. On almost 400 acres Mulock established a manorial estate and model farm, known for its flowers, black walnut grove, apple orchard, and prize shorthorn cattle and shetland ponies.[48] In political life, Mulock was often referred to as "Farmer Bill". The farm was used to try out new methods and crops, and provided agricultural and leadership training for many students from the Ontario College of Agriculture.[49] In 1926, Mulock purchased a second farm in Markdale, Ontario for trout fishing[50] and reforestation.[51]

Banking and Commerce

Mulock's (and later his son's) firm represented many commercial interests, including Consumers Gas (Enbridge), the American Bank Note Company, and Sun Life.[52] He was President of the Victoria Rolling Stock Company and the Farmers' Loan and Savings Co.,[53] and had real estate interests.[54] In 1911, Mulock, Sir Henry Pellatt, and Charles Millar took control of O'Keefe Brewing, a brand now owned by Molson Coors Brewing Company.

Mulock was one of the founders of The Dominion Bank,[55] which opened for business in 1871 and in 1955 merged with the Bank of Toronto to form the Toronto-Dominion Bank, currently Canada's second largest bank. He was also one of the founders (1882) and Directors of Toronto General Trust,[56] Canada's first trust company and an ancestor of TD Canada Trust.

In 1899, as chief Liberal Party organizer in Ontario, Mulock wanted a Liberal paper to counterbalance the Conservative Toronto Telegram. He led a group that purchased the ailing Toronto Star and offered Joseph Atkinson the position as editor. Atkinson accepted on the condition that he have editorial independence and that part of his pay would be in shares. Mulock unhappily agreed, and Mulock and Atkinson clashed for the rest of their lives. It gave Atkinson great pleasure at the 1913 annual shareholders meeting to interrupt Mulock in mid-tirade to announce that he was now the majority shareholder and would do what he chose.[57]

Community and philanthropy

Throughout his life, Mulock's strong interest in "plain people (and) public practical problems"[58] involved him in leadership in innumerable community organizations. These included the CNIB,[32] the Federation for Community Service[59] (an ancestor of the United Way), St. John Ambulance, the Working Boys Home,[34] and the Soldiers Rehabilitation Fund.[60] Cardinal McQuigan credited Mulock with helping Catholics fully participate in the civic life of Ontario.[61] In 1925, Mulock was the leading organizer of the Banting Research Foundation, Canada's first medical research foundation.[62]

Despite playing a key role in forcing Laurier to commit Canadian forces in the Boer War,[63] after his retirement from politics, Mulock spoke out against militarism.[64] Mulock became the first president of Canada's first national, secular peace organization, the Canadian Peace and Arbitration Society, founded in 1905 by Charles Ambrose Zavitz.[65] When Britain entered World War I, Mulock immediately started organizing the Toronto and York County Patriotic Fund (later part of the Canadian Patriotic Fund) to assist soldier's families. Mulock was President of the Toronto and York Fund for its entire existence (and chair of the Canadian executive[66]); the Toronto fund raised $8,939,143, with only about 2% spent on expenses.[67] At age 99 during World War II, he served as Chair of the Canadian Committee of the International YMCA, responsible for supervising enemy prisoners in Canada. He considered information from Canadian prison camp officials to be hearsay that could not replace direct inspection.[68]

Personal life and Character

Lady Sarah Ellen Mullock
Lady Sarah Ellen Mullock
Prime Minister Mackenzie King and Sir William Mulock at breakfast on Mulock's 101st birthday
Prime Minister Mackenzie King and Sir William Mulock at breakfast on Mulock's 101st birthday

William Mulock married in May 1870 Sarah Ellen Crowther, daughter of James Crowther. She was born and educated in Toronto. The couple lived at 518 Jarvis Street in Toronto.[69] The couple had six children (William, Edith, Sarah, Ethel, James, Cawthra[70]). Mulock's grandson William Pate Mulock was also a MP for York North.

Mulock's use of profanity was said to be the most picturesque in parliament,[71] and he was known for his consumption of Cuban cigars and rye whiskey. Just before Prohibition came into force in Ontario in 1916, he had special concrete compartments built in his house into which he stored a lifetime supply of whiskey.[17]

Mulock was described as "The man who did",[34] his work ethic recognized even by those who sometimes disagreed with what he did. Sir Daniel Wilson referred to him as "the mule".[72] At a luncheon in his honour shortly after his 87th birthday, Mulock described his attitude on growing old:[73]

I'm still at work with my hand to the plough and my face to the future. The shadows of evening … lengthen about me but morning is in my heart. … the testimony I bear is this: that the castle of enchantment is not yet behind me, it is before me still and daily I catch glimpses of its battlements and towers. The best of life is always further on. The real lure is hidden from our eyes, somewhere behind the hills of time.

Mulock is buried in Newmarket Cemetery.[74] The Sir William Mulock Secondary School, Mulock Drive (York Regional Road 74) in Newmarket, Ontario, and Mulock Island[75] in Algoma District, Ontario are named in his honour.

Notes

  1. ↑ Most sources after 1914 incorrectly list Mulock's birthyear as 1844. See "Old Reference Books raise a question". The Globe and Mail. January 20, 1944. p. 22. Mulock's birth was not registered (Loudon, p. 185), and after Mulock's death his grandson reported that the family bible recorded the birth year as 1843. See Globe and Mail Obituary and Toronto Star Obituary
  2. ↑ "MULOCK, Hon. Sir William". Who's Who, 59: p. 1273. 1907.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Loudon, pp. 14–30
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Sir William Mulock Reviews the Past". The Newmarket Era (Newmarket, Ontario). April 6, 1934. pp. 1–2.
  5. ↑ "a football game on Saturday, November 9, 1861, at 3 pm precisely". Reed, T.A., ed. (1944). The Blue and the White: A Record of Fifty Years of Athletic Endeavour at the University of Toronto. University of Toronto Press. pp. 84–86. See also "Timeline 1860s". Canadian Football League. Retrieved December 6, 2010.
  6. ↑ Loudon, pp. 35–55, UofT Senate
  7. ↑ Friedland, pp. 64–73
  8. ↑ UofT Senate
  9. ↑ Hodgins, William E., ed. (1879). A Complete Law List for the Province of Ontario. Toronto: Rowsell and Hutchison. p. 213.
  10. ↑ Loudon, pp. 61–72
  11. ↑ Gillis, Edward (1905). "Legal Education in Ontario: An Historical Sketch". The Canadian Law Review 4: 101–107.
  12. ↑ Friedland, p. 140
  13. ↑ Godfrey, Charles (2001). Bruce: surgeon, soldier, statesman, sonofa. Madoc, Ontario: Codam. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-9684226-1-8.
  14. ↑ Loudon, pp. 73–82
  15. ↑ H.H. Langton, Robert H. Blackburn (1988). "Mackenzie King, William Mulock, James Mavor and the University of Toronto students' revolt of 1895". The Canadian Historical Review 68 (4): 490–503.
  16. ↑ Backhouse, Constance (1991). Petticoats & Prejudice. Toronto: The Women's Press for the Osgoode Society. pp. 309–321. ISBN 0-88961-161-0.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Bruce, Herbert (1958). Varied Operations. Toronto: Longmans, Green & Co. pp. 65,82,137,274–280.
  18. ↑ Goyette, David; Magill, Dennis; Denis, Jeff (2006). Survival strategies: the life, death and renaissance of a Canadian teaching hospital. Toronto: Canadian Scholars' Press. p. 38. ISBN 1-55130-304-3.
  19. ↑ "Honorary Degree Recipients: 1850–2010" (PDF). University of Toronto.
  20. ↑ Loudon, p. 214
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Loudon, pp. 149–155
  22. ↑ Knowles, R. E. (November 30, 1928). "Hard Work Is A Good Thing Says Sir William Mulock". Toronto Star. pp. 1–2.
  23. ↑ "Mulock Cup". University of Toronto. October 28, 2004.
  24. ↑ "Undergraduate Scholarships in Mathematics". University of Toronto.
  25. ↑ "University College In-Course Scholarships". University of Toronto.
  26. ↑ Loudon, pp. 90–93
  27. ↑ Schull, p. 325
  28. ↑ Skelton, Oscar Douglas (1921). Life and Letters of Sir Wilfrid Laurier 2. Toronto: S.B. Gundy Oxford University Press. p. 10.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 Loudon, pp. 94–105
  30. ↑ Boyce, Robert W.D. (February 2000). "Imperial Dreams and National Realities:Britain, Canada and the Struggle for a Pacific Telegraph Cable, 1879–1902". English Historical Review 115 (460): 39–70. doi:10.1093/ehr/115.460.39.
  31. ↑ "Canada's XMAS 1898 Map Stamp". Retrieved December 24, 2010. See also Poole, Bertram W. H. (1917). The Stamps of Canada. Boston: Severn-Wylie-Jewett. pp. 52–53.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "CNIB – 2006 Recipient". Canadian National Institute for the Blind. See also Herie, Euclid (2005). Journey to independence: blindness, the Canadian story. Toronto: Dundurn Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-55002-559-0.
  33. ↑ The Globe and Mail (October 5, 1905). "Work for Deaf Mutes". p. 1.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Morgan 1912
  35. ↑ Godfrey, Charles M. (1979). Medicine for Ontario: A History. Belleville, Ontario: Mika Publishing. ISBN 0-919303-39-0. See also "Quack Advertisements". The British Medical Journal: 1030. October 15, 1904. PMC 2355760.
  36. ↑ "Canadian Confederation: Alberta and Saskatchewan".
  37. ↑ Barney, Darin (2005). Communication Technology. Vancouver: UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-1182-8.
  38. ↑ "For Government Control: Sir William Mulock Defends Socialism on Good Foundation". The New York Times. September 7, 1902.
  39. ↑ Schull, pp. 374
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Angus, James T. (1998). A Respectable Ditch: A History of the Trent Severn Waterway, 1833–1920. Toronto: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 275–295. ISBN 978-0-7735-6133-5.
  41. ↑ Loudon, pp. 106–134
  42. ↑ Loudon, p. 135
  43. ↑ Moore, Christopher (February 1, 2010). "That's History: When judges never retired". Law Times.
  44. ↑ Backhouse, Constance. "Calculated to Reflect on the Dignity of Parliament: Rape in the House of Commons, Ottawa 1929". Retrieved December 24, 2010.
  45. ↑ Backhouse, Constance (1999). Colour-Coded: A Legal History of Racism in Canada, 1900–1950. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 173–225. ISBN 0-8020-8286-6.
  46. ↑ Betcherman, Lita-Rose (1982). The Little Band. Ottawa: Deneau Publishing. pp. 207–211. ISBN 0-88879-071-6.
  47. ↑ Backhouse, Constance; Campbell, Elizabeth L. B.; Backhouse, Nancy (2004). The heiress vs the establishment: Mrs. Campbell's campaign for legal justice. Vancouver: UBC Press for the Osgoode Society. ISBN 0-7748-1052-1.
  48. ↑ Bridle, RTL
  49. ↑ UofT Senate and "Board Meeting Minutes" (PDF). York Region District School Board. June 15, 2000. p. 19.
  50. ↑ Loudon, pp. 159–164
  51. ↑ "Sir William Mulock Opens Trout Season at Holland House". Toronto Star. May 7, 1934. p. 24.
  52. ↑ Wharton, Reginald A. (1911). "Appendix". Canadian Legal Directory. p. 26.
  53. ↑ Morgan 1898
  54. ↑ "Sir William Mulock Sells Bloor-Bay Corner Interest". Toronto Daily Star. September 6, 1929. p. 24.
  55. ↑ Wallace, W. Stewart, ed. (1948). The Encyclopedia of Canada. Toronto: University Associates of Canada. pp. 224–224. See also Williams, Fred (February 1, 1930). "Fifty-ninth Birthday of the Dominion Bank" (PDF). The Mail and Empire (Toronto).
  56. ↑ Backhouse 2004, p. 18
  57. ↑ Harkness, Ross (1963). J.E. Atkinson of the Star. Toronto Star Limited. pp. 20,22,55,96,160.
  58. ↑ Vining
  59. ↑ "Sir William Mulock Chairman At Campaign Opening". Toronto Daily Star. November 4, 1929. p. 5.
  60. ↑ "Legion of Lost Youth Will Be Given Help By Former Officers". The Globe (Toronto). March 27, 1930. p. 13.
  61. ↑ "Archbishop pays glowing tribute to Sir William as benefactor of Catholic people of Ontario". The Newmarket Era (Newmarket, Ontario). August 21, 1941. p. 1.
  62. ↑ Bliss, Michael (1992). Banting: A Biography. University of Toronto Press. p. 153. ISBN 0-8020-7387-5.
  63. ↑ Miller, Carmen (1993). Painting the Map Red: Canada and the South African War 1899–1902. Canadian War Museum and McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 46–49,436. ISBN 0-7735-0913-5.
  64. ↑ The Globe (Toronto). August 29, 1906. p. 1. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  65. ↑ Socknat, Arthur P. (December 1985). "Quaker Bridges to Peace" (PDF). Newsletter of the Canadian Friends Historical Association (38) (Toronto). p. 22.
  66. ↑ Christie, Nancy (2000). Engendering the state: family, work, and welfare in Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 50. ISBN 0-8020-4768-8.
  67. ↑ Loudon, pp. 139–148
  68. ↑ "Sir William Visits German Prisoners' Camp To Satisfy Himself They Are Well Treated". The Newmarket Era (Newmarket, Ontario). May 14, 1942. p. 2.
  69. ↑ Morgan, Henry James Types of Canadian women and of women who are or have been connected with Canada : (Toronto, 1903)
  70. ↑ Mulvany, Charles Pelham (1885). History of Toronto and County of York, Ontario 2. Toronto: C. Blackett Robinson. pp. 410–411.
  71. ↑ Schull, p. 210
  72. ↑ Friedland, p. 100
  73. ↑ "A Complimentary Luncheon to The Right Honourable Sir William Mulock …". The Empire Club of Canada Addresses. February 13, 1930. and Loudon, p. 180
  74. ↑ "Sir William Mulock Buried In Newmarket Family Plot; Town Mourns Kindly Friend". The Newmarket Era (Newmarket, Ontario). October 5, 1944. pp. 1–4.
  75. ↑ "Papers and Records, Vol. XI". Ontario Historical Society. 1913. p. 58.

References

External links

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Mulock, Sir William.
Parliament of Canada
Preceded by
Frederick William Strange, Lib.-Cons.		 Member of Parliament for York North
1882–1905 		Succeeded by
Allen Bristol Aylesworth, Liberal
Academic offices
Preceded by
Byron Edmund Walker		 Chancellor of the University of Toronto
1924–1944 		Succeeded by
Henry John Cody
Wikiquote has quotations related to: William Mulock