Wildlife of Ukraine

Pine forest near Klavdievo, Borodianka Raion, Kiev Oblast, Ukraine.

Wildlife of Ukraine includes its diverse fauna and flora. The reported fauna includes forty-five thousand species including the areas of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.[1] Protected areas consist of 33 Ramsar sites covering an area of 7,446.51 square kilometres (2,875.11 sq mi). Biosphere nature reserves and three national parks are all part of the GEF projects portfolio of conservation of biodiversity in the Danube Delta.[2][3] Their vegetation pattern is Mixed Forest area, Forest-Steppe area, Steppe area, Ukrainian Carpathian Mountains and Crimean Mountains. Some of the protected areas which were reserves or parks are subsumed under the biosphere reserves.[4]

The isolated or abandoned zone of the Chernobyl nuclear power station disaster around the city of Chernobyl, while evacuated of all human habitation, has an abundance of wildlife which are reported to be multiplying in numbers. However, reports indicate that bird brains are 5% smaller size in size, and the insect and spider population is in decline.[5]

Geography of Ukrainian wildlife

Ukrainian Carpathians
Crimean peninsula

A synopsis of Ukraine's faunal and flora history was noted in Stephen Rudnicki's Ukraine, the Land and Its People: An Introduction to Its Geography (1912): "Ukraine has a much more varied plant and animal geography than the proper Russian territory, despite the latter's much greater extent. In Ukraine, the borders of three main divisions of plant-geography of Europe meet—the Mediterranean division, the steppe region, and the forest region, with their transition regions. Besides, we meet in Ukraine three mountain regions—the Carpathian, the Crimean, and the Caucasian. In respect to flora, Ukraine possesses only a few endemic species. To be sure the great ice period covered only comparatively small areas of Ukraine with its glacier, but the polar flora undoubtedly prevailed in the entire country at that time. After the withdrawal of the glacier, steppes first appeared in its place, which then, especially in the Northwest, were forced to make room for a forest flora that had immigrated from Central Europe and Siberia. Hence, despite the considerable area of Ukraine, so few endemic species. Since those primeval days, only a very few natural changes have occurred in the vegetation of Ukraine. However, man, through his cultural activity, has wrought many changes in the plant-world of the country."[6]

Vegetation

Wild hollyhock in a field near Tylihul estuary.

Ukraine's climate influences the country's distinctive forest stands.[7] Deciduous make up 52% with the balance being coniferous. The most densely forested area of Ukraine is in the northwest in Polisia where pine, oak, and birch are the main tree species. In the north-central area, where the forest-steppe belt is located, the main species are oak, pine, hornbeam. In the southeast area, the steppe-belt is situated, oak and pine are the main species. Mountainous areas are characterized by three different zones: lower slopes contain mixed forests, higher elevations contain pine forests, and the highest altitudes contain alpine meadows. In the Carpathian Mountains, beech, oak, and spruce are the main tree types, while in the Crimean Mountains, beech and oak form the largest numbers.[8] Along the Crimean peninsular coast, the vegetation is characterized by deciduous and evergreen plants.[9]

Fauna

Egretta garzetta in Belosarayskoy Spit, Sea of Azov, Ukraine

There are 45,000 fuanal species reported. mammal species number about 108, birds number about 400 species (350 is also mentioned[10]), there are 21 species of reptiles, fish (including subspecies) number about 170 (200 is also mentioned[10])), and amphibians number 17 species. There are about 35,000 invertebrates which include species of insects (of which 12 species are reported endemic). The Carpathian and the Crimea region are the dominant habitats of endemic species.[1] Some of the faunal taxon reported by Animal Diversity web are the European ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus), European bison (Bison bonasus), European shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis), steppe polecat (Mustela eversmanii) and Eurasian elk (Alces alces).[11]

A wide variety of birds are found in Ukraine, those reported including game birds, nighthawks, raptors, song birds, swifts, waders, and waterfowl.[12] Some of the bird species noted are black grouse, hazel grouse, gull, owl, and partridges, while duck, stork, and wild goose, which are migratory.[10] The total number of migratory birds is reported as 100 species.[1]

Mammals include elk, fox, marten, mouflon, roe deer, wildcat, wild pig, and wolf. Rodents mentioned are mice, gophers, and jerboas. Some of the fish species recorded include perch, pike, sterlet, and sturgeon.[10]

Aqua fauna of the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov and estuary have 32 animal species which belong to the pontocaspian genera.[1]

There are approximately 385 endangered species listed in the Red Book of Ukraine. These are made up of 41 species of mammals, 67 species of birds, 8 species of amphibians and reptiles, 32 species of fish, 173 species of insects, 12 species of mollusks, 26 species of cancroid, 7 species of annelida, 3 species of centipedes, 2 species of nematodes, 2 species of hydro polyps and 2 species of chubby-faced.[1]

Conservation

Cape Kazantyp

Conservation effort is through 33 Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance which cover an area of 7,446.51 square kilometres, three biosphere reserves and three national parks.[2][3]

Ramsar wetlands

The 33 wetlands inscribed under Ramsar Convention from 1994 till 2013 are the: Aquatic cliff complex of Cape Kazantyp (2004, 251 ha), Aquatic cliff complex of Karadag (2004, 224 ha), Aquatic coastal complex of Cape Opuk (2004, 775 ha), Bakotska Bay (2004, 1,590 ha), Berda River Mouth and Berdianka Spit and Berdianska Bay (1995, 1,800 ha), Big Chapelsk Depression (2004, 2,359 ha), Bilosaraiska Bay and Bilosaraiska Spit (1995, 2,000 ha), Central Syvash (1995, 80,000 ha), Desna River Floodplains (2004, 4,270 ha), Dniester Turunchuk Crossrivers Area (1995, 76,000 ha), Dnipro Oril Floodplains (2004, 2,560 ha), Dnipro River Delta (1995, 26,000 ha), Eastern Syvash (1995, 165,000 ha), Karkinitska and Dzharylgatska Bays (1995, 87,000 ha), Kartal Lake (1995, 500 ha), Kryva Bay and Kryva Spit (1995, 1,400 ha), Kugurlui Lake (1995, 6,500 ha), Kyliiske Mouth (1995, 32,800 ha), Lake Synevyr (2004, 29 ha), Lower Smotrych River (2004, 1,480 ha), Molochnyi Liman (1995, 22,400 ha), Northern Part of the Dniester Liman (1995, 20,000 ha), Obytochna Spit and Obytochna Bay (1995, 2,000 ha), Perebrody Peatlands (2004, 12,718 ha), Polissia Mires (2004, 2,145 ha), Prypiat River Floodplains (1995, 12,000 ha), Sasyk Lake (1995, 21,000 ha), Shagany Alibei Burnas Lakes System (1995, 19,000 ha), Burnas Lakes System (1995, 19,000 ha), Shatsk Lakes (1995, 32,850 ha), Stokhid River Floodplains (1995, 10,000 ha), Tendrivska Bay (1995, 38,000 ha), Tyligulskyi Liman (1995, 26,000 ha), and Yagorlytska Bay (1995, 34,000 ha).[2]

Biosphere reserves

Among the nature reserves established under the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves, the three reserves are the Danubian Biosphere Reserve covering the Lower Danube - Kyliiske Mouth, the Black Sea Biosphere Reserve covering a portion of the Black Sea - Tendrivska Bay and Yagorlytska Bay, and the Crimea Nature Reserve in a portion of the Karkinitskaya and Dzharylgatskaya Bays.[3]

National parks

The national parks are the Azovo-Syvaskyi National Nature Park, the Regional Landscape Park “Meotida” and the Azovo-Syvaskyi National Nature Park.[3]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "Welcome to State of The Environment in Ukraine". The Ministry for Environmental Protection and Nuclear Safety of Ukraine. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "The List of Wetlands of International Importance" (PDF). Ukraine. Ramsar Organization. 11 October 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "National planning tool for the implementation of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands" (PDF). Ramsar organization. 2002. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  4. ↑ "National Parks and Reserves in Ukraine". Ukraine.com. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  5. ↑ "Wildlife of Ukraine". Iberian Nature. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  6. ↑ Rudnicki 1918, p. 99.
  7. ↑ Mosquera-Losada, Riguero-Rodriguez & McAdam 2005, p. 51.
  8. ↑ Katchanovski, Kohut & Nebesio 2013, p. 185.
  9. ↑ Cleaf 2010, p. 18.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Cleaf 2010, p. 19.
  11. ↑ "Taxon Information: nara.srinivasa@gmail.com". Animal Diversity web. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  12. ↑ "Birds of Ukraine (ПТИЦА ОТ УКРАИНСКИЙ)". WORLD INSTITUTE FOR CONSERVATION & ENVIRONMENT. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
Bibliography

External links

Media related to Nature of Ukraine at Wikimedia Commons