Wiedergänger
The name "Wiedergänger" refers to different zombie or ghost phenomena from different cultural areas. The word means "one who walks again" in German, and the core of the wiedergänger myth is the concept of the deceased, who—often in the form of a physical phenomenon—return (as "undead") to the world of the living. They usually cause problems and frighten living people. They exist either to avenge some injustice they experienced while alive, or because their soul is not ready to be released, as a consequence of their former way of life.
German beliefs
In different parts of Germany, until the early 20th century, the belief was common that dead ones lived on, after their death, and exerted a disastrous influence from the grave. This influence was believed to be partly done via a telepathic effect (sympathy charm), so that the nachzehrer, as the villain was called, did not need to rise from the grave and still could suck the vitality from living persons with his open mouth, his open eye and by gnawing on the burial shroud. Other undead, in the belief of the people, rose from the graves and jumped on the back of night ramblers. This Aufhocker could assume different shapes, for example in the Rhineland, the form of the werewolf. The humans had to carry him, frequently as far as to the wall of the churchyard or to the place where the body was buried. The aufhocker (also called "huckop" or "huckupp") became ever more heavy, and the victim would finally break down exhausted or dead. In some legends, the troubled humans succeeded in banishing or redeeming the villain by a spell or a prayer. Especially in the areas marked by Catholicism the belief of the up-squatting wiedergänger merged with the belief of the soul, so that folklorists around 1920 had considerable difficulties to separate a belief in ghosts from the old nuclear belief of the undead wiedergänger. The Aufhocker after all could, according to the tradition, not be a ghost, because he had a tangible body, which also increased in weight from step to step, which would not have been possible for an immaterial spirit. Another form of the physical wiedergänger is the headless rider that, frequently mentioned in West German legends, entered into world literature and even into the history of film through the American poet Washington Irving and his novel The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.
Nordic mythology
In the sagas, wiedergänger in the form of draugar are a frequent motif. This occurs, for example, in the Hrómundar saga Gripssonar or in the Laxdœla saga. Whoever met a wiedergänger is often threatened by imminent death. Remarkable here is the stress on the physicality of the wiedergänger, which on the one hand shows in its superhuman power, but on the other hand, in its vulnerability: draugar can be killed by cutting the head off of them.
Slavic folk beliefs
In the beliefs of the Slavic people, the wiedergänger is an undead, a deceased, who gets out of his coffin and goes again among the living people. His appearance is almost always brought in connection with mischief and death, and therefore it causes fear and fright. Often the wiedergänger has to settle some affair from his lifetime or wants to practice revenge at his murderer or something similar. Also, if the dead one is mourned too much, this holds him from the final transition to the other world. In old graves this very day, there are corpses that were bound, the sinews of which were split, the limbs of which were destroyed or cut off and put crosswise on their chests, and that were impaled through their hearts. Crosses or lumps of earth overgrown with grass were put into the mouth or on the forehead. All these funeral rites should prevent a returning of the dead one. The belief in the wiedergänger mixes itself with the belief of the vampire, but their nutrition is not to that extent brought up for discussion. One tale delivered by William of Newburgh from the 13th century, of a wiedergänger from North England (The Revenant of Annant Castle), describes a case which in detail is reminiscent of the vampire-tales of south-east Europe from recent time. In the opinion of the French expert on legend and myth Claude Lecouteux, this clearly belongs into the range of the vampire-belief. It is to be assumed therefore that concepts, which were believed, previously, to be limited only to the area marked by Slavs, actually were common across much larger parts of Europe.
Belief in wiedergänger is commonly explained by the alleged fact that some time after death, corpses would grow hair and nails. Today this is disproved: it is by drainage of the skin that nails and hair of unchanged length appear to be freshly grown, because the skin contracts over time[1]) and by the fact that corpses are swollen after some time by bacterial rot. This could have contributed to the belief in vampires, since the swollen corpses looked "healthier" than the (emaciated) patients. Thus humans believed that corpses would suck off the vitality from living persons.
Literature
- Augustin Calmet: Gelehrte Verhandlung der Materie von den Erscheinungen der Geister, und der Vampire in Ungarn und Mähren. Edition Roter Drache, 2007. ISBN 978-3-939459-03-3 Scholarly negotiation of the subject of the apparitions of the spirits, and the Vampires in Hungary and Mähren
- Peter Kremer: Draculas Vettern. Auf der Suche nach den Spuren des Vampirglaubens in Deutschland. Düren 2005 Dracula's cousins. Searching for the traces of the Vampire-belief in Germany.
- Erwin Rudolf Lange: Sterben und Begräbnis im Volksglauben zwischen Weichsel und Memel. (Phil. Diss.) Würzburg 1955 (numerous information about wiedergänger-belief in the east of the Deutsche Reich) Dying and funeral in folk belief between Weichsel and Memel.
- Claude Lecouteux: Geschichte der Gespenster und Wiedergänger im Mittelalter. Böhlau, Köln 1987, ISBN 3-412-02587-9 History of the ghosts and wiedergänger in the Middle Ages.
- Michael Ranft, Nicolaus Equiamicus: Traktat von dem Kauen und Schmatzen der Toten in Gräbern. 1734, German translation from Latin 2006 in the UBooks-Verlag. ISBN 3-86608-015-8 Treatise of the chewing and smacking of the dead ones in graves.
- Matthias Schulz: Sumpf der Vampire. Eine in Niedersachsen entdeckte Moorleiche ist über 2600 Jahre alt. Forscher bereiten Hightech-Untersuchungen vor. Hauptfrage: Warum wurden so viele Mumien verstümmelt und angepflockt?, In: Der Spiegel. 27. Juni 2005 Swamp of the vampires. A moorland corpse discovered in Lower Saxony is over 2600 years old. Researchers prepare hightech investigations. Main question: Why were so many mummies mutilated and impaled?
- Thomas Schürmann: Der Nachzehrerglauben in Mitteleuropa. Marburg 1990 The Nachzehrer-belief in middle Europe
- A. Silberschmidt: Von den blutsaugenden Toten. Oder philosophische Schriften der Aufklärung zum Vampirismus. Hexenmond-Verlag, 2006, ISBN 978-3-9809645-5-5 'About the bloodsucking dead. Or philosophical writings of the Enlightenment about vampirism.