Wheelchair basketball classification

Wheelchair basketball classification is the system that allows for even levels of competition on the court for wheelchair basketball based on functional mobility. The classifications for the sport are 1 point player, 2 point player, 3 point player, 4 point player and 4.5 point player, the greater the player's functional ability. Classification for the sport is set by the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation.

Definition

Classification in wheelchair basketball plays an important role in the sport as the classification uses total points of players to determine who can be on the court.[1][2] The classifications for the sport are 1 point player, 2 point player, 3 point player, 4 point player and 4.5 point player.[2] The higher the point number, the greater the player's functional ability.[3] With five players on the court, the total number of points may not exceed fourteen.[2] There has been sustained criticism of the classification system as being overly complex from players, coaches and leagues. These criticisms have been documented in academic research published in 1986, 1990, 1995 and 1997.[3]

Governance

Classification for the sport is set by the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF).[2] Going into the 2012 Summer Paralympics, the classification system dates to 2004 and was created by the IWBF Player Classification Commission.[2] In 1999, the United States based National Wheelchair Basketball Association governed over their own wheelchair basketball classification system because they did not like the system used by the IWBF, finding it to complex. The system they use and oversea is based on a classification assigning players a maximum of three points.[3] Historically, the IWBF has had a good and close relationship with the Federation Internationale de Basketball Association. At the same time, IWBF have striven to maintain independent governance of their support.[4]

Eligibility

As of 2012, people with physical disabilities are eligible to compete in this sport.[5] To be eligible to play wheelchair basketball, competitors must have a physical limitation that prevents them from being able to "run, pivot, or jump at speed and with control, safety. stability, and endurance of a nondisabled player; and have a permanent physical disability in the lower limb that can be objectively verified by acknowledged medical or paramedical investigations such as measurement, X-ray, CT, MRI, and so on."[2] Lower leg amputation competitors are allowed to participate in wheelchair sport following classification rules for them based on functional mobility.[6]

History

Wheelchair basketball was the first disability sport to use a functional classification system instead of a medical classification system. Early experiments with this type of classification system in basketball began during the 1980s and was used at the 1984 World Games for the Disabled in England. The functional classification system for wheelchair basketball was first used in the Paralympics at the 1992 Games.[7] The first classification system for wheelchair basketball based on functional ability as opposed to medical classification was developed in 1984 by the Cologne based Horst Strokhkendl. This system is the one that has been used consistently in the international community since then.[3] During the 1980s, there were 3 classes for wheelchair basketball players.[8] In 1992, the International Paralympic Committee formally took control of governance for disability sport and oversaw the classification systems.[9] The debate about inclusion of competitors into able-bodied competitions was seen by some disability sport advocates like Horst Strokhkendl as a hindrance to the development of an independent classification system not based on the rules for able-bodied sport. These efforts ended by 1993 as the International Paralympic Committee tried to carve out its own identity and largely ceased efforts for inclusion of disability sport on the Olympic programme.[4] The Games were the first ones where basketball players of different types of disabilities competed against each other, basketball players had a guaranteed right to appeal their classification.[10]

Sports

At times, players may not easily fit into the standard full point classifications. For this reason, they can be classified in between, such as 1.5 points, 2.5 points, and 3.5 points. Classifiers are discouraged from assigning this half point classification as a competitors initial classification.[2] Performance wise, 4 point players can move their wheelchairs at a significantly faster speed than 1 point players.[3] There is also a significant difference in special endurance between 2 point players, and 3 and 4 point players, with 2 point players having less special endurance.[3] In standard endurance, there is little significant difference between the different point classifications.[3] Across all point classes, there is little difference in ability to perform an envelope agility test.[3] In games, 4 point players steal the ball three times more often than 1 point players.[3] 4 point players generally have the greatest number of rebounds on the court because of competitive advantage when under the basket in terms of height, stability and strength.[3] 4 point players turn over the ball with much greater frequency than 1 point players.[3] 1 point and 2 point players handle the ball the least on court.[3]

Process

Classification appeals are handled by the IWBF.[11] During the classification process, a player is asked to propose what classification they think they should be classified as.[11] Once classified, changes in classification can only be made if there is unanimous decision amongst those who did the classification.[11]

In most countries, classification for national competitions is done through the local national Paralympic committee.[2] For Australian competitors in this sport, the sport and classification is managed the national sport federation with support from the Australian Paralympic Committee.[12] There are three types of classification available for Australian competitors: Provisional, national and international. The first is for club level competitions, the second for state and national competitions, and the third for international competitions.[13]

At the Paralympic Games

Only wheelchair classified athletes were eligible to compete at the 1960 Summer Paralympics in Rome in this sport.[14] At the 1992 Summer Paralympics, wheelchair, amputee and cerebral palsy disability types were eligible to participate, with classification being run through an independent classification body, with classification being done based on functional ability.[15] General and functional classification took place in the Paralympic Village in block 2 from 29 to 31 August.[10] At the 2000 Summer Paralympics, 23 assessments were conducted at the Games. This resulted in 7 class changes. There were 5 protests by PPS with all 5 classifications being upheld.[16] There were 4 classification appeals lodged for wheelchair basketball at the 2000 Summer Paralympics involving 2 athletes which resulted in 2 class changes.[17]

Future

Going forward, disability sport's major classification body, the International Paralympic Committee, is working on improving classification to be more of an evidence-based system as opposed to a performance-based system so as not to punish elite athletes whose performance makes them appear in a higher class alongside competitors who train less.[18]

References

  1. ↑ Doll-Tepper, Gudrun; Kröner, Michael; Sonnenschein, Werner; International Paralympic Committee, Sport Science Committee (2001). "Organisation and Administration of the Classification Process for the Paralympics". New Horizons in sport for athletes with a disability : proceedings of the International VISTA '99 Conference, Cologne, Germany, 28 August-1 September 1999 1. Oxford (UK): Meyer & Meyer Sport. pp. 379–392. ISBN 1841260363. OCLC 48404898.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Goosey-Tolfrey, Vicky (2010). Wheelchair sport : a complete guide for athletes, coaches, and teachers. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. pp. 16–18. ISBN 9780736086769. OCLC 489446056.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 Doll-Tepper, Gudrun; Kröner, Michael; Sonnenschein, Werner; International Paralympic Committee, Sport Science Committee (2001). "Organisation and Administration of the Classification Process for the Paralympics". New Horizons in sport for athletes with a disability : proceedings of the International VISTA '99 Conference, Cologne, Germany, 28 August-1 September 1999 1. Oxford (UK): Meyer & Meyer Sport. pp. 355–368. ISBN 1841260363. OCLC 48404898.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Doll-Tepper, Gudrun; Kröner, Michael; Sonnenschein, Werner; International Paralympic Committee, Sport Science Committee (2001). "Organisation and Administration of the Classification Process for the Paralympics". New Horizons in sport for athletes with a disability : proceedings of the International VISTA '99 Conference, Cologne, Germany, 28 August-1 September 1999 1. Oxford (UK): Meyer & Meyer Sport. p. 290. ISBN 1841260363. OCLC 48404898.
  5. ↑ "Layman’s Guide to Paralympic Classification". Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. p. 17. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  6. ↑ Vernon Lin, MD, PhD; Christopher Bono, MD; Diana Cardenas, MD, MHA; Frederick Frost, MD, Laurie Lindblom, MD, Margaret Hammond, MD, Inder Parkash, Stevens Stiens, MD, MS, Robert Woolsey, MD (19 March 2010). Spinal Cord Medicine: Principles & Practice. Demos Medical Publishing. p. 810. ISBN 978-1-933864-19-8. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  7. ↑ DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995). Disability and sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p. 122. ISBN 0873228480. OCLC 31710003.
  8. ↑ DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995). Disability and sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p. 120. ISBN 0873228480. OCLC 31710003.
  9. ↑ DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995). Disability and sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p. 43. ISBN 0873228480. OCLC 31710003.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Hores Extraordinaries, S.A. (1992). Guide to the Barcelona'92 IX Paralympic Games. Barcelona: COOB'92, Paralympics Division D.L. p. 46. ISBN 8478682333. OCLC 433443804.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Doll-Tepper, Gudrun; Kröner, Michael; Sonnenschein, Werner; International Paralympic Committee, Sport Science Committee (2001). "Organisation and Administration of the Classification Process for the Paralympics". New Horizons in sport for athletes with a disability : proceedings of the International VISTA '99 Conference, Cologne, Germany, 28 August-1 September 1999 1. Oxford (UK): Meyer & Meyer Sport. p. 297. ISBN 1841260363. OCLC 48404898.
  12. ↑ "Summer Sports". Homebush Bay, New South Wales: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  13. ↑ "What is Classification?". Sydney, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  14. ↑ DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995). Disability and sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p. 85. ISBN 0873228480. OCLC 31710003.
  15. ↑ DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995). Disability and sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p. 128. ISBN 0873228480. OCLC 31710003.
  16. ↑ Cashman, Richard I; Darcy, Simon; University of Technology, Sydney. Australian Centre for Olympic Studies (2008). Benchmark games : the Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games. Petersham, N.S.W.: Walla Walla Press in conjunction with the Australian Centre for Olympic Studies University of Technology, Sydney. p. 151.
  17. ↑ >Cashman, Richard I; Darcy, Simon; University of Technology, Sydney. Australian Centre for Olympic Studies (2008). Benchmark games : the Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games. Petersham, N.S.W.: Walla Walla Press in conjunction with the Australian Centre for Olympic Studies University of Technology, Sydney. p. 152.
  18. ↑ "Classification History". Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. Retrieved 30 July 2012.