Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)

Wheel of Fortune
Genre	Game show
Created by	Merv Griffin
Directed by	Jeff Goldstein (1975–78) Dick Carson (1978–99) Mark Corwin (1999–2013) Bob Cisneros (2013–present)
Presented by	Network Host Chuck Woolery (1975–81) Pat Sajak (1981–89) Rolf Benirschke (1989) Bob Goen (1989–91) Hostess Susan Stafford (1975–82) Vanna White (1982–91) Syndication Host Pat Sajak Hostess Vanna White
Narrated by	Charlie O'Donnell (1975–80, 1989–2010) Jack Clark (1980–88) M. G. Kelly (1988–89) Jim Thornton (2011–present)
Theme music composer	Alan Thicke (1975–83) Merv Griffin (1983–97) Steve Kaplan (1997–2006) Frankie Blue, John Hoke (2006–present)[1]
Country of origin	United States
Original language(s)	English
No. of episodes	Syndicated version: 6,000 (as of April 11, 2014)[2]
Production
Executive producer(s)	Merv Griffin (1975–2000) Harry Friedman (1999–present)
Producer(s)	John Rhinehart (1975–76) Nancy Jones (1976–95) Harry Friedman (1995–99)[3] Karen Griffith (1997–present) Steve Schwartz (1997–present)
Running time	approx. 22 minutes
Production company(s)	Merv Griffin Productions (1975–84) Merv Griffin Enterprises (1984–94) Columbia TriStar Television (1994–2002) Sony Pictures Television (2002–present) Califon Productions, Inc.
Distributor	King World Productions (1983–2007) CBS Television Distribution (2007–present)
Broadcast
Original channel	NBC (1975–89, 1991) CBS (1989–91) Syndicated (1983–present)
Picture format	480i (SDTV) (1975–2006) 720p/1080i (HDTV) (2006–present)
Audio format	Stereo
Original airing	Network January 6, 1975 (1975-01-06) – June 30, 1989 (1989-06-30) (NBC) July 17, 1989 (1989-07-17) – January 11, 1991 (1991-01-11) (CBS) January 14, 1991 (1991-01-14) – September 20, 1991 (1991-09-20) (NBC) Syndication September 19, 1983 (1983-09-19) – present
Chronology
Related shows	Wheel 2000
External links
Website

Wheel of Fortune (often known simply as Wheel^{[note 1]}) is an American television game show created by Merv Griffin. The show features a competition in which contestants solve word puzzles, similar to those used in Hangman, to win cash and prizes determined by spinning a giant carnival wheel.

Wheel premiered as a daytime series on NBC on January 6, 1975, and continued to air on the network until June 30, 1989. After some changes were made to its format, the daytime series returned on July 17, 1989 as part of CBS' daytime lineup. On January 14, 1991, Wheel moved back to NBC and aired on that network until it was cancelled on September 20, 1991. The popularity of the daytime series led to a nightly syndicated edition being developed; that series premiered on September 19, 1983 and continues to air to this day.

The network version was originally hosted by Chuck Woolery and Susan Stafford, with Charlie O'Donnell as its announcer. O'Donnell left in 1980, Woolery in 1981, and Stafford in 1982; they were replaced, respectively, by Jack Clark, Pat Sajak, and Vanna White. After Clark's death in 1988, M. G. Kelly took over briefly as announcer until O'Donnell returned in 1989; O'Donnell remained on the network version until its cancellation, and continued to announce on the syndicated show until his death in 2010, after which he was replaced by Jim Thornton, who has been the announcer since. Sajak left the network version in January 1989 to host his own late-night talk show, and was replaced on that version by Rolf Benirschke. Bob Goen replaced Benirschke when the network show moved to CBS, then remained as host until the network show was canceled altogether. The syndicated version has been hosted continuously by Sajak and White since its inception.

Wheel of Fortune ranks as the longest-running syndicated game show in the United States, with over 6,000 episodes aired. TV Guide named it the "top-rated syndicated series" in a 2008 article,^[4] and in 2013, the magazine ranked it at #2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever.^[5] The program has also come to gain a worldwide following with sixty international adaptations. The syndicated series' 32nd season premiered on September 15, 2014.

Gameplay

Main game

The template for Round 1 in the syndicated version's 32nd season

The core game is based on Hangman. Each round has a category and a blank word puzzle, with each blank representing a letter in the answer.^[6] The titular Wheel of Fortune is a roulette-style wheel mechanism with 24 spaces, most of which are labeled with dollar amounts ranging from $500 to $900, plus a top dollar value: $2,500 in Round 1, $3,500 in Rounds 2 and 3, and $5,000 for Round 4 and any subsequent rounds. The wheel also features two Bankrupt wedges and one Lose a Turn, both of which forfeit the contestant's turn, with the former also eliminating any cash or prizes the contestant has accumulated within the round.^[7] Each game features three contestants, or occasionally, three two-player teams; each contestant/team is positioned behind a single scoreboard with its own flipper. The left scoreboard from the viewer's perspective is colored red, the center yellow, and the right blue; which contestant/team occupies which position is determined by a random selection.^[8] A contestant spins the wheel to determine a dollar value and guess a consonant. Calling a correct letter earns the value before the corresponding flipper, multiplied by how many times the guessed letter appears in the puzzle.^[9] At any time during a turn, a contestant with sufficient money may buy a vowel for a flat rate of $250 until all the vowels in the puzzle have been revealed.^[7] Calling a correct letter keeps the wheel in the contestant's control. If the wheel lands on Lose a Turn or Bankrupt, or if the contestant calls a letter that is not in the puzzle, calls a letter that has already been called in that round, fails to call a letter in five seconds, or gives an incorrect answer, control is passed to the next player clockwise from the viewer's perspective. The only exception is the Free Play wedge, on which the player may call a consonant for $500 per occurrence, call a free vowel, or solve the puzzle, with no penalty for an incorrect letter or answer.

In Rounds 1–3, the wheel contains four special tags: the Wild Card, a Gift Tag, and two ½ Car tags. The ½ Car tags are not used on weeks with two-player teams, unless the teams are married couples. The Wild Card may be used to call an additional consonant after any turn (for the amount that the contestant has just spun) or taken to the bonus round to call an extra consonant there. The Gift Tag offers either a $1,000 credit toward purchases from or $1,000 of cash courtesy of the sponsoring company, and the ½ Car tags award a car if the contestant wins the round(s) in which he or she claims both. Unlike the other tags, the ½ Car tags are replaced in subsequent rounds unless the car is won. A special wedge in the first two rounds awards a prize which is described by the announcer before the first round. All of the tags and the prize wedge are located over the $500 wedges, so calling a letter that appears in the puzzle when landed upon awards both the tag/wedge and $500 per every occurrence of that letter in the puzzle. The first three rounds also contain a special wedge which, if won and taken to the bonus round, offers an opportunity to play the bonus round for $1,000,000. A contestant must solve the puzzle in order to keep any cash, prizes, or extras accumulated during that round, with the exception of the Wild Card; once this is picked up, it is kept until the contestant either loses it to Bankrupt or uses it. Bankrupt does not affect score from previous rounds, but it does take away the Wild Card, individual ½ Car tags, and/or million dollar wedge if any was claimed in a previous round.

Each game also features three Toss-Up puzzles, which reveal the puzzle one random letter at a time, and award cash to whoever rings in with the right answer. The first determines who is interviewed first by the host, the second determines who starts Round 1, and the third determines who starts Round 4; respectively, these are valued at $1,000, $2,000, and $3,000. In addition to these, each game has a minimum of four rounds.^[9] Rounds 2 and 3 are respectively started by the next two players clockwise from the player who began Round 1.

Round 2 features two "mystery wedges". Calling a correct letter after landing upon this wedge offers the contestant the chance to accept its face value of $1,000 per letter, or forfeit that amount to flip over the wedge and see whether its reverse side contains a $10,000 cash prize or Bankrupt. Once one mystery wedge is flipped over, the other becomes a standard $1,000 space and cannot be flipped over. Round 3 is a Prize Puzzle, which offers a prize (usually a trip) to the contestant who solves it. Starting with Season 31, an "Express" wedge is also placed on the wheel in Round 3. A contestant who lands on this space and calls a consonant that appears in the puzzle receives $1,000 per appearance. The contestant can then either "pass" and continue their turn normally, or "play" and keep calling consonants for $1,000 each (without spinning) and buying vowels for $250. The Express play ends when the contestant either calls an incorrect letter (which has the same effect as landing on a Bankrupt wedge) or solves the puzzle.^[10]

The final round is always played at least in part in a "speed-up" format, in which the host spins the wheel to determine the value of each consonant, with $1,000 being added to the value on which the wheel stops before the red contestant's arrow. Vowels are worth no money in the speed-up round, but also do not cost a contestant any money. Contestants call one letter at a time, and are given three seconds to attempt solving if that letter appears in the puzzle.^{[note 2]} Play proceeds from the viewer's left to right, starting with the contestant who was in control at the time of the final spin, until the puzzle is solved. After the speed-up round, the total winnings of the three contestants are compared; the contestant with the highest total winnings wins the game and advances to the bonus round. Contestants who fail to earn any cash or prizes in the game are awarded a consolation prize of $1,000 (or $2,000 on weeks with two-player teams).

Bonus round

In the bonus round, the winning contestant spins a smaller wheel with 24 envelopes to determine the prize. He or she is given a category, and a puzzle for which every instance of R, S, T, L, N, and E is revealed; after providing three more consonants and a vowel, the contestant has ten seconds to attempt solving the puzzle. Regardless of whether the round is won or lost, the host reveals which prize is in the envelope at the end of the round. Prizes in the bonus round include cash amounts ranging from $32,000 (commemorating the syndicated version's 32nd anniversary) to $50,000; a vehicle (or two vehicles during weeks with two-player teams) and $5,000 cash; and a top prize of $100,000.

If the contestant has the Million Dollar Wedge, the $100,000 envelope is removed and replaced with a $1,000,000 envelope. The $1,000,000 prize has been awarded three times: to Michelle Loewenstein on the episode that aired October 14, 2008,^[11] to Autumn Erhard on the episode that aired May 30, 2013,^[12] and to Sarah Manchester on the episode that aired on September 17, 2014.^[13] Contestants who win the $1,000,000 may receive it in installments over 20 years, or in a lump sum of that amount's present value.^[14]

Previous rules

Originally, after winning a round, contestants spent their winnings on prizes that were presented onstage. At any time during a shopping round, most often if the contestant did not have enough left to buy another prize,^[15] a contestant could choose to put his or her winnings on a gift certificate; alternatively, he or she could put the winnings "on account" for use in a later shopping round, but at the risk of losing any "on account" money to a Bankrupt.^[7] The shopping element was eliminated from the syndicated version on the episode that aired October 5, 1987,^[16] both to speed up gameplay and to alleviate the taxes paid by contestants.^[9] However, the network version continued to use the shopping element until the end of its first NBC run on June 30, 1989.^[17]

Before the introduction of Toss-Up puzzles at the start of the 18th syndicated season,^[18] the player at the red arrow always started Round 1, with the next player clockwise starting each subsequent round.^[19] The wheel formerly featured a Free Spin wedge, which automatically awarded a token that the contestant could turn in after a lost turn to keep control of the wheel.^[20] It was replaced in 1989 with a single Free Spin token placed over a selected cash wedge. Free Spin was retired, and Free Play introduced, at the start of the 27th syndicated season in 2009.^[21] Between September 16, 1996^[22] and the end of Season 30, the show featured a progressive jackpot wedge, which had been in several different rounds in its history.^{[note 3]} This wedge started at $5,000 and had the value of every spin within the round added to it; to claim the jackpot, a contestant had to land on the wedge, call a correct letter, and solve the puzzle all in the same turn. In later years, it also offered $500 per correct letter and $500 to the jackpot, regardless of whether or not it was won.

The network version allowed champions to appear for up to three days (originally five). The syndicated version, which originally retired contestants after one episode, adopted the three-day champion rule at the start of the seventh season.^[25] In later years, the top three winners from the week's first four shows would return to compete in the "Friday Finals"; when the jackpot wedge was introduced, its value was affected as well, beginning at $10,000 instead of $5,000. The rules allowing champions to return after their initial appearances were eliminated permanently beginning with the syndicated episode aired September 21, 1998; as was the case before Season 7, winners are once again retired after one episode.^[26]

Before December 1981, the show did not feature a bonus round.^[7] Under the bonus round's original rules, no letters were provided automatically; the contestant was asked for five consonants and a vowel, and had fifteen seconds to attempt solving the puzzle. Also, bonus prizes were selected by the contestant at the start of the round.^[27] The current time limit and rules for letter selection were introduced on October 3, 1988.^[28] Starting on September 4, 1989, the first episode of the seventh syndicated season, bonus prizes were selected by the contestant choosing from one of five envelopes labeled W, H, E, E, and L. One prize was always $25,000 in cash, and the rest were changed weekly; any prize that was won was taken out of rotation for the rest of the week.^[25] These envelopes were replaced with the Bonus Wheel on October 22, 2001.^[29]

Conception and development

Merv Griffin conceived Wheel of Fortune just as the original version of Jeopardy!, another show he had created, was ending its 11-year run on NBC with Art Fleming as its host. Griffin decided to create a Hangman-style game after recalling long car trips as a child, on which he and his sister would play Hangman. After he discussed the idea with Merv Griffin Enterprises' staff, they thought that the idea would work as a game show if it had a "hook". He decided to add a roulette-style wheel because he was always "drawn to" such wheels when he saw them in casinos. He and MGE's then-president Murray Schwartz consulted an executive of Caesars Palace to find out how to build such a wheel.^[30]

When Griffin pitched the idea for the show to Lin Bolen, then the head of NBC's daytime programming division, she approved, but wanted the show to have more glamour to attract the female audience; she suggested that Griffin incorporate a shopping element into the gameplay, and so, in 1973, he created a pilot episode titled Shopper's Bazaar, with Chuck Woolery as host and Mike Lawrence as announcer. The pilot started with the three contestants being introduced individually, with Lawrence describing the prizes that they chose to play for. The main game was played to four rounds, with the values on the wheel wedges increasing after the second round.^[31] Unlike the show it evolved into, Shopper's Bazaar had a vertically mounted wheel,^[32] which was spun by Woolery rather than by the contestants; this wheel lacked the Bankrupt wedge and featured a wedge where a player could call a vowel for free, as well as a "Your Own Clue" wedge that allowed contestants to pick up a rotary telephone and hear a private clue about the puzzle. At the end of the game, the highest-scoring contestant would play a bonus round called the "Shopper's Special" where all the vowels in the puzzle were already there, and the contestant had 30 seconds to call out consonants in the puzzle.^[31]

Edd Byrnes, an actor from 77 Sunset Strip, served as host for the second and third pilots, both titled Wheel of Fortune.^[33] These pilots were directed by Marty Pasetta, who gave the show a "Vegas" feel that more closely resembled the look and feel that the actual show ended up having, a wheel that was now spun by the contestants themselves, and a lighted mechanical puzzle board with letters that were now manually turnable. Showcase prizes on these pilots were located behind the puzzle board, and during shopping segments a list of prizes and their price values scrolled on the right of the screen.^[31] By the time production began in December 1974,^[31] Woolery was selected to host, the choice being made by Griffin after he reportedly heard Byrnes reciting "A-E-I-O-U" to himself in an effort to remember the vowels.^[33] Susan Stafford turned the letters on Byrnes' pilot episodes, a role that she also held when the show was picked up as a series.^[30][34]

Personnel

Hosts and hostesses

The original host of Wheel of Fortune was Chuck Woolery. He hosted the show for almost seven years (except for one week in August 1980 when future Jeopardy! host Alex Trebek filled in for him),^[7][35] and left following a salary dispute with Griffin.^[9] Woolery's last episode aired on December 25, 1981,^[36] and just three days later, he was succeeded by Pat Sajak, a former weather forecaster from Chicago.^[37] Griffin said that he chose Sajak for his "odd" sense of humor; although NBC president and CEO Fred Silverman initially rejected Sajak for being "too local", he was approved as host after Griffin said that he would not tape any more episodes until Sajak became host.^[38]

Pat Sajak (right) and Vanna White have hosted the syndicated version since 1983.

On January 9, 1989, Sajak left the network version to host his own late-night talk show for CBS. He was replaced on that version by Rolf Benirschke, who had an eight-year career as a placekicker of the San Diego Chargers. Benirschke hosted the program for only six months, until NBC cancelled it on June 30. Bob Goen became the network version's host when it moved to CBS the next month, then remained host throughout that version's run on the network, through its return to NBC in January 1991, and until it was canceled altogether in September of that year.^[7]

Susan Stafford was the original hostess. She missed a month of episodes in late 1977 after she fractured two vertebrae in her back, with Summer Bartholomew and Arte Johnson filling in for her.^[7][39] After Stafford dislocated her shoulder in a car accident, Bartholomew returned for seven episodes which aired between May 24 and June 1, 1979, followed by Cynthia Washington (then the wife of San Francisco 49ers wide receiver Gene Washington) for the week of episodes airing June 4–8.^[40] Stafford left the show in October 1982 and subsequently became a humanitarian worker.^[30] After Stafford's departure, Griffin conducted a search for a replacement, and over 200 individuals auditioned^[41] before he narrowed the list down to three: Bartholomew, Vicki McCarty (later married to Interscope Records co-founder Jimmy Iovine), and Vanna White.^[42] The three women rotated as guest hostesses until White was chosen as the permanent hostess in December 1982;^[9] Griffin chose White because he felt that she was capable of activating the puzzle board letters (which is the primary role of the Wheel hostess) better than anyone else who had auditioned.^[43] White became highly popular among the young female demographic,^[44] and also gained a fanbase of adults interested in her daily wardrobe, in a phenomenon that has been referred to as "Vannamania".^[41]

Sajak and White have starred on the syndicated version continuously as host and hostess, respectively, since it began, except for very limited occasions. During two weeks in January 1991, Tricia Gist, the girlfriend and future wife of Griffin's son Tony, filled in for White when she and her new husband, restaurateur George San Pietro, were honeymooning.^[45] Gist returned for the week of episodes airing March 11 through 15, 1991, because White had a cold at the time of taping.^[46] On an episode in November 1996, when Sajak proved unable to host the bonus round segment because of laryngitis, he and White traded places for that segment.^[47][48] On the episode aired April 1, 1997, Sajak and White played a prank on their fans when they appeared as contestants at the Wheel,^[49] playing for the Boy Scouts of America and the American Cancer Society, respectively;^[50] Trebek served as guest host, while Sajak's wife Lesly was the guest hostess.^[49] In January and February 2011, the show held a "Vanna for a Day" contest in which home viewers submitted video auditions to take White's place for one episode, with the winner determined by a poll on the show's website;^[51] the winner of this contest, Katie Cantrell of Wooster, Ohio (a student at the Savannah College of Art and Design),^[52] took White's place for the second and third rounds on the episode that aired March 24, 2011.

Announcers

Charlie O'Donnell was the program's first announcer until his departure in August 1980, when he left to work on The Toni Tennille Show in wake of the announced but retracted cancellation of Wheel.^[53] O'Donnell was replaced by Jack Clark, who continued to work with the show until shortly before his death in July 1988.^[54] Los Angeles radio personality M. G. Kelly took over as announcer when the syndicated version's sixth season started in September 1988.^[55] O'Donnell returned in 1989,^[7] and remained with the show until shortly before his death in November 2010.^[56] Don Pardo, Don Morrow, and Johnny Gilbert have occasionally served as substitute announcers.^[7] Gilbert, along with Lora Cain, Joe Cipriano, John Cramer, Rich Fields, and Jim Thornton, filled in after O'Donnell's death, and Thornton was confirmed as the permanent replacement in 2011 at the start of Season 29.^[57]

Production staff

Wheel of Fortune typically employs a total of 100 in-house production personnel, with 60 to 100 local staff joining them for those episodes that are taped on location.^[8] Griffin was the executive producer of the network version throughout its entire run, and served as the syndicated version's executive producer until his retirement in 2000. Since 1999, the title of executive producer has been held by Harry Friedman, who had shared his title with Griffin for his first year,^[58] and had earlier served as a producer starting in 1995.^[3]

John Rhinehart was the program's first producer, but departed in August 1976 to become NBC's West Coast Daytime Program Development Director. Afterwards, his co-producer, Nancy Jones, was promoted to sole producer, and served as such until 1995, when Friedman succeeded her.^[3] In the 15th syndicated season, Karen Griffith and Steve Schwartz joined Friedman as producers; they were later promoted to supervising producers, with Amanda Stern occupying Griffith and Schwartz's old post.^[58]

The show's original director was Jeff Goldstein, who was succeeded by Dick Carson in 1978.^[7] Mark Corwin, who had served as associate director under Carson, took over for him upon his retirement at the end of the 1998–99 season, and served as such until he himself died in July 2013 (although episodes already taped before his death continued airing until late 2013).^[59] Jeopardy! director Kevin McCarthy,^[60] Corwin's associate director Bob Cisneros,^[61] and Wheel and Jeopardy! technical director Robert Ennis Jr.^[62] filled in at various points until Cisneros became full-time director in November 2013.^[63] Ennis returned as guest director for the weeks airing October 13 through 17 and November 17 through 21, 2014, as Cisneros was recovering from neck surgery at the time of taping.^[64][65]

Production

Wheel of Fortune is owned by Sony Pictures Television (previously known as Columbia TriStar Television; the successor company to original producer Merv Griffin Enterprises).^[66] The production company and copyright holder of all episodes to date is Califon Productions, Inc., which like SPT has Sony Pictures Entertainment for its active registered agent, and whose name comes from a New Jersey town where Griffin once owned a farm.^[67] The rights to distribute the show on American television are owned by CBS Television Distribution, into which original distributor King World Productions was folded in 2007.^[66]

The show was originally taped in Studio 4 at NBC Studios in Burbank.^[68] Upon NBC's 1989 cancellation of the network series, production moved to Studio 33 at CBS Television City in Los Angeles, where it remained until 1995.^[69] Since then, the show has occupied Stage 11 at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City.^[70] Some episodes are also recorded on location, a tradition which began with two weeks of episodes taped at Radio City Music Hall in late 1988.^[71] Taping sessions usually last for five or six episodes in one day.^[8]

Set

The current design of the Wheel of Fortune set, as seen on a Season 30 episode

The show's current puzzle board, as seen on a Season 30 episode

Various changes have been made to the basic set since the syndicated version's premiere in 1983. In 1996, a large video display was added center stage, which was then upgraded in 2003 as the show began the transition into high-definition broadcasting. In the mid-1990s, the show began a long-standing tradition of nearly every week coming with its own unique theme; as a result, in addition to its generic design, the set also uses many alternate designs, which are unique to specific weekly sets of themed programs. The most recent set design was conceived by production designer Renee Hoss-Johnson, with later modifications by Jody Vaclav.^[1] Previous set designers included Ed Flesh^[72] and Dick Stiles.^[1]

The first pilot used a vertically mounted wheel which was often difficult to see on-screen. Flesh, who also designed the sets for The $25,000 Pyramid and Jeopardy!, designed the wheel mechanism. Originally made mostly of paint and cardboard,^[72] the modern wheel mechanism is framed on a steel tube surrounded with Plexiglas and more than 200 lighting instruments, and is held by a stainless steel shaft with roller bearings. Altogether, the wheel weighs approximately 2,400 pounds (1,100 kg).^[8]

The show's original puzzle board had three rows of 13 manually operated trilons, for a total of 39 spaces. On December 21, 1981, a larger board with 48 trilons in four rows (11, 13, 13 and 11 trilons) was adopted. This board was surrounded by a double-arched border of lights which flashed at the beginning and end of the round. Each trilon had three sides: a green side to represent spaces not used by the puzzle, a blank side to indicate a letter that had not been revealed, and a side with a letter on it.^[19] With these older boards, in segments where more than one puzzle was present, while the viewer saw a seamless transition to the next puzzle, what actually happened was a stop-down of the taping; during the old stop-downs, the board would be wheeled offstage and the new puzzle loaded in by hand out of sight of the contestants.^[73] On February 24, 1997, the show introduced a computerized puzzle board composed of 52 touch-activated monitors in four rows (12 on the top and bottom rows, 14 in the middle two).^[8] To illuminate a letter during regular gameplay, the hostess touches the right edge of the monitor to reveal it.^[74] The computerized board obviated the stop-downs, allowing tapings to finish quicker at a lower cost to the production company. The former board was subsequently sent to the Smithsonian Institution for storage.^[73]

Although not typically seen by viewers, the set also includes a used letter board that shows contestants which letters are remaining in play, a scoreboard that is visible from the contestants' perspective, and a countdown clock.^[75][76] The used letter board is also used during the bonus round, and in at least one case, helped the player to see unused letters to solve a difficult puzzle.^[77]

Music

Alan Thicke composed the show's original theme, which was titled "Big Wheels". In 1983, it was replaced by Griffin's own composition, "Changing Keys",^[78] to allow him to derive royalties from that composition's use on both the network and syndicated versions.^[79] Steve Kaplan became music director starting with the premiere of the 15th syndicated season in 1997, and continued to serve as such until he was killed in a plane crash in 2003;^[80] his initial theme was a remix of "Changing Keys", but by the 18th syndicated season, he had replaced it with a composition of his own, which was titled "Happy Wheels".^[81] Since 2006, music direction has been handled by Frankie Blue and John Hoke;^[1] themes they have written for the show include a remix of "Happy Wheels" and an original rock-based composition.^[81]

In addition to "Changing Keys", Griffin also composed various incidental music cues for the syndicated version which were used for announcements of prizes in the show's early years. Among them were "Frisco Disco" (earlier the closing theme for a revival of Jeopardy! which aired in 1978 and 1979),^[82] "A Time for Tony" (whose basic melody evolved into "Think!", the longtime theme song for Jeopardy!^[83]), "Buzzword", "Nightwalk", "Struttin' on Sunset", and an untitled vacation cue.^[81]

Audition process

Marty Lublin interviews a potential contestant during an audition at Morongo Casino, Resort & Spa, Cabazon, California

The most recent design of the Wheelmobile at the Jackson Rancheria Casino Resort in Jackson, California

Anyone at least 18 years old has the potential to become a contestant through Wheel of Fortune‍ '​s audition process. Exceptions include employees and immediate family members of CBS Corporation, Sony Pictures Entertainment, or any of their respective affiliates or subsidiaries; any firm involved in supplying prizes for the show; and television stations that broadcast Wheel and/or Jeopardy!, their sister radio stations, and those advertising agencies that are affiliated with them. Also ineligible to apply as contestants are individuals who have appeared on a different game show within the previous year, three other game shows within the past ten years, or on any version of Wheel of Fortune itself.^[84]

Throughout the year, the show uses a custom-designed Winnebago recreational vehicle called the "Wheelmobile" to travel across the United States, holding open auditions at various public venues. Contestants are provided with entry forms which are then drawn randomly. Individuals whose names are drawn appear on stage, five at a time, and are interviewed by traveling host Marty Lublin. The group of five then plays a mock version of the speed-up round, and five more names are selected after a puzzle is solved. Everyone who is called onstage receives a themed prize, usually determined by the spin of a miniature wheel. Auditions typically last two days, with three one-hour segments per day.^[85] After each Wheelmobile event, the "most promising candidates" are invited back to the city in which the first audition was held, to participate in a second audition. Contestants not appearing on stage have their applications retained and get drawn at random to fill second-level audition vacancies. At the second audition, potential contestants play more mock games featuring a miniature wheel and puzzle board, followed by a 16-puzzle test with some letters revealed. The contestants have five minutes to solve as many puzzles as they can by writing in the correct letters. The people who pass continue the audition, playing more mock games which are followed by interviews.^[86][87]

Broadcast history

Wheel of Fortune premiered on January 6, 1975, at 10:30 am (9:30 Central) on NBC. Lin Bolen, then the head of daytime programming, purchased the show from Griffin to compensate him for canceling the original Jeopardy! series, which had one year remaining on its contract; Jeopardy! aired its final episode on the Friday before Wheel's premiere. The original Wheel aired on NBC, in varying time slots between 10:30 am and noon, until June 30, 1989. Throughout that version's run, episodes were generally 30 minutes in length, except for six weeks of shows aired between December 1975 and January 1976 which were 60 minutes in length.^[88] NBC announced the cancellation of the show in August 1980, but it stayed on the air following a decision to cut the duration of The David Letterman Show from 90 to 60 minutes.^[53] The network Wheel moved to CBS on July 17, 1989, and remained there until January 14, 1991.^[7] After that, it briefly returned to NBC, replacing Let's Make a Deal,^[89] but was canceled permanently on September 20 of that year.^[7]

The daily syndicated version of Wheel premiered on September 19, 1983, preceded by a series of episodes taped on location at the Ohio State Fair and aired on WBNS-TV in Columbus, Ohio.^[90] From its debut, the syndicated version offered a larger prize budget than its network counterpart.^[37] The show came from humble beginnings: King World chairmen Roger, Michael, and Robert King could initially find only 50 stations that were willing to carry the show, and since they could not find affiliates for the syndicated Wheel in New York, Los Angeles, or Chicago, Philadelphia was the largest market in which the show could succeed in its early days.^[79] Only nine stations carried the show from its beginning,^[91] but by midseason it was airing on all 50 of the stations that were initially willing to carry it, and by the beginning of 1984 the show was available to 99 percent of television households. Before long, Wheel succeeded Family Feud as the highest-rated syndicated show,^[7] and at the beginning of the 1984–85 season, Griffin followed up on the show's success by launching a syndicated revival of Jeopardy!, hosted by Alex Trebek.^[92] The syndicated success of Wheel and Jeopardy! siphoned ratings from the period's three longest-running and most popular game shows, Tic-Tac-Dough, The Joker's Wild, and Family Feud, to the point that all three series came to an end by the fall of 1986.^[79] At this point, Wheel had the highest ratings of any syndicated television series in history,^[37] and at the peak of the show's popularity, over 40 million people were watching five nights per week.^[79] The series, along with companion series Jeopardy!, remained the most-watched syndicated program in the United States until dethroned by Judge Judy in 2011.^[93] The program has become America's longest-running syndicated game show and its second-longest in either network or syndication, second to the version of The Price Is Right which began airing in 1972. The syndicated Wheel has become part of the consciousness of over 90 million Americans, and awarded a total of over $200 million in cash and prizes to contestants.^[8]

Countries where the Wheel of Fortune franchise has international variants. Countries in yellow have versions that are currently airing; countries in orange had versions that have ended.

The popularity of Wheel of Fortune has led it to become a worldwide franchise, with over forty known adaptations in international markets outside the United States.^[8] Versions of the show have existed in such countries as Australia,^[94] Denmark,^[95] France,^[96] Germany,^[97] Italy,^[98] Malaysia,^[99] New Zealand,^[100] the Philippines,^[101] Poland,^[102] Russia,^[103] Spain,^[104] and the United Kingdom.^[105] The American version of Wheel has honored its international variants with an occasional theme of special weeks known as "Wheel Around the World", the inaugural episode of which aired when the 23rd syndicated season premiered on September 12, 2005.^[106]

Between September 1997 and January 1998, CBS and Game Show Network concurrently aired a special children's version of the show titled Wheel 2000. It was hosted by David Sidoni, with Tanika Ray providing voice and motion capture for a virtual reality hostess named "Cyber Lucy".^[107] Created by Scott Sternberg,^[107] the spin-off featured special gameplay in which numerous rules were changed; for example, the show's child contestants competed for points and prizes instead of cash, with the eventual winner playing for a grand prize in the bonus round.^[108]

Reception

Wheel of Fortune has long been one of the highest-rated programs on U.S. syndicated television. It was the highest-rated show in all of syndication before it was dethroned by Two and a Half Men in the 28th season (2010–11).^[109][110] The syndicated Wheel shared the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game/Audience Participation Show with Jeopardy! in 2011, and Sajak won three Daytime Emmys for Outstanding Game Show Host—in 1993, 1997, and 1998. In a 2001 issue, TV Guide ranked Wheel number 25 among the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time,^[111] and in 2013, the magazine ranked it number 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever, second only to Jeopardy!^[5] In August 2006, the show was ranked number 6 on GSN's list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows.^[112]

Wheel was the subject of many nominations in GSN's Game Show Awards special, which aired on June 6, 2009.^[113] The show was nominated for Best Game Show, but lost to Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?; Sajak and White were nominated for Best Game Show Host, but lost to Deal or No Deal‍ '​s Howie Mandel; and O'Donnell was considered for Best Announcer but lost to Rich Fields from The Price Is Right. One of the catchphrases uttered by contestants, "I'd like to buy a vowel", was considered for Favorite Game Show Catch Phrase, but lost to "Come on down!", the announcer's catchphrase welcoming new contestants to Price. The sound effect heard at the start of a new regular gameplay round won the award for Favorite Game Show Sound Effect; the sound heard when the wheel lands on Bankrupt was also nominated. Despite having been retired from the show for nearly a decade by that point, "Changing Keys" was nominated for Best Game Show Theme Song; however, it lost to its fellow Griffin composition, "Think!" from Jeopardy!^[114]

A hall of fame honoring Wheel of Fortune is part of the Sony Pictures Studios tour, and was introduced on the episode aired May 10, 2010.^[115] Located in the same stage as the show's taping facility, this hall of fame features numerous memorabilia related to Wheel history: several retired wheel pieces, including the Free Spin token; a ceramic Dalmatian from the shopping era, complete with corresponding price tag; a trilon from the classic-era puzzle board; coffee mugs, calendars, bobbleheads, and other classic merchandise; photographs and video clips of memorable moments in Wheel‍ '​s syndicated history; various photos of Sajak and White, including their respective Hollywood Walk of Fame ceremonies; groups of photos serving as timelines that illustrate evolutions in the design of the show's set, and specifically the wheel and the puzzle board; and a special case dedicated to White's wardrobe.^[116]

Merchandise

Numerous board games based on Wheel of Fortune have been released by different toy companies. The games are all similar, incorporating a wheel, puzzle display board, play money and various accessories like Free Spin tokens. Milton Bradley released the first board game in 1975. In addition to all the supplies mentioned above, the game included 20 prize cards (to simulate the "shopping" prizes of the show; the prizes ranged in value from $100 to $3,000). Two editions were released, with the only differences being the box art and the included books of puzzles. Other home versions were released by Pressman Toy Corporation, Tyco/Mattel, Parker Brothers, Endless Games, and Irwin Toys.^[117]

Additionally, several video games based on the show have been released for personal computers, the Internet, and various gaming consoles spanning multiple hardware generations. Most games released in the 20th century were published by GameTek, which produced a dozen Wheel games on various platforms, starting with a Nintendo Entertainment System game released in 1987 and continuing until the company closed in 1998 after filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.^[118] Subsequent games were published by Hasbro Interactive and its acquirer Infogrames/Atari, Sony Online Entertainment, and THQ.^[119]

Wheel has also been licensed for use in slot machines, both in real world casinos and those online. The games are all loosely based on the show, with players given the chance to spin the wheel to win a jackpot prize. There have been 29 different Wheel slot games, all manufactured by International Game Technology.^[120]

Notes

References

Footnotes

Works cited

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show).

• Official website
• Wheel of Fortune at the Internet Movie Database
• Wheel of Fortune at TV.com
• Wheel of Fortune-related interview videos at the Archive of American Television

Wheel of Fortune International versions Australia Denmark France Italy Malaysia New Zealand Philippines Poland Russia Spain United Kingdom Other international versions Cast and crew Producers Merv Griffin (creator) Harry Friedman Hosts Chuck Woolery Edd Byrnes (1974 pilots) Pat Sajak Rolf Benirschke Bob Goen Hostesses Susan Stafford Vanna White Announcers Charlie O'Donnell Jack Clark M. G. Kelly Jim Thornton Miscellaneous Video games Wheel 2000 Book:Wheel of Fortune Category:Wheel of Fortune (franchise) Portal:Television