Walt Disney World Monorail System

Walt Disney World Monorail System

Overview
Locale	Walt Disney World Resort
Transit type	straddle-beam Monorail
Number of lines	3
Number of stations	6
Daily ridership	150,000+[1]
Website	Disney Monorail Transportation
Operation
Began operation	October 1, 1971
Operator(s)	Walt Disney World Resort
Train length	203 ft 6 in (62.03 m)
Technical
System length	14.7 mi (23.66 km)[2]
Track gauge	Single straddle-beam
Average speed	40 mph (64 km/h)
Top speed	55 mph (89 km/h)

The Walt Disney World Monorail System is a public transit monorail system in operation at the Walt Disney World Resort. The Walt Disney World Resort currently operates twelve Mark VI monorail trains on three lines of service.^[3][4] The monorail system opened in 1971 with two routes (Magic Kingdom: Resort and Express) and with Mark IV monorail trains. It was expanded to three lines (Magic Kingdom: Resort and Express, plus Epcot) in 1982, and the rolling stock was updated to Mark VI trains in 1989.^[3]

As of 2013, the system is one of the most heavily used monorail systems in the world with over 150,000 daily riders,^[1] surpassed only by the monorail system run by Chongqing Rail Transit in Chongqing, China, which holds the record for the world's busiest monorail system with over 500,000 riders per day on average on Line 3 alone.^[5]

Lines, stations, and infrastructure

Walt Disney World Monorail System
Legend Shops Spur Magic Kingdom Contemporary Grand Floridian Epcot Spur Transportation Center Polynesian Epcot Express Service Resort Service No passengers Ferry Service

The Walt Disney World Monorail operates over a span of 14.7 miles (23.7 km), with around 50 million Disney guests traveling on the monorail each year.^[6] The system opened with the rest of the Walt Disney World Resort on October 1, 1971. It initially featured four stations: the Transportation and Ticket Center, Disney's Polynesian Resort, the Magic Kingdom and Disney's Contemporary Resort. The Epcot line and station were added during that park's construction, opening on October 1, 1982. The most recent addition was the Grand Floridian station, which was opened in 1988 along with the resort hotel.^[3][4]

The three services on two distinct routes on the Walt Disney World Monorail are: ^[7]

The Express and Resort services on the dual-beam Magic Kingdom route:

• Express: Express service between the Magic Kingdom and the Transportation and Ticket Center (TTC). Express service runs on the outer loop of this route and travels counter-clockwise.
• Resort: Round-trip local service on the inner loop, running clockwise, making stops in order at the Magic Kingdom, Disney's Contemporary Resort, the Transportation and Ticket Center, Disney's Polynesian Resort, and Disney's Grand Floridian Resort and Spa.

The single beam Epcot route:

• Epcot: Service between the Transportation and Ticket Center and Epcot. Service on this route is a single beam running clockwise on the loop.

A spur track at Magic Kingdom station connects the Express and Resort lines to the maintenance shop. Another spur connects the Epcot and Express lines and is located northeast of the Transportation and Ticket Center.

The monorail beams, which are made of concrete with a special polystyrene core to lighten their weight, came by train from Washington.^[7]

Trains

Specifications

The modern trains that have been in use since 1989 are each 203 ft 6 in (62.03 m) long (consisting of six cars) and can carry 360 passengers. The trains are driven by eight 113 hp (84 kW) motors which are powered by a 600-volt electrical system running through a busbar mounted on each side of the concrete beam.^[8] Each train also has seven inverters on board that convert the 600 V DC to 230 V AC for use by the air conditioners and air compressor, and additionally has a battery-backed 37 V DC low-voltage supply that provides power for the train's electronics. The trains are also equipped with a towing knuckle at each end to allow it to be pushed or pulled by a special diesel-powered tractor if need be. Maximum speed during normal operations is 40 mph (64 km/h), with several speed zones throughout the system with limits ranging from 15 to 40 mph (24 to 64 km/h). These speed limits are strictly enforced by the train's computer and cannot be overridden without the operator engaging a special lockout. Attempting to drive the train too quickly in a given speed zone will result in an "overspeed stop". Train spacing is maintained by the Moving Blocklight System (MBS), also known as the MAPO system (for "Mary Poppins", U.S. Pat. 3,973,746), which establishes a number of "holdpoints" throughout the system. At any given time, there must be at least two holdpoints between a given train and the train ahead of it. When the train detects that there are fewer than two holdpoints between itself and the preceding train, the emergency brakes are immediately applied and cannot be released until sufficient spacing becomes available or the operator explicitly overrides the system. Failure to maintain adequate spacing is known as an "overrun", and is treated as an extremely serious offense.

Mark VI Monorail Blue on the resort line at the Magic Kingdom.

Operations

The monorail operators are called "pilots", comprising a distinct and separate department within Disney Transportation. Buses and Watercraft (ferryboats, launches, and cruisers) are the other two departments, and each department is trained and scheduled separately from the others. One cast member is scheduled as the central coordinator ("Monorail Central") during each shift. "Central" controls the operation of the entire monorail system, usually by issuing instructions to pilots via radio. Central is responsible for setting up each day's operation in the morning, for handling contingencies and emergencies that occur during the day, and for moving trains off the system after all parks have closed. A cast member can act as Central only with a history of safe train operation, the ability to train other monorail pilots, and a rigorous training period during which they must successfully triage and handle simultaneous simulated emergencies. Monorail Central operates out of the glass booth on the Epcot boarding platform at the Transportation and Ticket Center. Several qualified coordinators are usually available during each shift that can take over Central's duties if needed.

The manager who oversees all monorail operations during a given shift at Walt Disney World is called "Monorail One". This Guest Service Manager (GSM) handles guest matters, including complaints and arrangements for alternative transportation, such as ferry boats or buses, in the event of monorail downtime.

Monorail workers refer to the system's stations as follows: "Concourse" includes the load and unload platforms for the Epcot beam at the Transportation and Ticket Center. "Base" includes the platforms for both the Express (the exterior beam) and Resort (the interior beam) beam at the Transportation and Ticket Center; however, the monorail workers refer the Resort side of base as "Base Resort". (See map in this article) The stations around the loop at the Polynesian, Grand Floridian, Contemporary, at the Magic Kingdom, and at Epcot are named after each location.

• 

  The original control system served from 1989 with the introduction of Mark VI Blue until June 2007 when the final train, Blue, was converted to the new LMCU2 system.

• 

  Mark VI's New Controls.

Automation

Starting June 22, 2014, the monorail began operating on a different timetable in order to accommodate work to automate the system. The system will provide a more efficient service with enhanced safety, as well as more frequent dispatch of the trains, faster switching times, and monorail arrival information.^[9] Pilots will still be seated in the front cab, but will not be in control under normal operations.

Identification

Each train is identified by a colored stripe, and given a name according to that color.^[7] The complete list of colors used is below. To help visually identify Green from Lime, Pink from Coral and Blue from Teal, the Lime, Teal, and Coral stripes have a white delta painted on each car. Originally, Monorail Lime's deltas (and those of the older Mark IV Lime) were painted a dark blue in homage to the original Walt Disney World monorail cast's costume colors (lime and blue), but the colors were changed when the entire monorail fleet was repainted in the early 2000s.

In November 2009, Disney put Monorail Teal into service. Monorail Teal was built using the undamaged portions of the two trains involved in the July 5, 2009 crash. ^[4][10] The colors of the two trains involved, Pink and Purple, were retired from service.^[4] The twelfth train, Peach, was placed into service in September 2011 to restore the resort's fleet back to twelve trains.^[11] It was assembled using the undamaged center cars from the Purple train, but with new end cabs replacing the damaged sections from the Pink and Purple trains.

On March 19, 2010, Disney debuted Monorail TRON on the Epcot line as part of a marketing plan for Tron: Legacy.^[12] A repainted Monorail Coral, it was removed from rotation in July 2011 and has returned to its normal route and colors.

The newest monorail, Peach, debuted on approximately October 16, 2011.

Since the Tron paint scheme in 2010, there have been several other monorail wraps. On March 31, 2012, Monorail Red was converted into a special scheme commemorating the release of The Avengers, similar to the previous promotion for Tron: Legacy. The monorail runs on the Magic Kingdom line and sometimes on the Resort line as the Epcot line loops through the park itself and Disney is not yet able to feature Marvel characters inside its Florida parks due to the pre-existing license agreement with Universal Studios that was in place prior to the purchase of Marvel Entertainment. In March 2013, Monorail Black was given a similar conversion to promote the release of Iron Man 3. In April 2013, Monorail Teal was converted into a special scheme commemorating the release of Monsters University.

For a while, Monorail Coral featured TRON artwork from Disney's Tron: Legacy. It ran on the Epcot line.

Monorail Peach on October 22, 2011 outside Disney's Polynesian Resort.

The current train identification colors include:

Red CoralΔ Orange Gold Yellow TealΔ[10]

LimeΔ Green Blue Silver Black Peach

An example of the Lime Delta.

^Δ Identifiable by white deltas.

Retired identification colors include Pink and Purple. These colors were retired after the July 2009 incident.

Front-cab riding

There is seating for up to four guests in the front cab of the train with the pilot who manually drives each train. These were offered on a first-come/first-serve basis, and a pilot gave out "co-pilot licenses" at the end of the journey. Front cab riding was suspended after the July 5, 2009, incident.

Pre-recorded announcements

The monorail system uses a set of pre-recorded announcements to instruct and entertain passengers. Prior to departure when the pilot closes the doors, an announcement asks guests to "Please stand clear of the doors. Por favor manténganse alejado de las puertas." One of the most well-known phrases within the resort, it was recorded by Jack Wagner, who was known as "the Voice of Disneyland." In 1988 following the construction of the Grand Floridian Resort stop, Kevin Miles replaced Jack Wagner as the voiceover. Wagner can still be heard today as the "Please stand clear of the doors ..." phrase remains with his voice, partly because it is installed on a separate system. Miles worked in Epcot as part of the 'Voices of Liberty' in the American Adventure pavilion at World Showcase. Sometime before 1998, Disney employee Matt Hanson replaced Kevin Miles, and in 2004 Hanson was replaced by Joe Hursh.^[13] Hanson is still with the Walt Disney Company.^[14] During the system's early years, the trains featured Wagner's narration of the sights and scenery along the way, as well as information on special events, the resort, and the monorail system itself.^[14] Disney monorail workers refer to these narrations as "spiels." On April 13, 2012 at around 5:00 EST, Disney activated a newer version of the spiel on the monorails that features Tom Kane as its new narrator.^[15]

Maintenance

Monorail Shop ("Shop" for short) is Disney's monorail maintenance facility located a short distance northeast of the Magic Kingdom, and provides space for up to ten of the twelve Mark VI trains on its upper level (the bottom level houses the four steam locomotives that circle the Magic Kingdom on its west side, and a vehicle maintenance facility on the east side). On any given night, two monorail trains are parked at various stations on the system. On nights where the temperature drops below freezing, the trains will be parked inside the Contemporary Resort; but in practice, trains can be left in any station (even on the express side of a resort station). No train will ever be left outside two nights in a row because routine maintenance is performed nightly.

The Monorail Shop also has a painting room located on Beam 10 that is elevated 25 feet (7.6 m) off the ground and has a lift mounted on the wall for the painters. It takes three weeks to paint a monorail train. To access the wheels and underside of the monorail, a portion of Beam 1 inside Shop is removable, primarily used to change load tires.

Towing

The diesel-powered "work tractors" are the tow trucks of the system, and can tow a train to Monorail Shop, located around the bend from Space Mountain. Monorail Operations at the Walt Disney World resort has three separate tractors (Red, tagged '1', Blue, tagged '2', and Green, tagged '3') that allow for the simultaneous towing of three different monorails. In the event of a power failure on one of the monorail lines, the tractors are still operational, as they are powered by on-board diesel engines.

Safety

Train safety

Safe train spacing is maintained via a moving blocklight system, referred to as MAPO, installed in the cab of each train.^[7] MAPO appears in the top center of the pilot's console and looks similar to a horizontal stop light. There are three lights—green, amber, and red—and a push-button labeled "Override". The term "MAPO" itself comes directly from Walt Disney, who formed a new company to deal with Disneyland's transportation system directly from the profits made by Mary Poppins.^[16]

Each monorail beam is divided into blocks based upon pylon numbering. The currently illuminated MAPO color indicates how far ahead the leading train is currently located. A green MAPO shows that the leading train is 3 or more blocks ahead, amber means 2 blocks ahead, and red indicates that the next train is in the very next block. A block is roughly between 500 and 1000 feet (about 150 and 300 m) long, although this varies. The start of each block is called a "hold point", as pilots may need to hold their trains at that location until the train ahead moves away. Guests riding in the front cab of a monorail can identify hold points by the yellow reflective tape around a pylon's number and by two yellow reflectors attached to the top outside edges of the monorail beam at that pylon.

For safety, trains must be kept at least two blocks apart during normal operation. A red MAPO indicates that train spacing has become unsafe. When a red MAPO occurs, the train's on-board computer locks out the pilot's propulsion control and applies emergency brakes. The pilot cannot resume control of the train until either the MAPO clears or the pilot presses and holds the MAPO override button.^[7]

It is the pilot's responsibility to avoid a red MAPO during normal operation. When the MAPO switches from green to amber, this indicates that the monorail is approaching the train ahead. The pilot must stop the train before crossing into the next block of beam way and hence before the MAPO switches to red. Should a pilot cross the hold point and receive a red MAPO, this counts as a safety demerit against the pilot. If a pilot accumulates three demerits on his/her record within a two-year period, then he/she will be transferred out of the monorails department and into a different role at Walt Disney World.^[17]

Safety tests are performed daily to ensure that the MAPO system is working properly on each train. At the direction of the monorail station conducting the test, each train will intentionally overrun a hold point to verify that a red MAPO occurs and that the emergency brakes activate. Pilots perform tests in forward and reverse when bringing a train onto the system for the first time that day. The indications are called into Monorail Central with the emergency brake pressures.

A red MAPO will also occur when the pilot approaches a section of un-powered beam, a spur line, or a switch beam thrown in the direction of a spur line. Pilots must engage the MAPO override when moving trains through a switch to the spur line. Red MAPOs occurring due to safety tests, switching, or beam power loss do not count as demerits against the pilot.

Emergency evacuation

Emergencies requiring train evacuation will be handled differently depending upon the location of the train and the nature of the emergency.

If a train is stopped at a station platform or at the work platform along the Epcot beam, guests can exit the train onto the platform. Exiting a train is possible even when the doors of the train cars are closed. The large rectangular window in the middle of each car is an emergency exit and can be removed from the interior of the car. A cast member outside the car can also manually open the rightmost door panel of the car by releasing the air pressure holding that panel closed. The air pressure release is a handle beneath the rectangular center window that is similar in appearance to a car door handle.

If a train is stopped on an open beam, then guests evacuate through emergency exits located in the roof of the train. Guests open roof hatches by first removing decorative plastic from the ceiling above a bulkhead footstool and then by lifting open a hinged hatch that will flip across the bulkhead dividing two train cars. Guests evacuate to the roof by climbing through the open hatch onto the top of the train. The bulkheads separating cars are designed as firewalls that will contain a fire within a car to just that car. The open hatch allows guests in the affected car to transfer to an adjacent car where they can safely wait for evacuation by fire response crews.

If the emergency affects the entire train, then guests are evacuated to the surface of the beam. Guests again open the emergency roof hatches, but do not simply move to the adjacent car. Instead, they use a small handrail present along the top of each train car to move all the way to the front of the train. The train's pilot can attach a knotted rope to both the top and the base of the windscreen, and guests use the rope to shimmy down the windscreen to the surface of the beam. They finally start walking along the beam away from the train.

Reedy Creek Emergency Services provides fire response and rescue for the Walt Disney World Monorail System and maintains an all-wheel-drive fire truck specially designed for monorail rescue.^[18]

Platform safety

The Express station at the Transportation and Ticket Center, and both stations at the Magic Kingdom have remotely opened or automated gates that bar riders from approaching the guideway (and, thus, any approaching or departing train) until the operators have determined that it is safe to allow people to board the train.^[19] The attendant at the station gives the riders instructions on how to board. The other stations have manually operated gates to serve this function.

As the train floor is slightly raised above the platform, a portable ramp must be used to load guests in wheelchairs. For many years, the Contemporary Resort station did not have disabled access. An elevator has since been added to the platform.

Incidents

While a number of accidents and injuries have occurred on the monorails since Walt Disney World opened, there has been only one death. On July 5, 2009, a driver was killed when two monorails (Pink and Purple), collided. It was the first, and only, fatal accident in the monorail's history. ^[20]

Rolling stock

Built by Martin Marietta

Mark IV Monorail
Period of Service	1971 to 1991
Length:	5 cars: 171 feet (52 m)
	6 cars: 201 feet (61 m)
Width:	8 feet 10 inches (2.69 m)
Height:	11 feet 7 inches (3.53 m) (6 feet 6 inches (1.98 m) above top of beam)
Weight:	5 cars empty: 92,000 pounds (42,000 kg)
	5 cars gross: 122,600 pounds (55,600 kg)
	6 cars empty: 108,500 pounds (49,200 kg)
	6 cars gross: 145,100 pounds (65,800 kg)[21]
Passenger Capacity:	5 cars: 40 per car + 4 in the nose = 204 seated
	6 cars: 40 per car + 4 in the nose = 244 seated [22]

Built by Bombardier Transportation

Mark VI Monorail
Period of Service	1989 to Present
Length:	203 feet 6 inches (62.03 m)
Width:	8 feet 4.5 inches (2.553 m)
Headroom:	6 feet 10.75 inches (2.1019 m)
Height (from bottom of skirt to top of shell):	12 feet .5 inches (3.670 m)
Weight:	6 cars empty: 92,000 pounds (42,000 kg)
Passenger capacity:	20 seated passengers - per car
	40 standing passengers - per car
	360 people - total train[23]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Walt Disney World monorail.

• Disney Transport
• Disney Resort Line (monorail system at Tokyo Disney Resort)
• Disneyland Monorail System (monorail system at Disneyland)
• Disneyland Resort Line (mass transit rail system at Hong Kong Disneyland Resort)
• Incidents at Walt Disney World Resort
• Rail transport in Disney Parks
• List of monorail systems

References

Further reading

• "Monorail Express". monorailexpress.com. Retrieved August 2, 2006. 
• "Disney World Monorail". NYCSubway.org. Retrieved August 2, 2006. 
• "Disney's Monorail". WDWHistory.com. Retrieved August 2, 2006. 
• "WDW Monorail via BFC". bigfloridacountry.com. Retrieved August 2, 2006. 
• Walt Disney World Monorail System - WDWMagic.com (Unofficial WDW Site)

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