Vredefort crater

UNESCO World Heritage Site
Vredefort Dome
Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List
Type Natural
Criteria viii
Reference 1162
UNESCO region Africa
Inscription history
Inscription 2005 (29th Session)

The Vredefort crater is the largest verified impact crater on Earth, more than 300 km across when it was formed.[1][2] What remains of it is located in the present-day Free State Province of South Africa and named after the town of Vredefort, which is situated near its centre. Although the crater itself has long since eroded away, the remaining geological structures at its centre are known as the Vredefort Dome or Vredefort impact structure. In 2005, the Vredefort Dome was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites for its geologic interest.

Formation and structure

Map of South Africa showing the location of the Vredefort Dome, the remains of a 2.020 billion year-old impact crater. The interrupted line circle, 300 km in diameter, marks the extent of the original crater.

The asteroid that hit Vredefort is estimated to have been one of the largest ever to strike Earth (at least since the Hadean Eon some four billion years ago), thought to have been approximately 5–10 km (3.1–6.2 mi) in diameter. The bolide that created the Sudbury Basin could have been even larger.[3]

The original crater was estimated to have a diameter of roughly 300 km (190 mi),[2] although this has been eroded away. It would have been larger than the 250 km (160 mi) Sudbury Basin and the 180 km (110 mi) Chicxulub Crater. The remaining structure, the "Vredefort Dome", consists of a partial ring of hills 70 km in diameter, and are the remains of a dome created by the rebound of rock below the impact site after the collision.

The crater's age is estimated to be 2.023 billion years (± 4 million years),[1] which places it in the Paleoproterozoic Era. It is the second-oldest known crater on Earth, a little less than 300 million years younger than the Suavjärvi Crater in Russia. In comparison, it is about 10% older than the Sudbury Basin impact (at 1.849 billion years).

A timeline of the earth's history indicating when the Vredefort crater was formed in relation to some of the other important South African geological events. W indicates when the Witwatersrand supergroup was laid down, C the Cape supergroup, and K the Karoo Supergroup. The graph also indicates the period during which banded ironstone formations were formed on earth, indicative of an oxygen-free atmosphere. The earth's crust was wholly or partially molten during the Hadean Eon; the oldest rocks on earth are therefore less than 4000 million years old. One of the first microcontinents to form was the Kaapvaal Craton, which is exposed at the center of the Vredefort Dome, and again north of Johannesburg - see the diagram below.

The dome in the center of the crater was originally thought to have been formed by a volcanic explosion, but in the mid-1990s, evidence revealed it was the site of a huge bolide impact, as telltale shatter cones were discovered in the bed of the nearby Vaal River.

The crater site is one of the few multiple-ringed impact craters on Earth, although they are more common elsewhere in the Solar System. Perhaps the best-known example is Valhalla Crater on Jupiter's moon Callisto, although Earth's Moon has a number, as well. Geological processes, such as erosion and plate tectonics, have destroyed most multiple-ring craters on Earth.

A schematic diagram of a NE (left) to SW (right) cross-section through the 2020 million year old Vredefort impact crater and how it distorted the contemporary geological structures. The present erosion level is shown. Johannesburg is located where the Witwatersrand Basin (the yellow layer) is exposed at the "present surface" line, just inside the crater rim, on the left. Not to scale.

The impact distorted the Witwatersrand Basin which was laid down over a period of 250 million years between 950 and 700 million years before the Vredefort impact. The overlying Ventersdorp lavas and the Transvaal Supergroup which were laid down between 700 and 80 million years before the meteorite strike, were similarly distorted by the formation of the 300 km wide crater.[4][5] These rocks form partial concentric rings round the crater center today, with the oldest, the Witwatersrand rocks, forming a semicircle 25 km from the center. Since the Witwatersrand rocks consist of several layers of very hard, erosion resistant sediments (e.g. quartzites and banded ironstones),[4][6] they form the prominent arc of hills that can be seen to the NW of the crater center in the satellite picture above. The Witwatersrand rocks are followed, in succession, by the Ventersdorp lavas at a distance of about 35 km from the center, and the Transvaal Supergroup, consisting of a narrow band of the Ghaap Dolomite rocks and the Pretoria Subgroup of rocks, which together form a 25–30 km wide band beyond that.[7] From about halfway through the Pretoria Subgroup of rocks around the crater center, the order of the rocks is reversed. Moving outwards towards where the crater rim used to be, the Ghaap Dolomite group resurfaces at 60 km from the center, followed by an arc of Ventersdorp lavas, beyond which, at between 80 and 120 km from the center, the Witwatersrand rocks re-emerge to form an interrupted arc of outcrops today, of which the Johannesburg group is the most famous, because it was here that gold was discovered in 1886.[4][7] It is thus possible that if it had not been for the Vredefort impact this gold would never have been discovered.[4]

The 40 km diameter center of the Vredefort crater consists of a granite dome (where it is not covered by much younger rocks belonging to the Karoo Supergroup) which is an exposed part of the Kaapvaal craton, one of the oldest microcontinents which formed on earth 3900 million years ago.[4] This central peak uplift, or dome, is typical of a complex impact crater, where the liquefied rocks splashed up in the wake the meteor as it penetrated the surface.

Conservation

Monochrome satellite view of the crater

The Vredefort Dome World Heritage Site is currently subject to property development, and local owners have expressed concern regarding sewage dumping into the Vaal River and the crater site.[8] The granting of prospecting rights around the edges of the crater has led environmental interests to express fear of destructive mining.

Community

The Vredefort Dome in the center of the crater is home to three towns, namely Parys, Vredefort and Koppies and also Venterskroon. Parys is the largest and a tourist hub; both Vredefort and Koppies mainly depend on an agricultural economy.

On 19 December 2011, a broadcasting license was granted by ICASA to a community radio station to broadcast for the Afrikaans- and English-speaking members of the communities within the crater. The Afrikaans name Koepel Stereo (Dome Stereo) refers to the dome and announces its broadcast as KSFM. The station broadcasts on 94.9 MHz FM.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Vredefort". Earth Impact Database. University of New Brunswick. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Deep Impact - The Vredefort Dome". Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory. 2006-08-01. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  3. ↑ "The Vredefort Dome: Centre of the World's Largest Meteorite Impact Structure!". Retrieved December 2012.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 McCarthy, T., Rubridge, B. (2005). ‘’The Story of Earth and Life.’’ p. 89-90, 102-107, 134-136. Struik Publishers, Cape Town
  5. ↑ Norman, N., Whitfield, G. (2006) ‘’Geological Journeys’’. p. 38-49, 60-61. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.
  6. ↑ Truswell, J.F. (1977). The Geological Evolution of South Africa. pp. 23-38. Purnell, Cape Town
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Geological map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland (1970). Council for Geoscience, Geological Survey of South Africa.
  8. ↑ Momberg, Eleanor (23 August 2009). "River heading for the rocks". Retrieved March 2011.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vredefort Dome.

Coordinates: 27°0′S 27°30′E / 27.000°S 27.500°E