Vpr
| VPR | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 solution structure of hiv-1 vpr (13-33) peptide in micells | |||||||||
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| Symbol | VPR | ||||||||
| Pfam | PF00522 | ||||||||
| InterPro | IPR000012 | ||||||||
| SCOP | 1dsk | ||||||||
| SUPERFAMILY | 1dsk | ||||||||
| TCDB | 1.A.42 | ||||||||
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Vpr is a Human immunodeficieny viral gene and protein product.[1][2]
Vpr stands for "Viral Protein R". Vpr, a 96 amino acid 14-kDa protein, plays an important role in regulating nuclear import of the HIV-1 pre-integration complex, and is required for virus replication in non-dividing cells such as macrophages. Vpr also induces G2 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in proliferating cells, which can result in immune dysfunction.[3][4]
Vpr is also immunosuppressive due to its ability to sequester a proinflammatory transcriptional activator in the cytoplasm. HIV-2 contains both a Vpr protein and a related (by sequence homology) Vpx protein (Viral Protein X). Two functions of Vpr in HIV-1 are split between Vpr and Vpx in HIV-2, with the HIV-2 Vpr protein inducing cell cycle arrest and the Vpx protein required for nuclear import.
Vpr-Binding Protein
Vpr-binding protein (VprBP) is a 1,507-amino-acid human protein that contains conserved domains, including YXXY repeats, the Lis homology motif, and WD40 repeats.[5] VprBP acts as a substrate-recognition unit when associated with DNA damage-binding protein 1 (DDB1) as part of a CUL4–DDB1 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex.[5] When bound to Vpr, VprBP allows Vpr to modulate the catalytic activity of the CUL4–DDB1 complex, inducing G2 cell cycle arrest in infected cells.[5]
VprBP also regulates p53-induced transcription and apoptotic pathways. p53 is an important tumor suppressor which induces either cell cycle arrest or apoptosis in response to DNA damage.[5]
References
- ↑ Vpr Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- ↑ Genes, Vpr at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- ↑ Bukrinsky M, Adzhubei A (1999). "Viral protein R of HIV-1". Rev. Med. Virol. 9 (1): 39–49. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1654(199901/03)9:1<39::AID-RMV235>3.0.CO;2-3. PMID 10371671.
- ↑ Muthumani K, Choo AY, Zong WX et al. (February 2006). "The HIV-1 Vpr and glucocorticoid receptor complex is a gain-of-function interaction that prevents the nuclear localization of PARP-1". Nat. Cell Biol. 8 (2): 170–9. doi:10.1038/ncb1352. PMC 3142937. PMID 16429131.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Kim K, Heo K, Choi J, Jackson S, Kim H, Xiong Y et al. (2012). "Vpr-binding protein antagonizes p53-mediated transcription via direct interaction with H3 tail.". Mol Cell Biol 32 (4): 783–96. doi:10.1128/MCB.06037-11. PMC 3272969. PMID 22184063.
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