Volvo Cars

For other uses, see Volvo (disambiguation).
This article is about the Volvo Car Corporation. For commercial vehicles otherwise known as the Volvo Group, see Volvo.
Volvo Personvagnar AB
Volvo Car Corporation
Subsidiary, AB
Industry Automotive
Founded 14 April 1927
Headquarters Gothenburg, Sweden
Key people
 Li Shufu (Chairman)
Håkan Samuelsson (President and CEO),
Hans-Olov Olsson (Vice-Chairman)
Products Automobiles, Engines
Revenue SEK 122,245 million (FY 2012)[1]
SEK 1,919 million (FY 2012)[1]
SEK 960 million (FY 2012)[1]
Owner Geely Sweden AB
Number of employees
 21,512 (2011)[1]
Parent Zhejiang Geely Holding Group（Chinese name: 浙江吉利控股集团有限公司）
Website VolvoCars.com
Volvo Car Corporation headquarters

Volvo Car Corporation, or Volvo Personvagnar AB, is a Swedish premium automobile manufacturer, headquartered in the VAK building in Gothenburg,[2] It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Zhejiang Geely Holding Group of China.

Volvo Car Corporation was founded in 1927, in Gothenburg, Sweden, originally as a subsidiary company to the ball bearing maker SKF.[3] When Volvo AB was introduced on the Swedish stock exchange in 1935, SKF sold most of the shares in the company. Volvo Cars was owned by AB Volvo until 1999, when it was acquired by the Ford Motor Company as part of its Premier Automotive Group. Geely Holding Group then acquired Volvo Cars from Ford in 2010.[4]

Volvo Cars manufactures and markets sport utility vehicles, station wagons, sedans, compact executive sedans, and coupes. With approximately 2,300 local dealers from around 100 national sales companies worldwide, Volvo Cars' largest markets are the United States, Sweden, China and Belgium.[1] In 2011, Volvo Cars recorded global sales of 449,255 cars, an increase of 20.3% compared to 2010.[5]

History

1927-1999

Gustav Larson and Assar Gabrielsson

Volvo company was founded in 1927 in Gothenburg, Sweden, The company was created as a subsidiary company 100% owned by SKF. Assar Gabrielsson was appointed the managing director and Gustav Larson as the technical manager.

"Cars are driven by people. The guiding principle behind everything we make at Volvo, therefore, is and must remain, safety", Assar Gabrielsson and Gustav Larson 1927.

Volvo logotype (PRV-registr.) 1927

The trademark Volvo (which is Latin for I roll) was first registered by SKF the 11 May 1915 with the intention to use it for a special series of ball bearing for the American market (however in the application for the trademark, it was also designated for the purpose of automobiles), but it was never used for this purpose. SKF trademark as it looks today was used instead for all the SKF-products. Some pre-series of Volvo-bearings stamped with the brand name 'Volvo' were manufactured but was never released to the market and it was not until 1927 that the trademark was used again, now as a trademark and company name for an automobile.

The first Volvo car left the assembly line April 14, 1927, and was called Volvo ÖV 4. After this the young company produced closed top and cabriolet vehicles, which were designed to hold strong in the Swedish climate and terrain. In the registration application for Volvo logotype in 1927, they simply made a copy of the entire radiator for ÖV4, viewed from the front.

Presented in 1944, the Volvo PV444 passenger car only entered production in 1947. It was the smallest Volvo yet and was to take the lion's share of Volvo production, a well as spearheading their move into the profitable American market. The first Volvos arrived in the United States in 1955, after hardware wholesaler Leo Hirsh began distributing cars in California. Later, Texas was added, and in 1956 Volvo themselves began importing cars to the US. North America has consistently provided Volvo with their main outlet since.[6]

In 1964 Volvo opened its Torslanda plant in Sweden, which currently is one of its largest production sites (chiefly large cars and SUVs).[7] Then in 1965 the Ghent, Belgium plant was opened, which is the company's second largest production site (chiefly small cars). In 1989 the Uddevalla plant in Sweden was opened, which is now jointly operated by Volvo Car Corporation and Pininfarina of Italy.

Volvo ÖV4 touring 1927
Volvo PV4 4-door saloon 1927
Volvo 144 saloon 1972
1991 Volvo 850 estate
2002 Volvo S80

A collection of Volvo's most important historical vehicles are now housed in the Volvo Museum, which opened in a permanent location in Arendal at Hisingen on May 30, 1995.[8] For several years, the collection had been housed at the Blue Hangar, at the then closed Torslanda Airport.[8]

In the early 1970s, Volvo acquired the passenger car division of the Dutch company DAF, and marketed their small cars as Volvos before releasing the Dutch-built Volvo 340, which went on to be one of the biggest-selling cars in the UK market in the 1980s. Nineteen eighty-six marked a record year for Volvo in the US, with 113,267 cars sold. The appearance of Japanese luxury brands like Acura and Lexus in subsequent years meant the loss of a significant market share for Volvo, one which they have never regained.[6]

In 1999, Volvo Group decided to sell its automobile manufacturing business and concentrate on commercial vehicles. Ford saw advantages in acquiring a profitable prestige mid-size European automobile manufacturer, well renowned for its safety aspects, as an addition to its Premier Automotive Group. The buyout of Volvo Cars was announced on January 28, 1999,[9] and in the following year the acquisition was completed at a price of $6.45 billion USD. As a result of the divestiture, the Volvo trademark is now utilized by two separate companies:

Ford management

Volvo Car Corporation was part of Ford Motor Company's Premier Automotive Group (PAG), along with Jaguar, Aston Martin and Land Rover. While part of the PAG, the company grew in its range of vehicles significantly.

After Ford sold Jaguar Land Rover to Tata Motors of India in 2008, the company initially decided to keep Volvo Cars despite mounting losses and gross economic downturns. Ford decided to restructure plans for Volvo Cars, pushing it further upmarket alongside the lower end of Mercedes and BMW sedans, wagons, and SUV crossovers. The outcome was the luxurious second generation Volvo S80 and the new small premium crossover Volvo XC60.

When the global economic crisis of 2008 threatened the US automakers, Swedish authorities became concerned about the fate of Volvo if Ford would file for bankruptcy. These concerns mounted after repeated mass-layoffs at Volvo. Ford announced in December 2008 that it was considering selling Volvo Cars. Initially, a sale price of US$6 billion was reported,[10] Ford reported it was also looking into the possibility of spinning off Volvo as an independent company. The Swedish government was asked to look into a possible state ownership of Volvo, or a financial bailout for Volvo Cars and SAAB of GM. Former parent AB Volvo agreed to help Volvo cut costs through partnerships, and suggested taking part in a shared ownership of Volvo Cars amongst a larger consortium. Other rumored candidates to purchase Volvo Cars included BMW AG of Germany, Investor AB of Sweden, Chinese investors, or Russian investors.

Although it was rumoured that Volkswagen would buy Volvo Cars, and despite initial denials, Chinese company Geely Holding Group was ultimately selected to take over the Swedish automaker.[11] Geely Group Holdings Co. allegedly bid about US$-1.5 billion to take over Volvo, with Goldman Sachs investing HK$2.59 billion (334 million USD) in the holding company.[12][13][14]

Geely acquisition

Ford Motor Company offered Volvo Cars for sale in December 2008, after suffering losses that year.[15] On October 28, 2009, Ford confirmed that, after considering several offers, the preferred buyer of Volvo Cars was Zhejiang Geely Holding Group, the parent of Chinese motor manufacturer Geely Automobile.[16][17] On December 23, 2009, Ford confirmed the terms of the sale to Geely had been settled. A definitive agreement was signed on March 28, 2010, for $1.8 billion. The European Commission and China's Ministry of Commerce approved the deal on July 6 and July 29, 2010, respectively. The deal closed on August 2, 2010 with Geely paying $1.3 billion cash and a $200 million note. Further payments are expected with a later price "true-up".[18][19] It is the largest overseas acquisition by a Chinese automaker.[20]

Stefan Jacoby, formerly chief executive of Volkswagen of America, became Volvo Car Corporation's president and chief executive on August 16, 2010, replacing Stephen Odell, who became chief executive of Ford Europe. Li Shufu became Volvo Cars' chairman of the board. His board members include vice-chairman Hans-Olov Olsson, a former president and chief executive of Volvo Cars, and Håkan Samuelsson, formerly chief executive of MAN.[21]

Safety

Volvo cars have long been marketed and stressed their historic reputation for solidity and reliability. Prior to strong government safety regulation Volvo had been at the forefront of safety engineering.[22]

In 1944, laminated glass was introduced in the PV model.[23] In 1958, Volvo engineer Nils Bohlin invented and patented the modern three-point safety belt, which became standard on all Volvo cars in 1959,[24] and then made this design patent open in the interest of safety and made it available to other car manufacturers for free.[25][26] Additionally, Volvo developed the first rear-facing child seat in 1964[23] and introduced its own booster seat in 1978.[23]

The 960 introduced the first three-point seat belt for the middle of the rear seat and a child safety cushion integrated in the middle armrest.[23] Also in 1991 it introduced the Side Impact Protection System (SIPS) on the 940/960 and 850 models, which channel the force of a side impact away from the doors and into the safety cage.[27]

To add to its SIPS, in 1995 Volvo was the first to introduce side airbags and installed them as standard equipment in all models from 1996. At the start of the 1995 model year, side impact protection airbags were standard on high trim-level Volvo 850s, and optional on other 850s. By the middle of the production year, they were standard on all 850s. In model year 1996, SIP airbags became standard on all Volvo models.

Also in 1995, the Volvo 745 was recalled as the front seatbelt mounts could break in a collision.[28][29]

In 1998 Volvo installed a head-protecting airbag, which was made standard in all new models as well as some existing models. The head-protecting airbag was not available on the 1996 C70 since the initial design deployed the airbag from the roof, and the C70, being a convertible, could not accommodate such an airbag. A later version of the C70 featured a head-protecting airbag deploying upwards from the door, avoiding this problem. It has been stated by many testing authorities that side head protecting curtain airbags can reduce the risk of death in a side impact by up to 40% and brain injury by up to 55%, as well as protecting during a rollover.[30] In 1998, Volvo introduced its Whiplash Protection System (WHIPS), a safety device to prevent injury to front seat users during collisions.[23]

In 2004, Volvo introduced the Blind Spot Information System (BLIS), which detects vehicles entering the vehicle's blind spot with a side-view-mirror-mounted camera, and alerts the driver with a light. That year also saw Volvos sold in all markets equipped with side-marker lights and daytime running lights. Also, since 2004 all Volvo models except for the coupes (C70 and C30) are available with an all-wheel drive system developed by Haldex Traction of Sweden.[31]

In 2005, Volvo presented the second generation of Volvo C70, which came with extra stiff door-mounted inflatable side curtains (the first of its kind in a convertible).

Even though Volvo Car Corporation was owned by Ford Motor Company, Volvo's safety systems were still standard on all Volvo vehicles. Volvo has patented all its safety innovations, including SIPS, WHIPS, ROPS, DSTC, and body structures. Some of these systems were fitted to other Ford vehicles in forms similar to those of Volvo systems, but only because Volvo licensed the FOMOCO and other PAG members to utilize these features.

A 2005 Folksam report[32] put the 740/940 (from 1982 on) in the 15% better than average category, the second from the top category.

In 2005, when the American non-profit, non-governmental Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) released its first annual "Top Safety Picks" vehicles list, none of Volvo's offered vehicles in the U.S. were included on the list.[33] According to Russ Rader, a spokesman for IIHS, Volvo lagged behind its competitors.[34] Dan Johnston, a Volvo spokesman, denied that the company's vehicles were any less safe than the institute's top-rated vehicles, adding that

"It's just a philosophy on safety that is different from building cars to pass these kinds of tests."[34]

In 2006 Volvo's Personal Car Communicator (PCC) remote control was launched as an optional feature with the all-new Volvo S80. Before a driver enters their car, they can review the security level and know whether they had set the alarm and if the car is locked. Additionally, a heartbeat sensor warns if someone is hiding inside the car. The S80 was also the first Volvo model to feature adaptive cruise control (ACC) with Collision Warning and Brake Support (CWBS).

In 2008 a French court found Volvo partially responsible for causing the death of two children and serious injuries of another in Wasselonne on June 17, 1999, when the brakes of a 1996 Volvo 850 failed. The court subjected Volvo to a 200,000 Euro fine.[22][35][36][37]

According to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), Volvo's S80 became one of the 2009 Top Safety Picks Award winners. The previous versions of the S40 and S60 models (2005–09 models with standard side airbags) failed to attain the highest rating in their side impact test.[38][39] However, according to the IIHS, in recent years Volvo cars have still managed to maintain their high class safety ratings as seen in test results.[40] The Volvo XC90, S80, C70, XC60, S60 and C30 are all rated Top Safety Picks in these crash tests.[41][42][43][44][45][46] The 2014 models of the XC60, XC90, S60 and S80 have even received the Top Safety Pick+ rating.[47][48]

Volvo has also scored high in EuroNCAP tests. Since 2009, all the Volvo models that EuroNCAP have tested have received five-star safety ratings: Volvo C30, V40, V60, V60 plug-in hybrid, XC60 and V70.[49] The new Volvo V40 (model year 2013-) got the best test result of any car model ever tested in EuroNCAP.[50]

Safety milestones

The Amazon was noted for its safety features, with a padded dashboard, front and rear seat belts and a laminated windshield.[51]

(This list is not necessarily Volvo innovations, but dates when Volvo incorporated the technology into its cars)

Car models

1927 Volvo ÖV 4
Volvo PV544
1987 Volvo 740, one of the few European passenger cars that can harbour a Europallet in its luggage compartment

Early years

Tri-digit nomenclature

Starting with the 140 series in 1966, Volvo used a tri-digit system for their cars. The first number was the series, the second number the number of cylinders and the third number the number of doors; so a 164 was a 1-series with a six-cylinder engine and four doors. However, there were exceptions to this rule—the 780 for example, came with turbocharged I4 and naturally aspirated V6 petrol engines and I6 diesel engines, but never an eight-cylinder, as the "eight" would suggest. Similarly, the 760 often was equipped with a turbocharged I4 engine, and the Volvo 360 only had four cylinders. Some 240GLT had a V6 engine. The company dropped the meaning of the final digit for later cars like the 740, but the digit continued to identify cars underhood on the identification plate.

Post tri-digit models

Current models

Today, the company uses a system of letters denoting body style followed by the series number. "S" stands for "sedan (car)", "C" stands for "coupé" or "convertible" (including three-door hatchback AKA "shooting brake") and "V" stands for "versatile" (station wagon). "XC" stands for "cross country" originally added to a more rugged V70 model as the V70XC and indicates all wheel drive paired with a raised suspension to give it an SUV look. Volvo would later change the name to the "XC70" in keeping with its car naming consistent with the XC90. So a V50 is an estate ("V") that is smaller than the V70.

Originally, Volvo was planning a different naming scheme. S and C were to be the same, but "F", standing for "flexibility", was to be used on station wagons. When Volvo introduced the first generation S40 and V40 in 1995, they were announced as the S4 and F4. However, Audi complained that it had inherent rights to the S4 name, since it names its sporty vehicles "S", and the yet to be introduced sport version of the Audi A4 would have the S4 name. Volvo agreed to add a second digit, so the vehicles became the S40 and F40. However, that led to a complaint from Ferrari, who used the Ferrari F40 name on their legendary sports car. This led to Volvo switching the "F" to "V", for versatile.

As of January 2012, all coupes (C30 and C70) are based on Volvo P1 small car platform.

1998 Volvo V70 estate
Volvo V40 
Volvo XC70 

Concept cars

Alternative propulsion

The 2005 Volvo FlexiFuel S40 was one of the first E85 flex cars launched in the Swedish market by a domestic automaker. The Volvo FlexiFuel is now offered on the European market
The Volvo C30 DRIVe Electric concept car was exhibited at the 2010 Paris Motor Show

Flexible-fuel vehicles

Further information: flexible-fuel vehicle

In 2005 Volvo introduced to the Sweden market the company's first E85 flexifuel models. Volvo introduced its S40 and V50 with flexible-fuel engines, joined in late 2006 by the then new C30. All Volvo models were initially restricted to the Sweden market, until 2007, when these three models were launched in eight new European markets.[52] In 2008 Volvo launched the V70 with a 2.5-litre turbocharged flexifuel engine.[53]

Plug-in hybrids

Further information: Volvo ReCharge and Volvo V70 Plug-in Hybrid

The Volvo ReCharge is a plug-in hybrid concept car with an all-electric range (AER) of 60 miles (97 km). It was officially unveiled at the 2007 Frankfurt Auto Show.[54]

On June 1, 2009, Volvo announced the launching of series production diesel-electric plug-in hybrids by 2012.[55][56][57] The company plans to sell a series hybrid with the goal of achieving emissions of less than 50 grams of CO2 per kilometer.[56][57] As part of a joint venture with Vattenfall, a Swedish energy company, Volvo converted two Volvo V70 to plug-in hybrid demonstrators that have been in field testing in Göteborg, Sweden since December 2009.[58] Vattenfall offered customers participating in this trial the supply of renewable electricity generated from wind power or hydropower.[59] Among other challenges, this test has allowed to experience the all-electric range at low temperatures, which has been a disadvantage of plug-in vehicles.[57][58][59]

Electric car

The Volvo C30 DRIVe Electric concept car was exhibited at the 2010 Paris Motor Show and Volvo announced that field testing will begin in 2011 in the U.S., Europe, and China.[60] The C30 DRIVe electric car has a lithium-ion battery, a top speed of 130 km/h (81 mph), and an all-electric range of up to 150 kilometres (93 mi). Field testing began in 2010 with 10 units in Göteborg, Sweden.[61]

Gas-turbine Hybrid

Further information: Volvo ECC

The Volvo ECC (Environmental Concept Car) was exhibited at the 1992 Paris Motor Show. The vehicles range on batteries alone was 90 miles (140 km), and when combined with a full tank of fuel for the turbine, about 415 miles (668 km).

Production locations around the world

Assembly plants

Component plants

Bridgend South Wales D2 1.6 diesel engine used in the V40 and Crosscountry (Ford Motor company)

Engine types

Volvo uses in-line, or straight engines in their production vehicles. Volvo is also known for the application of the in-line 5-cylinder engine to its vehicle line up since its introduction in 1993 in the Volvo 850.

Transmissions

Volvo automatic transmissions in the past were made by the ZF Friedrichshafen company, but now the transmissions are co-developed with Aisin of Japan. Geartronic is Volvo Cars' name for its manumatic transmission.

Automatic transmissions

Manual transmissions

Sales

Volvo Cars sales during 2010 (2009).[1]

By market

1. United States 53,952 (61,426)
2. Sweden 52,894 (41,826)
3. United Kingdom 37,940 (34,371)
4. China 30,522 (22,405)
5. Germany 25,207 (25,221)
6. Belgium 17,969 (13,223)
7. Italy 17,509 (15,896)
8. Netherlands 14,308 (14,035)
9. France 12,211 (11,596)
10. Russia 10,650 (6,894)
Others: 100,363 (87,915)

By model

1. XC60 80,723
2. V50 56,098
3. V70 48,877
4. XC90 37,597
5. C30 35,981
6. S40 31,688
7. XC70 22,068
8. S80 19,162
9. S60 14,786
10. S80L 11,778
11. V40 Unknown

Marketing

The symbol for Mars has been used since ancient times to represent iron

The name Volvo, is Latin for "I roll".

Logo

The Volvo symbol is an ancient chemistry sign for iron. The iron sign is used to symbolize the strength of iron used in the car as Sweden is known for its quality iron. The diagonal line (a strip of metal) across the grille came about to hold the actual symbol, a circle with an arrow, in front of the radiator.

A model of a Volvo XC90 constructed from LEGO bricks on display at Volvo Ocean Race – 2006 in Baltimore Inner Harbor

Sponsorship

Volvo entered the European Touring Car Championship with the Volvo 240 in the mid-80s. The cars also entered the Guia Race, part of the Macau Grand Prix in 1985, 1986 and 1987, winning in both 1985 and 1986.

Volvo also entered the British Touring Car Championship in the 90s with Tom Walkinshaw Racing. This partnership was responsible for the controversial 850 Estate racing car, which was only rendered uncompetitive when the FIA allowed the use of aerodynamic aids in 1995. TWR then built and ran the works 850 Saloon, six wins in 1995 and five wins in 1996, and S40, one wins in 1997 in the BTCC. In 1998, TWR Volvo won the British Touring Car Championship with Rickard Rydell driving the S40R.

In 2008 Volvo entered the Swedish Touring Car Championship with a C30 powered by bioethanol E85 fuel. Robert Dahlgreen and Tommy Rustad were the drivers, finishing 5th and 10th respectively in the championship. Volvo have also signalled their intentions to enter the 2009 British Touring Car Championship with the same car.[63]

The Volvo trademark is now jointly owned (50/50) by Volvo Group and Volvo Car Corporation.[64] One of the main promotional activities for the brand is the sailing Race Volvo Ocean Race, formerly known as the Whitbread Around the World Race. There is also a Volvo Baltic Race and Volvo Pacific Race, and Volvo likes to encourage its affluent image by sponsoring golf tournaments all over the world including major championship events called the Volvo Masters and Volvo China Open.

Volvo sponsored the Volvo Ocean Race, the world's leading round-the-world yacht race for the first time in 2001–2002. The next edition is taking place between 2011 and 2012. Volvo has also had a long-standing commitment to the ISAF and is involved in the Volvo/ISAF World Youth Sailing Championships since 1997.

In 2011, Volvo Cars is the main sponsor of the winter sports and music festival Snowbombing in Austria.

Volvo has since the 1950s had special international sales programs for customers assigned abroad, for example Diplomat Sales, Military Sales and Expat Sales.

In 2012, Volvo signed NBA star Jeremy Lin to an endorsement agreement. Over the next two years Mr. Lin will participate in Volvo's corporate and marketing activities as a "brand ambassador" for Volvo Car Corp.[65]

Volvo trademark lawsuit

In 1990, Volvo Cars filed a lawsuit against Hong Kong-based Club Volvo night club for infringement in Hong Kong High Court. The lawsuit ended with settlement where the night club paid 1 dollar to Volvo Cars. Since then, Club Volvo had been renamed to Club Borubo (which pronounced like Volvo in Japanese), and then Club Bboss (reference to Big Boss).[66][67][68]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Financial statement 2013 (FY 2012)
  2. ↑ "Contat Volvo." Volvo Cars. Retrieved on 5 August 2014. "Visiting address, Headquarters: VAK building, Assar Gabrielssons väg Göteborg"
  3. ↑ "China's Geely completes acquisition of Volvo". Associated Press. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  4. ↑ "Ford closes deal with China's Geely to sell Volvo". MarketWatch. 28 March 2010. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  5. ↑ "Volvo PV gör miljardvinst - Ekonomi - www.gp.se". Göteborgs-Posten (in Swedish). TT. http://www.gp.se/ekonomi/1.931819-volvo-pv-gor-miljardvinst. Retrieved 2 May 2012. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Volvo Urged, 'Drive It Like You Hate It'; Scoffers Did and They Liked It". Automotive News; 100 Year Almanac (Crain Communications): 80. 1996-04-24.
  7. ↑ "Volvo Car Torslanda celebrates 50 years of success". Volvo Media Relations. Retrieved 2015-02-25.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Volvo brand celebrates its 90th anniversary". DesignTAXI.com, 29 May 2005.
  9. ↑ "AB Volvo - press release". Cision Wire. Retrieved 1999-01-28. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  10. ↑ Harley, Michael (2008-12-04). "Ford wants US$6 billion for Volvo". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
  11. ↑ Korzeniewski, Jeremy (2009-02-05). "REPORT: Geely denies plans to buy Volvo". Autoblog.com. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
  12. ↑ Geely Confirms Interest In Volvo
  13. ↑ "Geely Jumps to Nine-Year High After Goldman Bond Sale (Update2)". bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
  14. ↑ "Goldman investment boosts China Geely's global hopes". London: Guardian. 2008-05-07. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
  15. ↑ "Re-Evaluate Strategic Options for Volvo Car Corporation". Ford.com. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
  16. ↑ Clark, Andrew (2009-10-28). "Ford set to offload Volvo to Chinese carmaker Zhejiang Geely | Business | guardian.co.uk". London: Guardian. Retrieved 2009-12-04.
  17. ↑ "Geely/Volvo deal 'done by Feb'". Autocar.co.uk. 2009-12-17. Retrieved 2009-12-22.
  18. ↑ Dolan, Matthew (2010-07-16). "Volvo Deal Sparks Leadership Shake-Up - WSJ.com". Online.wsj.com. Retrieved 2010-08-07.
  19. ↑ "FORD REACHES AGREEMENT TO SELL VOLVO CARS AND RELATED ASSETS TO GEELY". www.ford.com/about-ford/news-announcements. Retrieved 2010-03-30.
  20. ↑ Ola Kinnander and Keith Naughton (2010-08-02). "Geely Seals Takeover of Volvo From Ford; Jacoby Named CEO". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
  21. ↑ "Zhejiang Geely Completes Acquisition of Volvo Car Corporation. Stefan Jacoby Named President and CEO of Volvo Cars". Volvocars.com. 2010-08-02. Retrieved 2010-08-07.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "Volvo in 'killer brakes' inquiry". London: The Independent. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Volvo Safety Firsts
  24. ↑ "The 50-year-old Innovation". Edmunds.com. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
  25. ↑ Three-point seatbelt inventor Nils Bohlin born, History Channel
  26. ↑ Volvo's Three-Point Safety Belt Celebrates 50 Years of Saving Lives, The Auto Channel
  27. ↑ "Volvo Cars Safety". Volvocars.com. 2009-09-08. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
  28. ↑ CarAccidentAttorneyHawaii.com. "Safety Recalls". Safety Recalls. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
  29. ↑ CarAccidentAttorneyHawaii.com. "Safety Recalls". Safety Recalls. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
  30. ↑ Hyundai Motor America – abouthyundai, news, 2005 10 18
  31. ↑ "Haldex Traction Systems – About Us". Haldex-traction.com. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
  32. ↑ "English (Reports) – Folksam" (in Swedish). Folksam.se. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
  33. ↑ "2006 Safety Picks". SecurityWorld.com. Retrieved 2009-05-28.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 "Insurance Institute: Ten safest cars". CNN. 5 December 2005. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
  35. ↑ Ossi Carp och TT (2008-01-31). "DN: Volvo vållade barns död" (in Swedish). Dn.se. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
  36. ↑ Yahoo News: Volvo fined 200,000 euros over fatal French car crash
  37. ↑ "The Local: Volvo fined over children's death". Thelocal.se. 1999-06-17. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
  38. ↑ "IIHS-HLDI: Volvo S40". Iihs.org. Retrieved 2009-05-28.
  39. ↑ "IIHS-HLDI: Volvo S60". Iihs.org. Retrieved 2009-05-28.
  40. ↑ "IIHS-HLDI: Volvo 850/S70". Iihs.org. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
  41. ↑ "IIHS-HLDI: Volvo XC90". Iihs.org. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
  42. ↑ "IIHS-HLDI: Volvo S80". Iihs.org. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
  43. ↑ "IIHS-HLDI: Volvo C70". Iihs.org. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
  44. ↑ "IIHS-HLDI: Volvo XC60". Iihs.org. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
  45. ↑ "IIHS-HLDI: Volvo S60". Iihs.org. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
  46. ↑ "IIHS-HLDI: Volvo C30". Iihs.org. Retrieved 2013-04-14.
  47. ↑ "volvo-xc90-earns-institutes-top-safety-award". Iihs.org. Retrieved 2014-12-17.
  48. ↑ "Volvo S80". Iihs.org. Retrieved 2014-12-17.
  49. ↑ "Volvo - Euro NCAP - For safer cars crash test safety rating". Retrieved 2013-04-14.
  50. ↑ "Record-breaking safety rating for the all-new Volvo V40 in Euro NCAP test". Retrieved 2013-04-14.
  51. ↑ Retrospective: Volvo History (Channel 4)
  52. ↑ Volvo Cars Press Release (2006-11-08). "Volvo Expands Range of FlexiFuel Cars". World Car Fans. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
  53. ↑ "About Volvo Corporation 2007 and 2008". Volvo Cars. 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-06-29. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
  54. ↑ "Volvo ReCharge Concept Debuts at Frankfurt Motor Show". media.ford.com. Retrieved 2008-02-13.
  55. ↑ "Volvo promises diesel-electric plug-in hybrid by 2012". Motor Authority. 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Scott Doggett (2009-06-01). "Volvo Unveils Plug-in Diesel-Electric Hybrid Car, Says It Will Be Available in 2012". Edmunds.com. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 John Voelcker (2009-06-02). "Volvo to Introduce Plug-In Diesel by 2012". Fox News. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Vattenfall (September 2010). "Business Intelligence for E-Mobility" (PDF). PluginCars.com. Retrieved 2010-09-05.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "Volvo Cars and Vattenfall to Develop New Plug-in Diesel-Electric Hybrids; Three V70 PHEV Demonstrators on the Road This Summer". Green Car Congress. 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  60. ↑ "Volvo Car Corporation Confirms Introduction of PHEV Diesel in 2012; C30 BEV Production in 2011". Green Car Congress. 2010-09-30. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
  61. ↑ "Volvo's electrification chief talks C30 electric leases, industry's new battery suppliers". Autoblog Green. 2010-10-04. Retrieved 2010-10-05.
  62. ↑ https://www.media.volvocars.com/us/enhanced/en-us/Media
  63. ↑ "Volvo to Expand Green Racer". PopSci.com.au. 2009-01-30. Retrieved 2009-01-30.
  64. ↑ "Shared ownership of the Volvo brand name". .volvo.com. Retrieved 2012-03-17.
  65. ↑ Shirouzu, Norihiko (2012-03-20). "Jeremy Lin Hired to Endorse Volvo". The Wall Street Journal.
  66. ↑ "富豪汽車告大富豪" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-07-01.
  67. ↑ ccue.com (2012-06-21). "見證香江舞國風雲 大富豪結業 傳奇落幕". Dushi.ca. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
  68. ↑ "Just a song before I go". Thestandard.com.hk. Retrieved 2012-07-01.

External links

« previous — Volvo Cars road car timeline, 1960s–present
Type 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s
0123456789 0123456789 0123456789 0123456789 0123456789 012345
Small family car 66 440/460
480 C30
544 340/360 S40/V40 S40/V50 V40
Large family car Amazon/120/130 S60/V70 S60/V60
Duett 140/145 240 850 S70/V70
Executive car 260 740 940 S80 S80/V70
164 760 960 S90/V90
Sports saloon 242 GT 240 Turbo 850 T5/R S70/V70 T5/R S60/V70 T5 S60/V70 R
Sports car P1800 1800S 1800E 1800ES
Coupé 262C 780 C70 C70
Crossover XC60
XC70 XC70 XC70
XC90 XC90