Voie ferrée d'intérêt local

In France, a voie ferrée d'intérêt local (VFIL; "Railway of Local Interest") is a secondary railway constructed by a local administrative division, serving sparsely populated rural areas. These areas were beyond the economic reach of the networks of the intérêt général, which were concessions of the grandes compagnies ("Big Companies")[Note 1] who ran their lines for profit.

Birth

A Eure-et-Loir Tramways train near Nogent-le-Rotrou

The Prefect of the Bas-Rhin department, Monsieur Migneret, invented the VFIL concept. The first VFILs saw the light of day in Bas-Rhin in 1859, when the Act of 21 May 1836 came into force, defining the prefecture's powers over highways.[1] This economical mode of transport piqued the interest of other departments, and became the object of an inquiry that led to a law being enacted on 12 July 1865.[1] This act authorised departments and communes to implement VFILs, either themselves or through concessions, with the State's assistance and control. Local bodies had a great deal of autonomy over both technical and financial planning. But the system was open to abuse: the law, in providing State subsidies of start-up capital, encouraged speculation; in many cases, schemes started with this capital were later abandoned because of technical difficulties.[1]

The State had to restore good order to an anarchic situation and, in 1878, Charles de Freycinet, the new Minister of Public Works, gave France a vision of a comprehensive system of railways. He introduced rail transport, if not to every chef-lieu, at least to the regions still unconnected by train.[2] De Freycinet then commissioned a two-part plan, known as the Plan Freycinet:

Rise and fall

The Chemin de Fer de la baie de Somme still runs today, as a heritage railway

To breathe new life into VFILs, it was necessary to enact a new law clarifying the situation. This act became law on 11 June 1880 and fixed problems with State subsidies, guaranteeing, under certain conditions, to regulate the connections with the Big Companies.[3]

The secondary railways then grew spectacularly, from just 2,187 km (1,359 mi) of route in 1880 to 17,653 km (10,969 mi) in 1913.[4] This expansion was somewhat anarchic, and once again it became being necessary to change legislation so that it encompassed both railways proper and tramways that ran on normal streets. This was done with the law of 31 July 1913, designating them both under the name VFIL and establishing a new, more-logical classification distinguishing railways and urban tramways.[5]

The Inter-war period saw new laws (of 1 October 1926 and 17 April 1927, for example) which, with their measures of decentralisation and removal of red tape, tried to ease the financial difficulties of companies already closing their lines and often replacing them with road transport.[6]

Though the VFILs made up a baby boom, their lives were brief; only two or three generations will ever have seen them in use. In 1928 the various networks were at their largest, 20,291 km (12,608 mi).[5] In the Second World War many lines closed, victims of both the road and their own slowness. Not long after the end of the war, from the early 1950s, the survivors fell one by one.[6] But a few still survive, sometimes as heritage railways such as the Chemin de Fer de la baie de Somme.

The development of secondary railways happened at the same time throughout Europe. In Belgium, the SNCV created infrastructure and rolling stock to respond to the same need, but they evolved differently for many different reasons (construction by a single national body, the higher population density, a greater number of connections, partial electrification, and so on) and their development culminated around 1950.[7]

Minimal cost

The Amiens – Aumale – Envermeu line in the Somme and Seine-Inférieure, used metre gauge
Although most lines were rather dull, some had remarkable features. This is the Douvenant Viaduct at the start of the 20th century, on the Chemin de Fer des Côtes-du-Nord

On the secondary railways, everything was designed to save money, which did not necessarily entail poor workmanship or mediocre service.

Lines were generally narrow gauge, varying from 600 mm (1 ft 11 5⁄8 in) (Calvados network) to 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) as was more common. There were instances where standard gauge of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) was adopted, often to facilitate the transfer of through traffic to main line railways, such as on the Montérolier-Buchy - Saint-Saëns line in Seine-Inférieure.[8]

To keep construction costs down, routes followed the terrain as much as possible, with gradients as steep as 1:22.22 (4.5%) to 1:20 (5%) compared to no more than 1:40 (2.5%) on more traditional lines, with the exception of some mountain railways. Curves could have radii of less than 30 m (98 ft).[6] The rail tracks used were very light; generally Vignoles rail, with mass being 9 to 35 kilograms per metre (18.1 to 70.6 lb/yd) depending on the distance.[8] In many cases, lines were laid over road shoulders, which reduced the need to buy land and, above all, limited the need for new bridges and tunnels. But these measures severely limited the maximum operational speed, generally to less than 30 km/h (19 mph).

Signalling was itself minimal because of the small number of journeys (generally six a day before the First World War, and a few infrequent freight trains each week, fewer after 1914).[9] Road users were warned of level crossings by simple traffic signs saying Attention au train, which in the 1930s were augmented by the Cross of St Andrew; never a barrier. Stations were built in the same style, of small dimensions: a little waiting room and, attached to it, a modest ticket hall leading to a platform long enough to serve the most populous locality. A simple shelter or just a signpost marked out halts or flag stops.[10]

Small trains

Gare de Plougasnou of the Chemins de fer armoricains

The locomotives and other rolling stock also had a scaled-down appearance when compared with those of the larger networks. The steam locomotives were often tank engines, generally having three axles, with or without Bissel bogies front or rear. They were comparatively light, weighing from 8 to 25 t (7.9 to 24.6 long tons; 8.8 to 27.6 short tons) unladen.[10] Later, petrol and diesel multiple units appeared as railbuses. Overall, these machines formed short trains of at most about a dozen small carriages or wagons, often far fewer.[11]

Routes were quite short, some tens of kilometres, with operational speed below 20 km/h (12 mph). The slowness and rudimentary comfort of the secondary railways have passed into folk stories; anecdotes abound of unsavoury episodes, passengers getting off the train to push it up a steep hill, children hot-wiring cars to run alongside the breathing machine. Their users gave them nicknames:[12] tortillards ("twisters"), tacots ("bangers"), coucous ("cuckoos"), yoyo (imitative, as on the Boisleux Marquion line), and so on.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ By grandes compagnies is meant the principal railway companies, analogous to the Big Four British railway companies: These were nationalised on 1 January 1938, forming the SNCF.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Bertin 1994, p. 22
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Lamming, Clive; Marseille, Jacques (1986). Le temps des chemins de fer en France ("Railway history of France") (in French). Paris: Fernand Nathan. pp. 77 – 80. ISBN 978-2092976067.
  3. ↑ "Law of 11 June 1880". symbioz.net. Retrieved 8 June 2008.
  4. ↑ Domengie 1985, p. 3.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Domengie 1985, p. 4
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Bertin 1994, p. 24
  7. ↑ Davies, W. J. K (1985). 100 years of the Belgian Vicinal. London: Light Rail Transit Association.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 de Dieuleveult & Harouy 1988, p. 21.
  9. ↑ Domengie 1985, p. 10.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Domengie 1985, p. 7.
  11. ↑ Domengie 1985, pp. 8 – 9.
  12. ↑ Bertin 1994, p. 25.

Sources