Voiceless velar stop
| Voiceless velar stop | |
|---|---|
| k | |
| IPA number | 109 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) |
k |
| Unicode (hex) | U+006B |
| X-SAMPA |
k |
| Kirshenbaum |
k |
| Braille |
 |
| Sound | |
 source · help | |
The voiceless velar stop or voiceless velar plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨k⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is k.
The [k] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain [k], and some distinguish more than one variety. Most Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindi and Bengali, have a two-way contrast between aspirated and plain [k]. Only a few languages lack a voiceless velar stop, e.g. Tahitian.
There is also a voiceless post-velar stop (also called pre-uvular) in some languages. For voiceless pre-velar stop (also called post-palatal), see voiceless palatal stop.
Features
Features of the voiceless velar stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a stop.
- Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue at the soft palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Varieties
| IPA | Description |
|---|---|
| k | plain k |
| kʰ | aspirated k |
| kʲ | palatalized k |
| kʷ | labialized k |
| k̚ | k with no audible release |
| k̬ | voiced k |
| kʼ | ejective k |
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhaz | ақалақь | [ˈakalakʲ] | 'the city' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
| Adyghe | Shapsug | кӀэт | [kʲat] | 'chicken' | Dialectal. Corresponds to [t͡ʃ] in other dialects. |
| Ahtna | gistaann | [kɪstʰɐːn] | 'six' | ||
| Aleut[1] | kiikax̂ | [kiːkaχ] | 'cranberry bush' | ||
| Arabic | Standard[2] | كتب | [ˈkatabɐ] | 'he wrote' | See Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | Eastern[3] | քաղաք | [kʰɑˈʁɑkʰ] | 'town' | Contrasts with unaspirated form. |
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | kuleh | [kulɛː] | 'all' | Used in most varieties, with the exception of the Urmia and Nochiya dialects where it corresponds to [t͡ʃ]. | |
| Basque | katu | [kat̪u] | 'cat' | ||
| Bengali | কম | [kɔm] | 'less' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
| Bulgarian | как | [kak] | 'how' | ||
| Catalan[4] | quinze | [ˈkinzə] | 'fifteen' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | 家 gaa1 | [kaː˥] | 'home' | Contrasts with aspirated and or labialized forms. See Cantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | 高 gāo | [kɑʊ˥] | 'high' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology | |
| Czech | kost | [kost] | 'bone' | See Czech phonology | |
| Danish | Standard[5] | gås | [ˈkɔ̽ːs] | 'goose' | Usually transcribed /ɡ̊/ or /ɡ/. Contrasts with aspirated form, which is usually transcribed /kʰ/ or /k/. See Danish phonology |
| Dutch[6] | koning | [ˈkoːnɪŋ] | 'king' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | Australian[7] | caught | [ḵʰoːt] | 'caught' | Post-velar.[7] Allophone of /k/ before /ʊ oː ɔ oɪ ʊə/.[7] See Australian English phonology |
| Most speakers | kiss | [kʰɪs] | 'kiss' | See English phonology | |
| Estonian | kõik | [kɤik] | 'all' | ||
| Esperanto | kato | [kato] | 'cat' | ||
| Finnish | kakku | [kɑkːu] | 'cake' | See Finnish phonology | |
| French[8] | cabinet | [kabinɛ] | 'office' | See French phonology | |
| Georgian[9] | ქვა | [kʰva] | 'stone' | ||
| German | Käfig | [ˈkʰɛːfɪç] | 'cage' | See German phonology | |
| Greek | καλόγερος kalógeros | [kaˈlo̞ʝe̞ro̞s̠] | 'monk' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Gujarati | કાંદો | [kɑːnd̪oː] | 'onion' | See Gujarati phonology | |
| Hebrew | כסף kesef | [ˈkesef] | 'money' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindi | काम | [kɑːm] | 'work' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Hungarian | akkor | [ɒkkor] | 'then' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian[10] | casa | [ˈkaza] | 'house' | See Italian phonology | |
| Japanese[11] | 鞄 kaban | [kabaɴ] | 'handbag' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Kagayanen[12] | ? | [kað̞aɡ] | 'spirit' | ||
| Korean | 키조개 kijogae | [kʰid͡ʑoɡɛ] | 'Atrina pectinata' | See Korean phonology | |
| Macedonian | кој | [kɔj] | 'who' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Marathi | कवच | [kəʋət͡s] | 'armour' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathi phonology | |
| Lakota | kimímela | [kɪˈmɪmela] | 'butterfly' | ||
| Malay | kaki | [käki] | 'leg' | ||
| Norwegian | kake | [kɑːkɛ] | 'cake' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Pashto | كال | [kɑl] | 'year' | ||
| Polish[13] | buk |  [ˈbuk] | 'beech tree' | See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese[14] | corpo | [ˈkoɾpu] | 'body' | See Portuguese phonology | |
| Punjabi | ਕਰ | [kəɾ] | 'do' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |
| Romanian[15] | când | [ˈkɨnd] | 'when' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[16] | короткий | [kɐˈrotkʲɪj] | 'short' | See Russian phonology | |
| Slovak | kosť | [kosc] | 'bone' | ||
| Spanish[17] | casa | [ˈkasa] | 'house' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish | ko | [ˈkʰuː] | 'cow' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Turkish | kulak | [kʰuɫäk] | 'ear' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Ubykh | ? | 'slat' | Found mostly in loanwords. See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Ukrainian | колесо | [ˈkɔɫɛsɔ] | 'wheel' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Urdu | کتاب | [kɪtɑːb] | 'book' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Vietnamese[18] | cam | [kaːm] | 'orange' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| West Frisian | keal | [kɪəl] | 'calf' | ||
| Western Neo-Aramaic | Bakh'a | Post-velar; somewhat more front in Ma'loula. | |||
| Ma'loula | |||||
| Yi | ꇰ ge | [kɤ˧] | 'foolish' | Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[19] | canza | [kanza] | 'walking' | |
See also
References
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
- ↑ Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
- ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
- ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
- ↑ Basbøll (2005:61)
- ↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
- ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
- ↑ Okada (1991), p. 94.
- ↑ Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
- ↑ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ↑ DEX Online :
- ↑ Padgett (2003), p. 42.
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
- ↑ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
- ↑ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
Bibliography
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94–97, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
- Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J., III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296
- Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20 (2): 37–41, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004266
- Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
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