Voiceless alveolar stop

Voiceless alveolar stop
t
IPA number 103
Encoding
Entity (decimal) t
Unicode (hex) U+0074
X-SAMPA t
Kirshenbaum t
Braille ⠞ (braille pattern dots-2345)
Sound
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The voiceless alveolar stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar stops is ⟨t⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is t. The dental stop can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic, ⟨t̪⟩, the postalveolar with a retraction line, ⟨t̠⟩, and the Extensions to the IPA have a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation, ⟨t͇⟩.

The [t] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically;[1] the most common consonant phonemes of the world's languages are [t], [k] and [p]. Most languages have at least a plain [t], and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a [t] are Hawaiian (except for Ni‘ihau; Hawaiian uses a voiceless velar stop when adopting loanwords with [t]), colloquial Samoan (which also lacks an [n]), and Nǁng of South Africa.

Features

Here are features of the voiceless alveolar stop:

Occurrence

Dental or denti-alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Aleut[2] tiistax̂ [t̪iːstaχ] 'dough' Laminal denti-alveolar.
ArmenianEastern[3] տուն  [t̪un]  'house' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Belarusian[4] стагоддзе [s̪t̪äˈɣod̪d̪͡z̪ʲe] 'century' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology
Basque toki [t̪oki] 'place' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Bengali তুমি [t̪umi] 'you' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Catalan[5] tothom [t̪uˈt̪ɔm] 'everyone' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Chinese Hakka[6] 他 ta3 [t̪ʰa˧] 'he/she' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with an unaspirated form.
Dinka[7] mɛth [mɛ̀t̪] 'child' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with alveolar /t/.
Dutch Belgian taal [t̪aːl̪] 'language' Laminal denti-alveolar.
English Dublin[8] thin [t̪ʰɪn] 'thin' Laminal denti-alveolar, corresponds to [θ] in other dialects; in Dublin it may be [t͡θ] instead.[8] See English phonology
Indian
Southern Irish[9]
Ulster[10] train [t̪ɹeːn] 'train' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /t/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop.
Finnish tutti [ˈt̪ut̪ːi] 'pacifier' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Finnish phonology
French[11] tordu [t̪ɔʁd̪y] 'crooked' Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology
Hindustani[12] तीन / تین [t̪iːn] 'three' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Indonesian[13] tabir [t̪abir] 'curtain' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Italian[14] tale [ˈt̪ale] 'such' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology
Kashubian[15] Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kyrgyz[16] туз [t̪us̪] 'salt' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Latvian[17] tabula [ˈt̪äbulä] 'table' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology
Marathi तबला [t̪əbˈlaː] 'tabla' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Marathi phonology
Nunggubuyu[18] [t̪aɾaɡ] 'whiskers' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Pazeh[19] [mut̪apɛt̪aˈpɛh] 'keep clapping' Dental.
Polish[20] tom  [t̪ɔm]  'volume' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology
Portuguese[21] Many dialects montanha [mõˈt̪ɐɲɐ] 'mountain' Laminal denti-alveolar. Likely to have allophones among native speakers, as it may affricate to [tʃ], [tɕ] and/or [ts] in certain environments. See Portuguese phonology
Central northeastern Portuguese[22] noite típica [ˈnojt̪i ˈt̪ipikɐ] 'typical night' Laminal denti-alveolar. In this dialect, it's used in a limited way, and not by all the speakers, the post-alveolar phonemes /dʒ/ and /tʃ/ before /i/ sound syllables "de", "di", "te" and "ti". Instead, they use denti-alveolar sounds like the spanish language. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi ਤੇਲ[t̪eːl]'oil' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Russian[23] толстый [ˈt̪ʷo̞ɫ̪s̪t̪ɨ̞j] 'fat' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Russian phonology
Slovene[24] tip [t̪íːp] 'type' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Spanish[25] tango [ˈt̪ãŋɡo̞] 'tango' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology
Swedish[26] tåg [ˈt̪ʰoːɡ] 'train' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Swedish phonology
Temne[27] Dental.
Turkish at [ät̪] 'horse' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[28] брат [brɑt̪] 'brother' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbek[29] Laminal denti-alveolar. Slightly aspirated before vowels.[29]
Vietnamese[30] tuần [t̪wən˨˩] 'week' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with aspirated form. See Vietnamese phonology
Zapotec Tilquiapan[31] tant [t̪ant̪] 'so much' Laminal denti-alveolar.

Alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe тфы  [tfə] 'five'
ArabicEgyptian توكة tōka [ˈtoːkæ]'barrette' See Egyptian Arabic phonology
Standard تين tīn [tiːn] 'fig' Articulation may be alveolar or dental depending on the speaker's native dialect. See Arabic phonology
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic [bet̪a] 'house' Most speakers. In the Tyari, Barwari and Chaldean Neo-Aramaic dialects θ is used.
ChineseCantonese 但 daan6 [taːn˨˨]'however' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Cantonese phonology
Mandarin 大 dà [ta˥˩] 'big' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology
Czech toto [ˈtoto] 'this' See Czech phonology
Danish Standard[32] dose [ˈtɔ̽ːsə] 'can (n.)' Usually transcribed /d̥/ or /d/. Contrasts with affricated form, which is usually transcribed /tˢ/ or /t/. See Danish phonology
Dutch[33] taal [taːɫ] 'language' See Dutch phonology
English Most speakers tick [tʰɪk] 'tick' See English phonology
New York[34] Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.[34]
Finnish parta [ˈpɑrtɑ] 'beard' Allophone of the voiceless dental stop. See Finnish phonology
German Tochter [ˈtʰɔxtɐ] 'daughter' See German phonology
Hebrew תמונה [tmuna] 'image' see Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarian[35] tutaj [ˈtutɒj] 'raft' See Hungarian phonology
Japanese[36] 特別 tokubetsu [tokɯbetsɯ] 'special' See Japanese phonology
Kabardian тхуы  [txʷə] 'five'
Korean 턱 teok [tʰʌk̚] 'jaw' See Korean phonology
Malay tahun [tähon] 'year' See Malay phonology
Maltese tassew [tasˈsew] 'true'
Nunggubuyu[18] [taɾawa] 'greedy'
Nuosu ꄉ da [ta˧] 'place' Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms
Portuguese[37] Some dialects troço [ˈtɾɔsu] 'thing' (pejoratively) Allophone before alveolar /ɾ/. In other dialects /ɾ/ takes a denti-alveolar allophone instead. See Portuguese phonology
Slovak to [to] 'that'
Thai ตา ta [taː˥˧] 'eye'
Vietnamese ti [ti] 'flaw'See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian tosk [ˈtosk] 'tooth'

Variable

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
English Broad South African[38] talk [toːk] 'talk' Denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.[38][39][40]
Scottish[39] [tʰɔk]
Welsh[40] [tʰɒːk]
Greek[41] τρία tria [ˈtria] 'three' Varies between dental, denti-alveolar and alveolar, depending on the environment.[41] See Modern Greek phonology
Norwegian Standard Eastern[42] tann [tʰɑnː] 'tooth' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[42] See Norwegian phonology

See also

References

  1. ↑ Liberman et al. (1967), p. ?.
  2. ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
  3. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 17.
  4. ↑ Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
  5. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  6. ↑ Lee & Zee (2009), p. 109.
  7. ↑ Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115 and 121.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Collins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
  9. ↑ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.
  10. ↑ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF).
  11. ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  12. ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
  13. ↑ Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210.
  14. ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  15. ↑ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia".
  16. ↑ Kara (2003), p. 11.
  17. ↑ Nau (1998), p. 6.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Ladefoged (2005), p. 158.
  19. ↑ Blust (1999), p. 330.
  20. ↑ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  21. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  22. ↑ Como falam os brasileiros, p. 5, at Google Books
  23. ↑ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99.
  24. ↑ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
  25. ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  26. ↑ Engstrand (1999), p. 141.
  27. ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. ?.
  28. ↑ S. Buk, J. Mačutek, A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". arXiv:0802.4198.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Sjoberg (1963), p. 10.
  30. ↑ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
  31. ↑ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  32. ↑ Basbøll (2005), p. 61.
  33. ↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Wells (1982b), p. 515.
  35. ↑ zende (1994), p. 91.
  36. ↑ Okada (1991), p. 94.
  37. ↑ Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese revisited (Portuguese)
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Lass (2002), p. 120.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Wells (1982a), p. 388.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Arvaniti (2007), p. 10.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Kristoffersen (2000), p. 22.

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