Voiced palato-alveolar affricate

Voiced palato-alveolar affricate
d͡ʒ
d͜ʒ
dʒ
d̠ʲʒ
IPA number	104 135
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	d​͡​ʒ
Unicode (hex)	U+0064 U+0361 U+0292
X-SAMPA	dZ or d_r_jZ
Kirshenbaum	dZ
Image
Sound
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The voiced palato-alveolar affricate, also described as voiced domed postalveolar affricate, is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡ʒ⟩ (formerly the ligature ⟨ʤ⟩), or in broad transcription ⟨ɟ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA representation is ⟨dZ⟩. Alternatives commonly used in linguistic works, particularly in older or American literature, are ⟨ǰ⟩, ⟨ǧ⟩, ⟨ǯ⟩, and ⟨dž⟩. It is familiar to English speakers as the pronunciation of ⟨j⟩ in jump.

Some scholars use the symbol /d͡ʒ/ to transcribe the laminal variant of the voiced retroflex affricate. In such cases, the voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant is transcribed /d͡ʒʲ/.

Features

Features of the voiced postalveolar affricate:

• Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.

• Its place of articulation is palato-alveolar, that is, domed (partially palatalized) postalveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, and the front of the tongue bunched up ("domed") at the palate.

• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.

• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.

• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		аџыр	[ad͡ʒər]	'steel'	See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe		джанэ	[d͡ʒaːna]	'dress'
Albanian		xham	[d͡ʒam]	'glass'
Amharic		እንጀራ	[ɨnd͡ʒəra]	'injera'
Arabic	Standard[1]	جـرس jaras	[d͡ʒaras]	'bell'	In other standards and dialects, corresponds to [ɡ] or [ʒ]. See Arabic phonology
Armenian	Eastern[2]	ջուր	[d͡ʒuɾ]	'water'
	Western	ճանճ	[d͡ʒɑnd͡ʒ]	'fly'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic		jura	[d͡ʒuɾ:a]	'big'	Used predominantly in Urmia and some Jilu dialects. [g] is used in other varieties.
Azerbaijani		ağac	[ɑɣɑd͡ʒ]	'tree'
Bengali		জল	[d͡ʒɔl]	'water'	Contrasts with the aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Berber	Kabyle	lj̗Iran	[ld͡ʒiran]	'the neighbors'
Bulgarian		джудже	[ˈd͡ʒud͡ʒe]	'dwarf'
Chechen		джерво / dzhyerwo	[d͡ʒjerwo]	'previously married woman'
Coptic		ϫⲉ	[d͡ʒe]	'that'
Czech		léčba	[lɛːd͡ʒba]	'treatment'	See Czech phonology
English		jump	[ˈd͡ʒʌmp]	'jump '	See English phonology
Esperanto		manĝaĵo	[manˈd͡ʒaʒo̞]	'food'	See Esperanto phonology
Faroese		gestir	[ˈd͡ʒɛstɪɹ]	'guests '
French		adjonction	[ad͡ʒɔ̃k͡sjɔ̃]	'addition'	See French phonology
Georgian[3]		ჯიბე	[d͡ʒibɛ]	'pocket'
German	Standard[4]	Dschungel	[ˈd͡ʒʊŋəl]	'jungle'	Laminal or apico-laminal[4] and strongly labialized.[4] Some speakers may merge it with /t͡ʃ/. See German phonology
Goemai		[d͡ʒaːn]		'twins'
Hebrew		ג׳וק	[d͡ʒuk]	'cockroach'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani		जाना / جــانا	[d͡ʒɑːnɑː]	'to go'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian		lándzsa	[laːnd͡ʒɒ]	'spear'	See Hungarian phonology
Italian[5]		gemma	[ˈd͡ʒɛmma]	'gem'	See Italian phonology
Indonesian		jarak	[ˈd͡ʒarak]	'distance'
Kashubian[6]
Kurdish		ciger	[d͡ʒiɡɛɾ]	'lung'
Kyrgyz		жаман	[d͡ʒaman]	'bad'
Lithuanian		džiaugsmingas	[d͡ʒɛʊɡʲsʲˈmʲɪnɡɐs]	'glad'	See Lithuanian phonology
Macedonian		џемпер	[ˈd͡ʒɛmpɛr]	'sweater'	See Macedonian phonology
Malay		jahat	[d͡ʒahat]	'evil'
Manchu		ᠵᡠᠸᡝ	[d͡ʒuwe]	'two'
Marathi		जय	[d͡ʒəj]	'victory'	See Marathi phonology
Occitan	Languedocien	jove	[ˈd͡ʒuβe]	'young'
	Provençal		[ˈd͡ʒuve]
Ojibwe		?	[iːd͡ʒikiwẽːʔ]	'brother'	See Ojibwe phonology
Pashto		جــګ	[d͡ʒeɡ]	'high'
Persian		کُـجــا	[kod͡ʒɒ]	'where'	See Persian phonology
Polish	Gmina Istebna	dziwny	[ˈd͡ʒivn̪ɘ]	'strange'	/ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ merge into [d͡ʒ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /d͡ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex affricate.
	Lubawa dialect[7]
	Malbork dialect[7]
	Ostróda dialect[7]
	Warmia dialect[7]
Portuguese	Most Brazilian dialects[8]	grande	[ˈɡɾɐ̃d͡ʒi]	'big'	Allophone of /d/ before /i, ĩ/ (including when [i, ĩ, j] is not actually produced) and other instances of [i] (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise. [dʑ] might have a dominant scope in standard Brazilian Portuguese and among a huge number of speakers.
	Most dialects	jambalaya	[d͡ʒɐ̃bɐˈlajɐ]	'jambalaya'	In free variation with /ʒ/ in a few recent loanwords. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian		ger	[d͡ʒer]	'frost'	See Romanian phonology
Sardinian	Campidanese	géneru	[ˈd͡ʒɛneru]	'son-in-law'
Scottish Gaelic		Dia	[d͡ʒia]	'God'	See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian	Some speakers	џем / džem	[d͡ʒê̞m]	'jam'	May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
	Bosnian	ђаво / đavo	[d͡ʒâ̠ʋo̞ː]	'devil'	Most Croatian and some Bosnian speakers merge /d͡ʒ/ and /d͡ʑ/, either to [d͡ʒ] or laminal [ɖ͡ʐ].
	Croatian
Silesian	Gmina Istebna[9]				These dialects merge /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ into [d͡ʒ].
	Jablunkov[9]
Somali		joog	[d͡ʒoːɡ]	'stop'	See Somali phonology
Spanish	Many dialects	cónyuge	[ˈkõ̞ɲd͡ʒuxe̞]	'spouse'	May correspond to [ɟʝ] in Castilian Spanish, or be a stigmatized dialectal realization of /ʝ/ and /ʎ/. See Spanish phonology
	Some dialects	ayudar	[ad͡ʒuˈð̞ar]	'to help'
Turkish		acı	[äˈd͡ʒɯ]	'pain'	See Turkish phonology
Turkmen		jar	[d͡ʒär]	'ravine'
Ubykh		[amd͡ʒan]		'?'	See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian		джерело	[d͡ʒɛrɛˈlɔ]	'source'	See Ukrainian phonology
Uyghur		جـوزا	[d͡ʒozɑ]	'desk'	See Uyghur phonology
West Frisian		siedzje	[ʃɪd͡ʒǝ]	'to sow'
Zapotec	Tilquiapan[10]	dxan	[d͡ʒaŋ]	'god'

See also

• Index of phonetics articles

References

Bibliography

International Phonetic Alphabet   IPA topics IPA International Phonetic Association History of the IPA Extensions to the IPA Kiel convention (1989) Journal of the IPA (JIPA) Naming conventions Phonetics Diacritics Segments Tone letter Place of articulation Manner of articulation Special topics Case variants of IPA letters Handwritten IPA Obsolete and nonstandard symbols IPA chart for English dialects Encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Kirshenbaum TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode WorldBet IPA Braille   Consonants IPA pulmonic consonantschart image • audio Place → Labial Coronal Dorsal Radical Glottal ↓ Manner Bilabial Labio­dental Dental Alveolar Palato­alveolar Retroflex Alveolopalatal Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Epiglottal Nasal m̥ m ɱ n̥ n ɳ̊ ɳ ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ Stop p b p̪ b̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Sibilant fricative s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ Non-sibilant fricative ɸ β f v θ ð θ̱ ð̠ ɹ̠̊˔ ɹ̠˔ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ̊ ɻ j̊ j ɰ̊ ɰ Flap or tap ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ̥ ɾ ɽ̊ ɽ ɢ̆ ʡ̯ Trill ʙ r̥ r ɽ͡r̥ ɽ͡r ʀ̥ ʀ ᴙ * Lateral fricative ɬ ɮ ꞎ * ʎ̥˔ ʎ̝ ʟ̝̊ ʟ̝ Lateral approximant l̥ l ɭ̊ ɭ ʎ̥ ʎ ʟ ʟ̠ Lateral flap ɺ ɺ̢ * ʎ̯ ʟ̆ Non-pulmonic consonants Clicks ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ‼ ʞ ʘ̃ ʘ̃ˀ ʘ͡q ʘ͡qʼ Implosives ɓ̥ ɓ ɗ̥ ɗ ᶑ ʄ̊ ʄ ɠ ʛ Ejectives pʼ t̪ʼ tʼ ʈʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ fʼ θʼ sʼ ɬʼ ʃʼ ʂʼ ɕʼ xʼ χʼ tsʼ tɬʼ cʎ̝̥ʼ tʃʼ ʈʂʼ kxʼ kʟ̝̊ʼ qχʼ Affricates p̪f b̪v ts dz tθ dð tʃ dʒ tɕ dʑ ʈʂ ɖʐ tɬ dɮ cç ɟʝ cʎ̝̥ kx kʟ̝̊ ɡʟ̝ qχ Co-articulated consonants Continuants ʍ w ɥ ɧ Occlusives k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m — These tables contain phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] — Where symbols appear in pairs, left–right represent the voiceless–voiced consonants. — Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible. — Symbols marked with an asterisk (*) are not defined in the IPA. Chart image Pulmonics Non-pulmonics Affricates Co-articulated   Vowels Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back Close •iy •ɨʉ •ɯu •ɪʏ •ɪ̈ʊ̈ ʊ •eø •ɘɵ •ɤo •e̞ø̞ •əɵ̞ •ɤ̞o̞ •ɛœ •ɜɞ •ʌɔ •æ ɐ •aɶ •äɒ̈ •ɑɒ Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open IPA help • chart •  chart with audio • view