Voiced palatal stop
| Voiced palatal stop | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɟ | |||
| IPA number | 108 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) |
ɟ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+025F | ||
| X-SAMPA |
J\ | ||
| Kirshenbaum |
J | ||
| Braille |
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| Sound | |||
 source · help | |||
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The voiced palatal stop or voiced palatal plosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɟ⟩, a barred dotless ⟨j⟩ which was initially created by turning the type for a lowercase letter ⟨f⟩. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is J\.
If distinction is necessary, the voiced alveolo-palatal stop may be transcribed [ɟ̟], [d̠ʲ], or [d͡ɟ].
The sound does not exist as a phoneme in English, but is perhaps most similar to a voiced postalveolar affricate [dʒ], as in English jump (although it is a stop, not an affricate; the most similar stop phoneme to this sound in English is [ɡ], as in argue), and because it is difficult to get the tongue to touch just the hard palate without also touching the back part of the alveolar ridge,[1] [ɟ] is a less common sound worldwide than [dʒ]. It is also common for the symbol /ɟ/ to be used to represent a palatalized voiced velar stop, or other similar affricates, for example in the Indic languages. This may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified and the distinction between stop and affricate is not contrastive, and therefore of secondary importance.
There is also a voiced post-palatal stop (also called pre-velar, fronted velar etc.) in some languages.
Features
Features of the voiced palatal stop:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a stop.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian[2] | gjuha | [ˈɟuha] | 'tongue' | Merged with [d͡ʒ] in Gheg Albanian for all speakers and in Tosk for some speakers[3] | |
| Arabic[4] | Sudanese | جمل | [ˈɟa.mal] | 'camel' | Some dialects; corresponds to /d͡ʒ/, /ʒ/ or /ɡ/ in other varieties. See Arabic phonology |
| Yemeni | |||||
| Basque | anddere | [aɲɟe̞ɾe̞] | 'doll' | ||
| Catalan | Eastern[5] | guix | [g̟iɕ] | 'chalk' | Post-palatal.[5] Allophone of /g/ before front vowels.[5] See Catalan phonology |
| Majorcan[6] | guix | [ˈɟiɕ] | 'chalk' | Corresponds to /ɡ/ in other varieties. See Catalan phonology | |
| Corsican | fighjulà | [viɟɟuˈla] | 'to watch' | ||
| Czech | dělám | [ɟɛlaːm] | 'I do' | See Czech phonology | |
| Dinka | jir | [ɟir] | 'blunt' | ||
| Ega[7] | [ɟé] | 'become numerous' | |||
| English | Australian[8] | geese | [g̟ɪi̯s] | 'geese' | Post-palatal, less commonly palatal.[8] Allophone of /ɡ/ before /iː ɪ e eː æ æɪ æɔ ɪə j/.[8] See Australian English phonology |
| Friulian | gjat | [ɟat] | 'cat' | ||
| German | Studium | [ˈʃtuːɟʊm] | '(academic) studies' | Allophone of more frequent [dj] or [di]. See German phonology | |
| Greek[9] | μετάγγιση metággisi | [me̞ˈtɐŋ̟ɟ̠is̠i] | 'transfusion' | Post-palatal.[9] See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hungarian[10] | gyám | [ɟaːm] | 'guardian' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Italian | Standard[11] | ghianda | [ˈg̟jän̪ːd̪ä] | 'acorn' | Post-palatal.[11] Allophone of /g/ before /i e ɛ j/.[11] See Italian phonology |
| Irish | Gaeilge | [ˈɡeːlʲɟə] | 'Gaelic' | See Irish phonology | |
| Latvian | ģimene | [ˈɟime̞ne̞] | 'family' | ||
| Ganda | jjajja | [ɟːaɟːa] | 'grandfather' | ||
| Macedonian | раѓање | [ˈraɟaɲɛ] | 'birth' | See Macedonian phonology | |
| Norwegian | Central[12] | fadder | [fɑɟːeɾ] | 'godparent' | See Norwegian phonology |
| Northern[12] | |||||
| Occitan | Auvergnat | diguèt | [ɟiˈɡɛ] | 'said' (3rd pers. sing.) | See Occitan phonology |
| Limousin | dissèt | [ɟiˈʃɛ] | |||
| Portuguese | Some Brazilian speakers | pedinte | [piˈɟĩc̟ˢi̥] | 'pauper', 'beggar' | Some speakers might not affricate the dental stops before /i/ (usual and standard in Brazil), but still all retract.[13] See Portuguese phonology |
| Romanian[14] | ghimpe | [ˈɟimpe̞] | 'thorn' | Allophone of /ɡ/ before /i/ and /e/. See Romanian phonology | |
| Slovak | ďaleký | [ˈɟalʲekiː] | 'far' | Alveolo-palatal.[15] | |
| Spanish | Canarian | coche | [ˈkoɟe] | 'car' | [ɟ] is proper of rural speech, the allophone [c] is more common. See Canarian Spanish. |
| Taiwanese | 攑手 gia̍h-tshiú | [ɟiaʔ˧ʔ t͡ɕʰiu˥˩] | '(to) raise hand' | ||
| Turkish | güneş | [ɟyˈne̞ʃ] | 'sun' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Vietnamese | North-central dialect | da | [ɟa˧] | 'skin' | See Vietnamese phonology |
| Yanyuwa[16] | [ɡ̄ug̟uɭu] | 'sacred' | Post-palatal.[16] Contrasts plain and prenasalized versions | ||
See also
References
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 162.
- ↑ Newmark, Hubbard & Prifti (1982), p. 10.
- ↑ Kolgjini (2004).
- ↑ Watson (2002), p. 16.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Rafel (1999), p. 14.
- ↑ Recasens & Espinosa (2005), p. 1.
- ↑ Connell, Ahoua & Gibbon (2002), p. 100.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Arvaniti (2007), p. 20.
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 164.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Canepari (1992), p. 62.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Skjekkeland (1997), pp. 105–107.
- ↑ Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese revisited (Portuguese)
- ↑ "Definiția cu ID-ul 9532", DEX Online (in Romanian)
- ↑ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010), p. 374.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 34-35.
Bibliography
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics 8: 97–208, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv
- Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 88-08-24624-8
- Connell, Bruce; Ahoua, Firmin; Gibbon, Dafydd (2002), "Ega", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 32 (1): 99–104, doi:10.1017/S002510030200018X
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
- Kolgjini, Julie M. (2004), Palatalization in Albanian: An acoustic investigation of stops and affricates (Ph.D.), The University of Texas at Arlington
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
- Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
- Newmark, Leonard; Hubbard, Philip; Prifti, Peter R. (1982), Standard Albanian: A Reference Grammar for Students, Stanford University Press, ISBN 978-0-8047-1129-6
- Rafel, Joaquim (1999), Aplicació al català dels principis de transcripció de l'Associació Fonètica Internacional (PDF) (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans, ISBN 84-7283-446-8
- Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (1): 1–25, doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878
- Skjekkeland, Martin (1997), Dei norske dialektane: Tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla, Høyskoleforlaget (Norwegian Academic Press)
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
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