Voiced alveolar stop

Voiced alveolar stop
d
IPA number 104
Encoding
Entity (decimal) d
Unicode (hex) U+0064
X-SAMPA d
Kirshenbaum d
Braille ⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)
Sound
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The voiced alveolar stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar stops is ⟨d⟩ (although the symbol ⟨d̪⟩ can be used to distinguish the dental stop, and ⟨d̠⟩ the postalveolar), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d.

Features

Features of the voiced alveolar stop:

Occurrence

Dental or denti-alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Armenian Eastern[1] դեմք / demk’  [d̪ɛmkʰ]  'face' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Westernտալ / tal [d̪ɑl] 'to give' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Basque diru [d̪iɾu] 'money' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Belarusian[2] падарожжа [päd̪äˈroʐʐä] 'travel' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Belarusian phonology
Bengali দাম [d̪am] 'price' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Bengali phonology
Catalan[3] dit [ˈd̪it̪] 'finger' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Catalan phonology
Dinka[4] dhek [d̪ek] 'distinct' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with alveolar /d/.
Dutch Belgian ding [d̪ɪŋ] 'thing' Laminal denti-alveolar.
English Dublin[5] then [d̪ɛn] 'then' Laminal denti-alveolar. Corresponds to [ð] in other dialects; in Dublin it may be [d͡ð] instead.[5] See English phonology
Southern Irish[6]
Geordie[7] Word-initial allophone of /ð/; may be realized as [ð] instead.[7]
Ulster[8] dream [d̪ɹim] 'dream' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /d/ before /r/, in free variation with an alveolar stop.
French[9] dais [d̪ɛ] 'canopy' Laminal denti-alveolar. See French phonology
Georgian[10] კუდი [ˈkʼud̪i]'tail' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Hindi[11] दाल [d̪ɑːl] 'lentils' Laminal denti-alveolar. Hindi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Irish dorcha [ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə] 'dark' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Irish phonology
Italian[12] dare [ˈd̪äre] 'to give' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Italian phonology
Kashubian[13] Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kyrgyz[14] дос [d̪os̪] 'friend' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Latvian[15] drudzis [ˈd̪rud̪͡z̪is̪] 'fever' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology
Marathi दगड [d̪əɡəɖ] 'stone' Laminal denti-alveolar. Marathi contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Marathi phonology
Pashto ﺪﻮﻩ [ˈd̪wɑ] 'two' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Polish[16] dom  [d̪ɔm]  'home' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Polish phonology
Portuguese[17] Many dialects dar [ˈd̪aɾ] 'to give' Laminal denti-alveolar. Likely to have allophones among native speakers, as it may affricate to [dʒ], [dʑ], [dz] and/or [ts] or lenite to [ð] in certain environments. See Portuguese phonology
Central northeastern Portuguese[18] dia e tarde [ˈd̪iɐ i ˈtaɦd̪i] 'day and afternoon' Laminal denti-alveolar. In this dialect, it is used in a limited way, and not by all the speakers, the post-alveolar phonemes /dʒ/ and /tʃ/ before /i/ sound syllables "de", "di", "te" and "ti". Instead, they use denti-alveolar sounds like the spanish language. See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi ਦਾਲ[d̪ɑːl]'lentils' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Russian[19] дышать [d̪ɨ̞ˈʂätʲ] 'to breathe' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with a palatalized alveolar variant. See Russian phonology
Slovene[20] danes [ˈd̪àːnəs̪] 'today' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Spanish[21] hundido [ũn̪ˈd̪ið̞o̞] 'sunken' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Spanish phonology
Turkish dal [d̪äɫ] 'twig' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[22] дерево [ˈd̪ɛrɛvɔ] 'tree' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Ukrainian phonology
Urdu[11] دودھ [d̪uːd̪ʰ] 'milk' Laminal denti-alveolar. Urdu contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms. See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Uzbek[23] Laminal denti-alveolar.
Zapotec Tilquiapan[24] 'dan' [d̪aŋ] 'countryside' Laminal denti-alveolar.

Alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe дахэ [daːxa]'pretty'
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic wada [waːda] 'to do' or 'to make'Predominant in the Urmia, Jilu, Baz, Gawar and
Nochiya dialects. Corresponds to [ð̞] in other varieties.
Czech do [do] 'into' See Czech phonology
Dutch[25] dak [dɑk] 'roof' See Dutch phonology
English Most speakers daddy [ˈdædi] 'daddy' See English phonology
New York[26] Varies between apical and laminal, with the latter being predominant.[26]
Finnish sidos [ˈsido̞s] 'bond' See Finnish phonology
German Dach [dax] 'roof' See German phonology
Greek ντροπή dropí [dro̞ˈpi] 'shame' See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew דואר [ˈdoʔaʁ] 'mail' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarian adó [ˈɒdoː] 'tax' See Hungarian phonology
Indonesian[27] dacing [ˈdätʃɪŋ] 'balance scale'
Japanese[28] 男性的 danseiteki [danseiteki] 'masculine' See Japanese phonology
Kabardian дахэ [daːxa]'pretty'
Korean 아들 adeul [adɯl] 'son'See Korean phonology
Malay dahan [dähän] 'branch'
Maltese dehen [den] 'wit'
Slovak do  [do]  'into'
Thai ดาว [daːu] 'star'
West Frisian doarp [ˈdwɑrp] 'village'
Yi ꄿ dda [da˧] 'competent'

Variable

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Arabic دين [diːn] 'Religion' Denti-alveolar or alveolar, depending on the dialect. See Arabic phonology.
English Broad South African[29] dawn [doːn] 'dawn' Denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.[29][30][31]
Scottish[30] [dɔn]
Welsh[31] [dɒːn]
Norwegian Standard Eastern[32] dans [dɑns] 'dance' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[32] See Norwegian phonology
Swedish Central Standard[33] dag [dɑːɡ] 'day' Varies between denti-alveolar and alveolar, with the former being predominant.[33] May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology

See also

References

  1. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  2. ↑ Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
  3. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  4. ↑ Remijsen & Manyang (2009), pp. 115, 121.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Collins & Mees (2003), p. 302.
  6. ↑ Roca & Johnson (1999), p. 24.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Watt & Allen (2003), p. 270.
  8. ↑ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF).
  9. ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  10. ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Ladefoged (2005), p. 141.
  12. ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  13. ↑ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia".
  14. ↑ Kara (2003), p. 11.
  15. ↑ Nau (1998), p. 6.
  16. ↑ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  17. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  18. ↑ Como falam os brasileiros, p. 5, at Google Books
  19. ↑ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 99.
  20. ↑ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
  21. ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  22. ↑ S. Buk, J. Mačutek, A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system" (PDF). Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  23. ↑ Sjoberg (1963), p. 10.
  24. ↑ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  25. ↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Wells (1982b), p. 515.
  27. ↑ Soderberg & Olson (2008), p. 210.
  28. ↑ Okada (1991), p. 94.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Lass (2002), p. 120.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Wells (1982a), p. 388.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Kristoffersen (2000:22)
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Riad (2014:46)

Bibliography

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