Voiced alveolar affricate

Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate

Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate
d͡z
d͜z
IPA number	104 133
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ʣ
Unicode (hex)	U+02A3
X-SAMPA	dz
Kirshenbaum	dz
Sound
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The voiced alveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡z⟩ or ⟨d͜z⟩ (formerly ⟨ʣ⟩).

Features

Features of the voiced alveolar sibilant affricate:

• Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
• The stop component of this affricate is laminal alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge. For simplicity, this affricate is usually called after the sibilant fricative component.
• There are at least three specific variants of the fricative component:
  • Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of [z] is very strong.^[1]
  • Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to [ʒ] or laminal [ʐ].

• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.

• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

The following sections are named after the fricative component.

Dentalized laminal alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Armenian	Eastern[2]	ձուկ	[d̻͡z̪uk]	'snow'
Belarusian[3]		дзеканне	[ˈd̻͡z̪ekän̪ʲe]	'dzekanye'	Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
Czech[4]		Afgánec byl	[ˈävɡäːnɛd̻͡z̪ bɪɫ̪]	'an Afghan was'	Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants. See Czech phonology
Hungarian[5]		bodza	[ˈbod̻͡z̪ːɒ]	'elderberry'	See Hungarian phonology
Italian[6][7]		zero	[ˈd̻͡z̪ɛːɾo]	'zero'	⟨z⟩ may also represent /t͡s/. See Italian phonology
Kashubian[8]
Latvian[9]		drudzis	[ˈd̪rud̻͡z̪is̪]	'fever'	See Latvian phonology
Macedonian[10]		ѕвезда	[ˈd̻͡z̪ve̞z̪d̪ä]	'star'	See Macedonian phonology
Polish[11]		dzwon	[d̻͡z̪vɔn̪]	'bell'	See Polish phonology
Russian[12]		плацдарм	[pɫ̪ɐd̻͡z̪ˈd̪är̠m]	'bridge-head'	Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[13]		отац би / otac bi	[ǒ̞t̪äd̻͡z̪ bi]	'father would'	Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants.[13] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak		sadzba	[ˈsäd̻͡z̪bä]	'tariff'
Slovene[14]		brivec brije		'barber shaves'	Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants.
Ukrainian[15]		дзвін	[d̻͡z̪vin̪]	'bell'	See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[16]					Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants.

Non-retracted alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		аӡы	[ɑˈd͡zɨ]	'water'	See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe		дзэлӀы	[d͡zaɬʼə]	'soldier'
Albanian		xehe	[d͡zɛhɛ]	'mineral'
Arabic	Najdi[17]	قـليب	[d͡zɛ̝lib]	'well'	Corresponds to /q/, /ɡ/, or /dʒ/ in other dialects.
Armenian	Western	ծակ	[d͡zɑɡ]	'hole'
Azerbaijani	some Western dialects	Cəbrayıl	[d͡zæbɾɑˈjɯɫ]	'Jibra'il'	Corresponds to /d͡ʒ/ or /ɟ/ in other dialects.
Berber	Kabyle	Lz̗ayer	[ld͡zajər]	'Algeria'
French	Quebec	samedi	[samd͡zi]	'Saturday'	Allophone of /d/ before /i/ and /y/. See Quebec French phonology
Georgian[18]		ძვალი	[d͡zvɑli]	'bone'
Greek		τζάμι	[ˈd͡zami]	'window pane'
Hebrew		תזונה	[d͡zuna]	'nutrition'	See Modern Hebrew phonology
Iu Mien		nzoc	[d͡zò]	'drum'
Japanese		水 mizu	[mʲiˈdzu͍]	'water'	Some speakers. See Japanese phonology
Kabardian		дзын	[d͡zən]	'to throw'
Ngwe	Nwametaw dialect	[mə̀d͡zə̀]		'path'
Occitan	Rhodanien Provençal	joine	[ˈd͡zujne]	'young'
Pashto		پنځه	[pind͡zə]	'five'
Portuguese	European[19]	desafio	[d͡zəˈfi.u]	'challenge'	Allophone of /d/ before /i, ĩ/ (like [dʒ ~ dʑ], even when [i, ĩ, j] is not actually produced), or as a result of vowel elision leading to sandhi of unstressed /e ~ ɨ ~ i/, even past the development of the [dʒ ~ dʑ] allophony. Use in Brazil is spreading.[20]
	Brazilian[19][20]	aprendizado	[əpɾẽ̞ˈd͡zadu]	'learning'
	Many speakers	mezzosoprano	[me̞d͡zo̞so̞ˈpɾɐ̃nu]	'mezzo-soprano'	Marginal sound. Some might instead use spelling pronunciations.[21] See Portuguese phonology
Northern Qiang		?	[ɣd͡zə]	'rabbit'
Romanian	Moldavian dialects[22]	zic	[d͡zɨk]	'say'	Corresponds to [z] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Ubykh		[məˈdza]		'light'	See Ubykh phonology
West Frisian		widze	[ˈʋɪd͡zǝ]	'cradle'
Yi		ꋩ/zzy	[d͡zɪ˧]	'ride'

Retracted alveolar

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate

Features

• Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.

• Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.

• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.

• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.

• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

See also

• Voiced dental affricate
• List of phonetics topics

References

Bibliography

• Bertinetto, Marco; Loporcaro, Michele (2005), "The sound pattern of Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (2): 131–151, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002148 
• Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 88-08-24624-8 
• Chew, Peter A. (2003), A computational phonology of Russian, Universal Publishers 
• Hualde, José (1992), Catalan, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-05498-2 
• Kozintseva, Natalia (1995), Modern Eastern Armenian, Lincom Europa, p. 52, ISBN 3895860352 
• Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8. 
• Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7 
• Lewis jr., Robert Eugene (2013), Complementizer Agreement in Najdi Arabic (PDF) 
• Lunt, Horace G. (1952), Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language, Skopje 
• Nau, Nicole (1998), Latvian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3-89586-228-2 
• Padluzhny, Ped (1989), Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy, ISBN 5-343-00292-7 
• Palková, Zdena (1994), Fonetika a fonologie češtiny, ISBN 978-8070668436 
• Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj 
• Pretnar, Tone; Tokarz, Emil (1980), Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego, Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski 
• Puppel, Stanisław; Nawrocka-Fisiak, Jadwiga; Krassowska, Halina (1977), A handbook of Polish pronunciation for English learners, Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe 
• Rocławski, Bronisław (1976), Zarys fonologii, fonetyki, fonotaktyki i fonostatystyki współczesnego języka polskiego, Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego 
• Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628 
• Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659 
• Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina 
• Szende, Tamás (1999), "Hungarian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 104–107, ISBN 0-521-65236-7 

International Phonetic Alphabet   IPA topics IPA International Phonetic Association History of the IPA Extensions to the IPA Kiel convention (1989) Journal of the IPA (JIPA) Naming conventions Phonetics Diacritics Segments Tone letter Place of articulation Manner of articulation Special topics Case variants of IPA letters Handwritten IPA Obsolete and nonstandard symbols IPA chart for English dialects Encodings SAMPA X-SAMPA Kirshenbaum TIPA Phonetic symbols in Unicode WorldBet IPA Braille   Consonants IPA pulmonic consonantschart image • audio Place → Labial Coronal Dorsal Radical Glot­tal ↓ Manner Bi­la­bi­al La­bi­o­den­tal Den­tal Al­ve­o­lar Post­al­ve­o­lar Ret­ro­flex Al­ve­o­lo­pal­a­tal Pal­a­tal Ve­lar U­vu­lar Phar­yn­ge­al Ep­i­glot­tal Nasal m̥ m ɱ n̥ n ɳ̊ ɳ ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ Stop p b p̪ b̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Sibilant fricative s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ Non-sibilant fricative ɸ β f v θ ð θ̱ ð̠ ɹ̠̊˔ ɹ̠˔ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ̊ ɻ j̊ j ɰ̊ ɰ Flap or tap ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ̥ ɾ ɽ̊ ɽ ɢ̆ ʡ̯ Trill ʙ r̥ r ɽ͡r̥ ɽ͡r ʀ̥ ʀ ᴙ * Lateral fricative ɬ ɮ ꞎ * ʎ̥˔ ʎ̝ ʟ̝̊ ʟ̝ Lateral approximant l̥ l ɭ̊ ɭ ʎ̥ ʎ ʟ ʟ̠ Lateral flap ɺ ɺ̢ * ʎ̯ ʟ̆ Non-pulmonic consonants Clicks ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ ‼ ʞ ʘ̃ ʘ̃ˀ ʘ͡q ʘ͡qʼ Implosives ɓ̥ ɓ ɗ̥ ɗ ᶑ ʄ̊ ʄ ɠ ʛ Ejectives pʼ t̪ʼ tʼ ʈʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ fʼ θʼ sʼ ɬʼ ʃʼ ʂʼ ɕʼ xʼ χʼ tsʼ tɬʼ cʎ̝̥ʼ tʃʼ ʈʂʼ kxʼ kʟ̝̊ʼ qχʼ Affricates p̪f b̪v ts dz tθ dð tʃ dʒ tɕ dʑ ʈʂ ɖʐ tɬ dɮ cç ɟʝ cʎ̝̥ kx kʟ̝̊ ɡʟ̝ qχ Co-articulated consonants Continuants ʍ w ɥ ɧ Occlusives k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m — These tables contain phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] — Where symbols appear in pairs, left–right represent the voiceless–voiced consonants. — Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible. — Symbols marked with an asterisk (*) are not defined in the IPA. Chart image Pulmonics Non-pulmonics Affricates Co-articulated   Vowels Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back Close •iy •ɨʉ •ɯu •ɪʏ •ɪ̈ʊ̈ ʊ •eø •ɘɵ •ɤo •e̞ø̞ •əɵ̞ •ɤ̞o̞ •ɛœ •ɜɞ •ʌɔ •æ ɐ •aɶ •äɒ̈ •ɑɒ Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open IPA help • chart •  chart with audio • view