Vogtle Electric Generating Plant

Plant Vogtle

Location of Plant Vogtle in USA Georgia
Official name Alvin W. Vogtle Electric Generating Plant
Country United States
Location Burke County, Georgia,
Coordinates 33°8′36″N 81°45′38″W / 33.14333°N 81.76056°WCoordinates: 33°8′36″N 81°45′38″W / 33.14333°N 81.76056°W
Status Operational
Commission date Unit 1: June 1, 1987
Unit 2: May 20, 1989
Construction cost $8.87 billion (Units 1 & 2)
Owner(s) Georgia Power (45.7%)
OPC (30%)
MEAG (22.7%)
City of Dalton (1.6%)
Operator(s) Southern Nuclear
Nuclear power station
Reactor type 4-loop PWR (active), AP1000 (planned)
Reactor supplier Westinghouse
Power generation
Units operational 2 × 1215 MW
Make and model General Electric
(Units 1 & 2)
Units under const. 2 × 1117 MW
Annual generation 18,297 GW·h
Website
Plant Vogtle — Southern Nuclear

The Alvin W. Vogtle Electric Generating Plant, also known as Plant Vogtle, is a 2-unit nuclear power plant located in Burke County, near Waynesboro, Georgia, in the southeastern United States. It is named after the Alabama Power and Southern Company board chairman, Alvin Vogtle.

Each unit has a Westinghouse pressurized water reactor (PWR), with a General Electric turbine and electric generator. Units 1 and 2 were completed in 1987 and 1989, respectively. Each unit is capable of producing approximately 1,200 MW of electricity when online, for a combined capacity of 2,400 MW. Southern Nuclear lists the capacity as 1,215 MW each, for a combined output of 2,430 MW.[1] The twin natural-draft cooling towers are 548 ft (167 m) tall and provide cooling to the plant's main condensers. Four smaller mechanical draft cooling towers provide service water cooling to auxiliary safety and non safety components and remove the decay heat from the reactor when the plant is offline. One natural-draft tower and two service water towers serve each unit. Natural-draft type cooling towers were also selected for the new units 3 and 4 and are currently (in 2014) under construction. The two new cooling towers will also be nearly 550 feet tall.

During Vogtle’s construction, capital investment required jumped from an estimated $660 million to $8.87 billion.[2][3] This huge increase in cost was typical of the time because of new regulations mandating increased safety precautions and more robust designs, a result of the Three Mile Island accident.[4]

In 2009, the NRC renewed the licenses for both units for an additional 20 years, to the 2040s.[5] Groundwork for two additional AP1000 reactors is underway.[6]

Surrounding population

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of 10 miles (16 km), concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne radioactive contamination, and an ingestion pathway zone of about 50 miles (80 km), concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity.[7]

The 2010 U.S. population within 10 miles (16 km) of Vogtle was 5,845, a decrease of 16.3 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data for msnbc.com. The 2010 U.S. population within 50 miles (80 km) was 726,640, an increase of 8.8 percent since 2000. Cities within 50 miles include Augusta (26 miles to city center).[8]

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission's estimate of the risk each year of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to the reactor at Vogtle was 1 in 140,845, according to an NRC study published in August 2010.[9][10]

Power uprate

In 2008, both reactors were increased in power by 1.7% by an "Appendix K" uprate,[11] also called a Measurement Uncertainty Recapture uprate. "Measurement uncertainty recapture power uprates are less than 2 percent and are achieved by implementing enhanced techniques for calculating reactor power. This involves the use of state-of-the-art feedwater flow measurement devices to more precisely measure feedwater flow, which is used to calculate reactor power. More precise measurements reduce the degree of uncertainty in the power level, which is used by analysts to predict the ability of the reactor to be safely shutdown under postulated accident conditions."[12] Because the reactor power can be calculated with much greater accuracy now than with the old venturi type measurement, the plant can safely run within a tighter margin of error to their limit. The new flow meter works by comparing the time it takes ultrasonic sound pulses to travel upstream versus downstream inside the pipe, and uses that time difference to figure the flow rate of the water in the pipe.

The NRC approved Vogtle's License Amendment Request (LAR) in March 2008. "The NRC staff determined that Southern Nuclear could safely increase the reactor’s output primarily through more accurate means of measuring feedwater flow. NRC staff also reviewed Southern Nuclear’s evaluations showing the plant’s design can handle the increased power level."[13] Unit 1 was uprated during its spring 2008 defueling outage, and Unit 2 was uprated in the fall outage of the same year.

Site area emergency

On March 20, 1990 at 9:20 a.m., a truck carrying fuel and lubricants in the plant's 230kv low voltage switchyard backed into a support column for the feeder line supplying power to the Unit 1-A reserve auxiliary transformer (RAT). At the time, the 1-B RAT was de-energized for maintenance and RAT 1-A was powering both trains of emergency electrical power, and the non-emergency electrical trains were being powered by back-feeding from the 500kv switchyard through the main step-up transformer to the 1-A and 1-B unit auxiliary transformers (UAT.) Additionally, Emergency Diesel Generator (EDG) 1-B was out of service for planned maintenance. After the power loss, EDG 1-A failed to start due to a protective safety trip. The resulting loss of electrical power in the plant's "vital circuits" shut down the residual heat removal (RHR) pump that was cooling Unit 1 (which was nearing the end of a refueling outage) and prevented the back-up RHR from activating. Even though Unit 1 was offline at the time, residual heat from the natural decay of the radioactive fuel needed to be removed to prevent a dangerous rise in core temperature. While the non safety power was not interrupted, there was no physical connection between the vital and non-vital electrical trains which prevented the vital trains from receiving power from the unaffected 500kv switchyard.

At 9:40 a.m., the plant operators declared a site area emergency (SAE) per existing procedures which called for an SAE whenever "vital" power is lost for more than 15 minutes. At 9:56 a.m., after trying multiple times to start the "A" EDG normally, plant operators performed an emergency startup of the EDG by activating the generator's "emergency start" break-glass which bypassed most of the EDG's safeties and forced it to start. The startup was successful. RHR-A was then started using power from EDG-A. With core cooling restored, the SAE was downgraded to an alert at 10:15 a.m. At 11:40 a.m., crews energized RAT 1-B which had been shut down for maintenance and restored power to the "B" safety electrical train. At 12:57 p.m., the "A" safety train was switched from the EDG to RAT 1-B and the EDG was shut down. With both trains receiving offsite power, the alert was terminated at 1:47 p.m.

The temperature of the Unit 1 core coolant increased from 90 °F to 136 °F during the 36 minutes required to re-energize the A-side bus. Throughout the event, non-vital power was continuously available to Unit 1 from off-site sources. However, the Vogtle electrical system was not designed to permit easy interconnection of the Unit 1 vital busses to non-vital power or to the Unit 2 electrical busses.[14] Since this incident, Plant Vogtle has implemented changes to the plant that allow the non-vital electrical buses to transfer power to the vital buses in this type of scenario.

The electrical fault described above also affected unit 2 by causing breakers in the 230kv switchyard to trip cutting off power to RAT 2-B and vital bus B on unit 2. EDG 2-B subsequently started and restored power to the vital bus. At the same time, the electrical disturbance from the falling line striking the ground was detected by protective safeties on unit 2's main step-up transformer and a protective relay actuated and opened the transformer's output breaker causing a full load rejection to unit 2 which led to a turbine trip and reactor scram. After the unit tripped, the B non-vital electrical train lost power as it attempted to transfer from UAT 2-B (which is powered by the turbine generator) to the failed RAT 2-B causing two of the reactor coolant pumps and one of the main feedwater pumps to trip, though the plant cool down proceeded safely. At 9:03 p.m., the RAT 2-B breakers in the switchyard were reset and offsite power was restored to the vital and non-vital B electrical trains allowing reactor coolant pumps 2 and 4 to be restarted. EDG 2-B was shutdown. It was later determined that the fault disturbance caused by the line falling was not of significant magnitude to trip the protective relay per design and should not have caused unit 2 to shut down. Further investigation found that current transformers on the main transformer were improperly set. The controls were adjusted to the proper setting. Had the CTs been properly set initially, the unit would have remained online.

Units 3 and 4

Construction underway at Vogtle, October 2011
Wikinews has related news: US regulators approve new nuclear reactors for first time in 34 years

On August 15, 2006, Southern Nuclear formally applied for an Early Site Permit (ESP) for two additional units. The ESP will determine whether the site is appropriate for additional reactors, and this process is separate from the Combined Construction and Operating License (COL) application process.[15] On March 31, 2008, Southern Nuclear announced that it had submitted an application for a COL, a process which will take at least 3 to 4 years.[16] On April 9, 2008, Georgia Power Company reached a contract agreement for two AP1000 reactors designed by Westinghouse which is owned by Toshiba and the Shaw Group (Baton Rouge, LA).[17] The contract represents the first agreement for new nuclear development in the US since the Three Mile Island accident in 1979, and received approval from the Georgia Public Service Commission on March 17, 2009.[18] As stated by a Georgia Power spokesperson Carol Boatright: "If the PSC approves, we are going forward with the new units."[17]

On August 26, 2009, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) issued an Early Site Permit and a Limited Work Authorization. Limited construction at the new reactor sites has begun, with Unit 3 expected to be operational in 2016, followed by Unit 4 in 2017, pending final issuance of the Combined Construction and Operating License by the NRC.[19][20]

On February 16, 2010, President Obama announced $8.33 billion in federal loan guarantees toward the construction cost,[21] although as of December 2013 Georgia Power had not availed itself of those guarantees. The expected building cost for the two reactors is $14 billion.[22] Georgia power's share is around $6.1 billion, while "remaining ownership of the two reactors is split among Oglethorpe Power Corp., the Municipal Electric Authority of Georgia (MEAG Power), and Dalton Utilities".[23]

In February 2012, the NRC approved the construction license of the two proposed AP1000 reactors at the Vogtle plant.[24] NRC Chairman Gregory Jaczko cast the lone dissenting vote on plans to build and operate the two new nuclear power reactors, citing safety concerns stemming from Japan's 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, and saying "I cannot support issuing this license as if Fukushima never happened".[25] One week after Southern received the license to begin construction, a dozen environmental and anti-nuclear groups sued to stop the expansion project, saying "public safety and environmental problems since Japan's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactor accident have not been taken into account".[26] On July 11, 2012, the lawsuit was rejected by the Washington D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals.[27]

On March 12, 2013 construction on unit 3 officially began with the pour of the basemat concrete for the nuclear island.[28] This operation was complete on March 14.[29] During the weekend of June 1–2, 2013, assembly of the containment vessel began with the bottom head of the vessel being lifted into place on the nuclear island.[30] By June 2013, construction schedule had been extended by at least 14 months.[31] On November 21, 2013, the basemat pour for Unit 4 was completed.[32]

In February 2014, the Department of Energy approved a $6.5 billion loan guarantee for Southern Co. subsidiary Georgia Power and Oglethorpe Power Corp. The Department of Energy initially demanded a credit subsidy fee, but the demand was ultimately dropped given the financial strength of Southern Co. and the Vogtle project.[33][34][35] Even though the waiver of the credit subsidy fee benefits Georgia rate-payers, several anti-nuclear groups are critical of the loan guarantee. In a similar case Constellation Energy was asked to pay a credit subsidy fee of hundreds of millions of dollars when it applied to build a nuclear plant in Maryland. The company refused and ultimately cancelled the project.[36]

Reactor data

The Vogtle Electric Generating Plant consists of two operational reactors; two additional units are under construction.

Reactor unit Reactor type Capacity Nuclear Construction started Electricity grid connection Commercial operation Shutdown
Net Gross
Vogtle-1 [37] Westinghouse 4-loop 1150 MW 1203 MW August 1, 1976 March 27, 1987 June 1, 1987
Vogtle-2 [38] Westinghouse 4-loop 1152 MW 1202 MW August 1, 1976 April 10, 1989 May 20, 1989
Vogtle-3 [39] AP1000 1117 MW 1250 MW March 12, 2013[28]
Vogtle-4 AP1000 1117 MW 1250 MW November 19, 2013

References

  1. ↑ "Plant Vogtle - Southern Company". Southern Company. Archived from the original on 2007-02-05. Retrieved 2007-03-02.
  2. ↑ Gertner, Jon (July 16, 2006). "Atomic Balm?". The New York Times.
  3. ↑ Moens, John (March 18 09:15:09 EDT 2005). "U.S. Nuclear Plants - Vogtle". Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 2007-03-02. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ↑ Wahlen, M.; Kunz, C. O.; Matuszek, J. M.; Mahoney, W. E.; Thompson, R. C. (1980). "Radioactive plume from the Three Mile Island accident: Xenon-133 in air at a distance of 375 kilometers". Science 207 (4431): 639–640. doi:10.1126/science.7352276. PMID 7352276.
  5. ↑ Pavey, Rob (June 4, 2009). "Licenses for Vogtle current reactors renewed". Augusta Chronicle. Retrieved 2009-06-05.
  6. ↑ Pavey, Rob (November 22, 2009). "Vogtle lays groundwork for first U.S. reactors in decades". Augusta Chronicle. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
  7. ↑ http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/emerg-plan-prep-nuc-power-bg.html
  8. ↑ Dedman, B. (April 14, 2011). "Nuclear neighbors: Population rises near US reactors". MSNBC. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
  9. ↑ Dedman, B. (March 17, 2011). "What are the odds? US nuke plants ranked by quake risk". MSNBC. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
  10. ↑ http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/Sections/NEWS/quake%20nrc%20risk%20estimates.pdf
  11. ↑ NRC Regulations (10CFR) Appendix K to Part 50
  12. ↑ NRC Power Uprates
  13. ↑ NRC News Release 08-043
  14. ↑ NRC Information Notice No. 90-25
  15. ↑ "NRC: Early Site Permits - Licensing Reviews". United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Retrieved 2007-05-31.
  16. ↑ O'Grady, Eileen (March 31, 2008). "Southern utilities apply for new nuclear licenses". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 MacAlister, Terry (April 9, 2008). "Westinghouse wins first US nuclear deal in 30 years". London: Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 2008-04-09.
  18. ↑ "Two Nuclear Reactors Get Green Light". Atlanta Journal Constitution. Retrieved 2009-04-18.
  19. ↑ "Southern Company Plant Vogtle Media Guide" (PDF) (Press release). Southern Company. June 2011. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
  20. ↑ "Vogtle Units Receive NRC Staff Approval for Final Safety Report" (Press release). Southern Company. August 9, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2011.
  21. ↑ "Obama Administration Announces Loan Guarantees to Construct New Nuclear Power Reactors in Georgia". The White House Office of the Press Secretary. Archived from the original on 1 May 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-30.
  22. ↑ Rob Pavey (May 11, 2012). "Price of Vogtle expansion could increase $900 million". The Augusta Chronicle. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  23. ↑ Henry J. Pulizzi; Christine Buurma (Feb 16, 2010). "Obama Unveils Loan Guarantees for Nuclear Plant". wsj. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  24. ↑ Abernethy, C. (February 9, 2012). "NRC Approves Vogtle Reactor Construction". Nuclear Street. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
  25. ↑ Ayesha Rascoe (Feb 9, 2012). "U.S. approves first new nuclear plant in a generation". Reuters.
  26. ↑ Kristi E. Swartz (February 16, 2012). "Groups sue to stop Vogtle expansion project". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
  27. ↑ Rob Pavey (July 12, 2012). "Court rejects legal challenge to Plant Vogtle construction license". The Augusta Chronicle.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 The Augusta Chronicle (March 13, 2013). "Concrete poured for new Vogtle reactor foundation". The Augusta Chronicle. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
  29. ↑ Mark Williams (March 14, 2013). "First nuclear concrete placed at Plant Vogtle expansion". Georgia Power. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
  30. ↑ Pavey, R. (June 3, 2013). "Vogtle's heaviest component to date moved into place". The Augusta Chronicle. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
  31. ↑ Matthew L. Wald (June 11, 2013). "Atomic Power’s Green Light or Red Flag". The New York Times. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
  32. ↑ "Construction underway of second Vogtle AP1000". World Nuclear News. World Nuclear Association. November 22, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
  33. ↑ http://www.marketwatch.com/story/southern-company-subsidiary-doe-finalize-vogtle-nuclear-project-loan-guarantees-2014-02-20
  34. ↑ http://www.power-eng.com/articles/2014/02/doe-finalizes-65bn-loan-guarantee-for-new-plant-vogtle-nuclear-reactors.html
  35. ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/19/business/energy-environment/loan-program-for-reactors-is-fizzling.html?_r=2
  36. ↑ Henry, Ray (April 26, 2014). "Plant Vogtle owners avoid loan subsidy fee". Augusta Chronicle. Retrieved 27 April 2014.
  37. ↑ "Vogtle-1". PRIS. IAEA. 2013-11-21. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  38. ↑ "Vogtle-2". PRIS. IAEA. 2013-11-21. Retrieved 22 November 2013.
  39. ↑ "Vogtle-3". PRIS. IAEA. 2013-11-21. Retrieved 22 November 2013.

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