Vlachs of Serbia

Vlachs of Serbia
Rumâni din Sârbie
Total population
35,330 (2011 census)[1]
Regions with significant populations
Eastern Central Serbia
Languages
Vlach and Serbian
Religion
Predominantly † Orthodox Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Romanians of Serbia

The Vlachs (endonym: Rumâni, Serbian: Власи / Vlasi) are an ethnic minority in eastern Serbia, culturally and linguistically related to Romanians.[2][3][4] They mostly live in the Timočka Krajina region (roughly corresponding to the districts of Bor and Zaječar), but also in Braničevo and Pomoravlje districts. A small Vlach population also exists in Smederevo and Velika Plana (Podunavlje District), and in the municipalities of Aleksinac and Kruševac (Rasina District).

Vlachs in medieval Serbia

Following Roman withdrawal from the province of Dacia at the end of the 3rd century, the name of the Roman region was changed to Dacia Aureliana, (later Dacia Ripensis); it extended over most of what is now Serbia and Bulgaria, and an undetermined number of Romanized Dacians were settled there.[5] A strong Roman presence persisted in the region through the end of Justinian's I reign in the 6th century.[6] The region where Romanians, also known as Vlachs, predominantly lived was later part of the Second Bulgarian Empire, whose first rulers, the Asen (1187-1280), are considered to have been Vlachs.[7]

The first mention of Vlachs in Serbian historical sources is the charter (1198-1199) by Stefan Nemanja for the newly found Hilandar monastery in Mount Athos, Greece, where he became a monk and took the name of Simeon, bringing great wealth. In the grant were mentioned 170 Vlach families, and by name the elders de Radu i Đurđa.[8] His son, Stefan the First-Crowned, granted the Žiča monastery with 200 Vlach families from Prokletije mountain, near Peć, Kosovo.[8] In 1220, king Stefan ordered that all Vlachs of his kingdom have to belong to the Žiča eparchy.[8] In the same year, in Hvosno are mentioned Vlachian princes (actually referring to comes catuni or catunarius) as Gr'd.[8] They were mentioned again in 1282-98 and 1302-1309 as Voihna.[8]

Chroniclers of the crusaders describe encountering Vlachs in the 12th and 13th century in various parts of modern Serbia.[8]

King Stephen Uroš I of Serbia granted the Hilandar monastery with another 30 Vlach families from the Drim river.[8] In the grant (around 1280) by his wife and queen, Helen of Anjou, where was confirmed the grant given by her brother in law Stefan Vladislav of Serbia to the Vranjina monastery, Montenegro, the Vlachs are separately mentioned as ethnic group along Arbanasi, Latins and Serbs.[8]

The King Stephen Uroš II Milutin of Serbia with the charter granted the Banjska monastery, Kosovo, with six cătuns (katuns), and in it was for the first time mentioned the Zakon Vlahom (Vlach law).[8] In 1330, the King Stephen Uroš III Dečanski of Serbia granted the Visoki Dečani monastery with pasture land and Vlach katuns around Drim and Lim rivers.[8] In the same grant is seen the ethnic identity of Vlachs as they are mentioned along other ethnic groups; ikto uleziu tezizabel ili Srblin ili Vlah ili Bugarin ... i vsaki ktoprichodi na nj, ljubo Grk ili Bjgarin ili Srblin, Latin, Arbanasin, Vlach.[8]

Granting monasteries with Vlachs continued even during the reign of Emperor Stephen Uroš V of Serbia (1346-1371), in his charter as members of the Church of St. Nicholas in Hvosno, and 30 Vlach families as servants of Gračanica monastery, Kosovo.[8]

Despite that in the very late Middle Age the exonym also partially meant shepherds, a socio-professional category by which Vlachs were particularly distinctive, the specific individuality and ethnic identity of the Vlachs can be seen in the Serbian documents by Banjska and Dečani monasteries, as well by Emperor Dušan the Mighty (1331-1355).[8] Therein is included a prohibition of intermarriage between Serbs and Vlachs,[8] while after Emperor Dušan conquered a large part of southeast Europe (including Macedonia, Epirus and Thessaly, that is Great Vlachia, and Albania, with significant Vlach population) he clearly differs Vlachs from Serbs and Arbanasi (Albanians).[8]

In the Dušan's Code (1349), the 77. article provides that in the case of conflict between villagers it is punishable with a fine of 50 perper, while among Vlachs and Arbanasi of 100 perper.[8] The 82. article On the Vlachs and Arbanasi prohibits the overnight stay by other shepherds in village Vlachs or Arbanasi stay, and in the case they did, have to pay for the amount their herds graze.[8] In Dušan charters for monasteries of the Holy Archangels and Hilandar, are described Vlach duties of shepherding and giving sheep, up to two horses every year or 30 perper, as transporters for salt and other stuff monastery needs, mowing hay, and being construction workers.[8]

Romanian (Wallachian) rulers built churches in northeastern Serbia in the 14th and 15th centuries.[9] Turkish tax records (defters) from the 15th century list Vlachs in the region of Branicevo in northeastern Serbia, near the ancient Roman municipium and colonia of Viminacium.[10]

History

Main articles: Vlachs and Origin of the Romanians

Starting in the early 18th century northeastern Serbia was settled by Romanians (then known by their international exonym as Vlachs) from Banat, parts of Transylvania, and Oltenia (Lesser Walachia).[8] These are the Ungureni (Ungurjani), Munteni (Munćani) and Bufeni (Bufani). Today, about three quarters of the Vlach population speak the Ungurean subdialect. In the 19th century other groups of Romanians originating in Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia) also settled south of the Danube.[11] These are the Ţărani (Carani), who form some 25% of the modern population. Their very name Ţărani indicates their origin in Ţara Româneasca, i.e., "The Romanian Land," Wallachia and Oltenia. From the 15th through the 18th centuries large numbers of Serbs also migrated across the Danube, but in the opposite direction, to both Banat and Ţara Româneasca. Significant migration ended with the establishment of the kingdoms of Serbia and Romania in the second half of the 19th century.

The lack of detailed census records and the linguistic influence of the Ungureni and Ţărani on the entire Vlach population make it difficult to determine what fraction of the present Vlachs can trace their origins directly to the ancient south-of-the-Danube Vlachs. The Vlachs of northeastern Serbia form a contiguous linguistic, cultural and historic group with the Vlachs in the region of Vidin in Bulgaria as well as the Romanians of Banat and Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia).

Some authors consider that the majority of Vlachs/Romanians in Timocka Krajina are descendants of Romanians that migrated from Hungary in the 18th and 19th centuries.[12]

Culture

Language

The extent of Romanian
The extent of the Banatian dialect in central Serbia

The language spoken by the Vlachs consists of two distinct Romanian subdialects spoken in regions neighboring Romania: one major group of Vlachs speaks the dialect spoken in Mehedinţi County in western Oltenia, while the other major group speaks a dialect similar to the one spoken in the neighboring region of Banat.

The Romanian language is not in use in local administration, not even where members of the minority represent more than 15% of the population. (according to Serbian law, the use of a minority language in local administration is allowed in places where the speakers exceed 15% of the total population).[13]

Religion

The Romanian Orthodox Church, Malajnica, built in 2004, is the first Romanian church in eastern Serbia in 170 years, during which time Romanians in Timoc were not allowed to hear liturgical services in their native language.[14][15][16] Most Vlachs of Eastern Serbia are Orthodox Christians who had belonged to the Serbian Orthodox Church since the 19th century. This changed on 24 March 2009, when Serbia recognized the authority of the Romanian Orthodox Church in Valea Timocului and the confessional rights of the Vlachs.[17]

The 2006 Serbian law on religious organizations did not recognize the Romanian Orthodox Church as a traditional church, as it had received permission from the Serbian Church to operate only within Vojvodina, but not in Timočka Krajina.[13] At Malajnica, a "Vlach" priest belonging to the Romanian Orthodox Church encountered deliberately-raised administrative barriers when he attempted to build a church.[13][18] Other Romanian Orthodox churches are planned or under construction in Jasikovo, Cuprija, Bigrenica and Samarinovac. Additionally, a Romanian Orthodox monastery is under construction in Malajnica. The Romanian Orthodox churches in Eastern Central Serbia are subordinated to the Protopresbyteriat Dacia Ripensis with its seat in Negotin. The protopresbyteriat is subordinated to the Romanian Orthodox diocese Dacia Felix with its seat in Vršac.

The relative isolation of the Vlachs has permitted the survival of various pre-Christian religious customs and beliefs that are frowned upon by the Orthodox Church. Vlach magic rituals are well known across modern Serbia. The Vlachs celebrate the Ospăț (hospitium, in Latin), called in Serbian praznic or slava, though its meaning is chtonic (related to the house and farmland) rather than familial. The customs of the Vlachs are very similar to those from Southern Romania (Walachia).[19]

Subgroups

Vlachs are divided into many groups, each speaking their own dialectal variant:

There has been considerable intermixing between the Ungureni and Ţărani so that a dialect has evolved sharing peculiarities of both regions. There is also a population of Vlachophone (Vlach-speaking) Romani centered around the village of Lukovo, as well as a few Aromanian families who live in Knjaževac, but both are tiny migrant groups.

Population

Ethnic map of the Balkans from 1861, by Guillaume Lejean
Ethnic map of the Balkans prior to the First Balkan War, by Paul Vidal de la Blache.

In the 2002 census 40,054 people in Serbia declared themselves ethnic Vlachs, and 54,818 people declared themselves speakers of the Vlach language.[20] The Vlachs of Serbia are recognized as a minority, like the Romanians of Serbia, who number 34,576 according to the 2002 census. On the census, the Vlachs declared themselves either as Serbs, Vlachs or Romanians. Therefore, the "real" number of people of Vlach origin could be much greater than the number of recorded Vlachs, both due to mixed marriages with Serbs and also Serbian national feeling among some Vlachs.

Historical population

The following numbers from census data suggest the possible number of Vlachs:

The Vlach (Romanian) population of Central Serbia is concentrated mostly in the region bordered by the Morava River (west), Danube River (north) and Timok River (south-east). See also: List of settlements in Serbia inhabited by Vlachs.

According to some Romanian and Western European organizations, around 250,000 speakers of Romanian live in eastern Serbia.[26][27]

Identity

Main article: Vlachs
Map of Balkans with regions inhabited by Vlachs highlighted

The term Vlach is the English transcription of the Serbian term for this group (Vlasi), while Roumanians or Romanians is the English transcription of its Romanian counterpart (român/rumân).[28][29]

Despite their recognition as a separate ethnic group by the Serbian government, Vlachs are cognate to Romanians in the cultural and linguistic sense. Some Romanians, as well as international linguists and anthropologists, consider Serbia's Vlachs to be a subgroup of Romanians. Additionally, the Movement of Romanians-Vlachs in Serbia, which represents some Vlachs, has called for the recognition of the Vlachs as a Romanian national minority, giving them rights similar to those of the Romanians of Vojvodina. However, the results of the last census showed that most Vlachs of Eastern Serbia opted for the Serbian exonym vlasi (= Vlachs) rather than rumuni (= Romanians).[20] As a result of serbianization, most Vlachs declared themselves to be "Serbs" on censusus taken by Communist Yugoslavia, but the number of those who preferred to declare themselves as Vlachs or Romanians significantly increased from 1991 (16,539 declared vlasi and 42 declared rumuni) to 2001 (39,953 declared vlasi and 4,157 declared rumuni).

Romania has given modest financial support to the Vlachs in Serbia for the preservation of their culture and language, since at present the Vlachs' language is not recognized officially in any localities where they form a majority, there is no education in their mother tongue, and there is no Vlach media or education funded by the Serbian state. There are also no church services in Vlach. Until very recently in the regions populated by Vlachs the official policy of the Serbian Orthodox church opposed the giving of non-Serbian baptismal names.

On the other hand, some Vlachs consider themselves to be simply Serbs that speak the Vlach language.

Vlach is commonly used as a historical umbrella term for all Latin peoples in Southeastern Europe (Romanians proper or Daco-Romanians, Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, Istro-Romanians). After the foundation of the Romanian state in the 19th century, Romanians living in the Romanian Old Kingdom and in Austria-Hungary were only seldom called "Vlachs" by foreigners, the use of the exonym "Romanians" was encouraged even by officials, and the Romanian population ceased to use the exonym "Vlach" for their own designation. Only in the Serbian and Bulgarian Kingdom, where the officials did not encourage the population to use the modern exonym "Romanian", was the old designation "Vlach" retained, but the term "Romanian" was used in statistical reports (but only up to the Interwar period, when the designation "Romanian" was changed into "Vlach").[30] For this reason, the Romanians of Vojvodina (hence those who lived in Austria-Hungary) today prefer to use the modern exonym "Romanian", while those of Central Serbia still use the ancient exonym "Vlach". However, both groups use the endonym "Romanians", calling their language "Romanian" (română or rumână).[31][32]

In some notes of the government of Serbia, officials recognise that "certainly members of this population have similar characteristics with Romanians, and the language and folklore ride to their Romanian origin". The representatives of the Vlach minority sustain their Romanian origin.[33]

Legal status

Romanians (Vlachs) from the village of Zdrelo in 1868
Ethnological map of the Romanian population by Heinrich Kiepert, 1876.
Ethnological map of the Romanian population by Élisée Reclus

The ethnonym is Rumâni and the community Rumâni din Sârbie,[34] translated into English as "Romanians from Serbia".[35] They also known as Valahii din Serbia.[36] The Romanians in Serbia call their community Românii din Serbia. Although ethnographically and linguistically related to the Romanians, within the Vlach community there are divergences on whether or not they belong to the Romanian nation and whether or not their minority should be amalgamated with the Romanian minority in Vojvodina.[13]

In a Romanian-Yugoslav agreement of November 4, 2002, the Yugoslav authorities agreed to recognize the Romanian identity of the Vlach population in Central Serbia,[37] but the agreement was not implemented.[38] In April 2005, 23 deputies from the Council of Europe, representatives from Hungary, Georgia, Lithuania, Romania, Moldova, Estonia, Armenia, Azerbaïdjan, Denmark and Bulgaria protested against Serbia's treatment of this population.[39]

The Senate of Romania postponed the ratification of Serbia`s candidature for membership in the European Union until the legal status and minority right of the Romanian (Vlach) population in Serbia is clarified.[40][41]

Predrag Balašević, president of the Vlach party of Serbia, accused the government of assimilation by using the national Vlach organization against the interests of this minority in Serbia.[42]

Since 2010, the Vlach National Council of Serbia has been led by members of leading Serbian parties (Democrat Party and Socialist Party), most of whom are ethnic Serbs having no relation to the Vlach/Romanian minority.[43] Radiša Dragojević, the current president of Vlach National Council of Serbia, who is not a Vlach, but an ethnic Serb,[44] stated that no one has the right to ask the Vlach minority in Serbia to identify themselves as Romanian or veto anything, firstly because there already is a recognized Romanian minority within Serbia, and because Vlach people in Serbia do not feel discriminated or underprivileged. He also said that Vlachs regard Serbia as their true homeland.[43]

As a response to mister Dragojević`s statement, the cultural organizations Ariadnae Filum, Društvo za kulturu Vlaha - Rumuna Srbije, Društvo Rumuna - Vlaha „Trajan“, Društvo za kulturu, jezik i religiju Vlaha - Rumuna Pomoravlja, Udruženje za tradiciju i kulturu Vlaha „Dunav“, Centar za ruralni razvoj - Vlaška kulturna inicijativa Srbija and the Vlach Party of Serbia protested and stated that it was false.[45][46]

On 1 March 2012, Romania and Serbia signed an agreement concerning the Vlach population in Serbia.[47] According to the agreement, members of the Vlach community can declare themselves to be Romanians, and those who do so can have access to education, media and religion in their language.[48]

Notable Vlachs

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 http://media.popis2011.stat.rs/2011/prvi_rezultati.pdf Serbian Preliminary 2011 Census Results
  2. ↑ Assembly, Council of Europe: Parliamentary (2008-10-23). "Documents: Working Papers, 2008 Ordinary Session (second Part), 14-18 April 2008, Vol. 3: Documents 11464, 11471, 11513-11539". ISBN 9789287164438.
  3. ↑ "Istorija postojanja Vlaha". Nacionalni savet Vlaha. Nacionalni savet Vlaha. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  4. ↑ Herrmann, J. "The situation of national minorities in Vojvodina and of the Romanian ethnic minority in Serbia". Parliamentary Assembly's Documents. Council of Europe. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
  5. ↑ Watson, Alaric (2003). Aurelian and the Third Century. Psychology Press. p. 155. ISBN 9780203167809.
  6. ↑ William Rosen (2007). Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe. Viking Adult.
  7. ↑ Robert Lee Wolff (1949). Wolff The Second Bulgarian Empire: Its Origin and History to 1204. Speculum Volume 24, Issue 2.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 Zef Mirdita (1995). Balkanski Vlasi u svijetlu podataka Bizantskih autora (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Croatian History Institute. pp. 27–31 (Serbian), 31–33 (Crusades).
  9. ↑ (German) Felix Kanitz, Serbien, Leipzig, 1868.
  10. ↑ Noel Malcolm, Bosnia: A short History, University Press, NY, 1994.
  11. ↑ (Serbian) Kosta Jovanovic, Negotinska Krajina i Kljuc, Belgrade, 1940
  12. ↑ Aspects of the Balkans: continuity and change. Contributions to the International Balkan Conference held at UCLA, October 23–28, 1969
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 "The situation of national minorities in Vojvodina and of the Romanian ethnic minority in Serbia", at the Council of Europe, 14 February 2008
  14. ↑ Xenophobic actions against Timoc Romanians
  15. ↑ Drasko Djenovic (9 September 2005). "SERBIA: Romanian priest to pay for official destruction of his church". F18News. Forum 18 News Service. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  16. ↑ "Haiducul credintei din Valea Timocului, Boian Alexandrovici, decorat de presedintele Basescu" (Romanian)
  17. ↑ Biserica Română din Timoc a fost recunoscută de către Curtea Supremă de Justiţie a Serbiei - Ziua de Vest
  18. ↑ "Biserica românească din Malainiţa ameninţată din nou", BBC Romanian, 16 September 2005
  19. ↑
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 (Serbian) Official Results of Serbian Census 2002–Population by ethnic groups PDF (477 KB), p. 2 and Official Results of Serbian Census 2002–Population by language PDF (441 KB), p. 12
  21. ↑ (Romanian) V. Arion; Vasile Pârvan; G. Vâlsan; Pericle Papahagi; G. Bogdan-Duică. România şi popoarele balcanice (1913). Tipografia Românească. Bucureşti, p. 22
  22. ↑ Guillaume Lejean, Ethnographie de la Turquie d'Europe, Gotha. Justus Perthes 1861
  23. ↑ Geographisches Handbuch zu Andrees Handatlas (Leipzig und Bielefeld, 1882): 1866 zählte man 1.058.189 Serben, 127.545 Rumänen, 24.607 Zigeuner, 2589 Deutsche und 3256 andere.
  24. ↑ Geographisches Handbuch zu Andrees Handatlas 1902: Fast die ganze Bevölkerung, über 2 Mill, besteht aus Serben, außerdem gab es, nach der Zählung von 1895, 159.000 Rumänen und 46.000 Zigeuner
  25. ↑ (Serbian) Ranko Bugarski, Jezici, Beograd, 1996.
  26. ↑
  27. ↑ "Romanian". Ethnologue. 1999-02-19. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
  28. ↑ Ziua.net
  29. ↑ Interview with Predrag Balašević, president of the Romanian/Vlach Democratic Party of Serbia: "We all know that we call ourselves in Romanian Romanians and in Serbian Vlachs."
  30. ↑ Serbian/Romanian. The Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia. The Vlachs/Romanians or the Romanians of Eastern Serbia and the "Vlach/Romanian question". Bor 2000/2001/2002.
  31. ↑ Website of the Federaţia Rumânilor din Serbie
  32. ↑ Reportaj printre românii din estul Serbiei
  33. ↑ Viorel Dolha, Totul despre românii din Timoc (All about Romanians in Timoc)
  34. ↑ Account Suspended
  35. ↑ Account Suspended
  36. ↑ C. Constante, Anton Galopenția (1943). Românii din Timoc: Românii dinitre Dunăre, Timoc și Morava. p. 50. Apoi, Valahii din Serbia, sunt harnici, muncitori, economi şi de mare dârzenie în privinţa portului şi a limbei.
  37. ↑ Adevărul, November 6, 2002: Prin acordul privind minoritatile, semnat, luni, la Belgrad, de catre presedintii Ion Iliescu si Voislav Kostunita, statul iugoslav recunoaste dreptul apartenentei la minoritatea romaneasca din Iugoslavia al celor aproape 120.000 de vlahi (cifra neoficiala), care traiesc in Valea Timocului, in Serbia de Rasarit. Reprezentantii romanilor din Iugoslavia, profesori, ziaristi, scriitori, i-au multumit, ieri, la Pancevo, sefului statului pentru aceasta intelegere cu guvernul de la Belgrad. Acordul este considerat de importanta istorica pentru romanii din Valea Timocului, care, din timpul lui Iosip Broz Tito, traiesc fara drept la invatamant si viata religioasa in limba materna, practic nerecunoscuti ca etnie. "Nu vom face ca fostul regim, sa numim noi care sunt minoritatile nationale sau sa stergem cu guma alte minoritati", a spus, ieri, Rasim Ljajic, ministrul sarb pentru minoritati, la intalnirea de la Pancevo a presedintelui cu romanii din Iugoslavia. Deocamdata, statul iugoslav nu a recunoscut prin lege statutul vlahilor de pe Valea Timocului, insa de-acum va acorda acestora dreptul la optiunea etnica, va permite, in decembrie, constituirea Consiliului Reprezentantilor Romani si va participa in Comisia mixta romano-iugoslava la monitorizarea problemelor minoritatilor sarba si romana din cele doua state. In Iugoslavia traiesc cateva sute de mii de romani. Presedintele Ion Iliescu s-a angajat, ieri, pentru o politica mai activa privind romanii din afara granitelor: "Avem mari datorii fata de romanii care traiesc in afara granitelor. Autocritic vorbind, nu ne-am facut intotdeauna datoria. De dragul de a nu afecta relatiile noastre cu vecinii, am fost mai retinuti, mai prudenti in a sustine cauza romanilor din statele vecine. (...) Ungurii ne dau lectii din acest punct de vedere", a spus presedintele, precizand ca romanii trebuie sa-si apere cauza "pe baza de buna intelegere".
  38. ↑ Curierul Naţional, 25 ianuarie 2003: Chiar si acordul dintre presedintii Ion Iliescu si Voislav Kostunita, semnat la sfarsitul anului trecut, nu este respectat, in ceea ce priveste minoritatile, deoarece locuitorii din Valea Timocului, numiti vlahi, nu sunt recunoscuti ca minoritari, ci doar „grup etnic“.
  39. ↑ Parliamentary Assembly, 28 April 2005: Deeply concerned over the cultural situation of the so-called “Vlach” Romanians dwelling in 154 ethnic Romanian localities 48 localities of mixed ethnic make-up between the Danube, Timok and Morava Rivers who since 1833 have been unable to enjoy ethnic rights in schools and churches
  40. ↑
  41. ↑ B92 - Vesti - Rumunija će blokirati kandidaturu?
  42. ↑ Власи оптужују Србију за асимилацију - Правда
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Драгојевић: Власи нису Румуни : Тема дана : ПОЛИТИКА
  44. ↑ Falşi vlahi folosiţi împotriva românilor | adevarul.ro
  45. ↑ B92 - Prenosimo - Ne gurajte probleme pod tepih
  46. ↑ B92 - Vesti - Vlasi (ni)su obespravljeni u Srbiji
  47. ↑ B92 - Vesti - Sve je rešeno, Srbiji kandidatura
  48. ↑ B92 - Vesti - Basesku: "Rumunski problem" naduvan
  49. ↑ "SERBIA: Romanian priest to pay for official destruction of his church"
  50. ↑ (Romanian) "Haiducul credintei din Valea Timocului, Boian Alexandrovici, decorat de presedintele Basescu"

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