Viscount

For other uses, see Viscount (disambiguation).

A viscount (i/ˈvaɪkaʊnt/ VY-kownt, for male[1]) or viscountess (/ˈvaɪkaʊntɪs/, for female[2]) is a title used in certain European countries for a noble of varying status, but historically deemed to convey a lower-middling rank.[3]

In many countries a 'viscount', and its historical equivalents, was a non-hereditary, administrative or judicial position, and did not develop into an hereditary title until much later.[4]

Etymology

The word viscount comes from Old French visconte (modern French: vicomte), itself from Medieval Latin vicecomitem, accusative of vicecomes, from Late Latin vice- "deputy" + Latin comes (originally "companion"; later Roman imperial courtier or trusted appointee, ultimately count).[5]

History

During the Carolingian Empire, the kings appointed 'counts' to administer provinces and other smaller regions, as governors and military commanders. 'Viscounts' were appointed to assist the counts in their running of the province, and often took on judicial responsibility.[4] The kings strictly prevented the offices of their counts and viscounts from becoming hereditary, in order to consolidate their position and limit chance of rebellion.[4]

The title was in use in Normandy by at least the early eleventh century.[6] Similar to the Carolingian use of the title, the Norman viscounts were local administrators, working on behalf of the Duke.[7] Their role was to administer justice and to collect taxes and revenues, often being castellan of the local castle. Under the Normans, the position developed into an hereditary one, an example of such being the viscounts in Bessin.[7] The viscount was eventually replaced by bailiffs, and provosts.[7]

As a rank in British peerage, it was first recorded in 1440, when John Beaumont was created Viscount Beaumont by King Henry VI.[8] The word viscount corresponds in the UK to the Anglo-Saxon shire reeve (root of the non-nobiliary, royal-appointed office of sheriff). Thus early viscounts were originally normally given their titles by the monarch, not hereditarily; but soon they too tended to establish hereditary principalities lato sensu (in the wider sense). They were a relatively late introduction to the British peerage, and on the evening of the Coronation of Queen Victoria in 1838, the Prime Minister Lord Melbourne explained to her why (from her journals):

"I spoke to Ld M. about the numbers of Peers present at the Coronation, & he said it was quite unprecedented. I observed that there were very few Viscounts, to which he replied "There are very few Viscounts," that they were an old sort of title & not really English; that they came from Vice-Comites; that Dukes & Barons were the only real English titles;—that Marquises were likewise not English, & that people were mere made Marquises, when it was not wished that they should be made Dukes."[9]

Early modern and contemporary usage

United Kingdom

A viscount is the fourth rank in the British peerage system, standing below an earl and above a baron.[3] There are approximately 270 viscountships currently extant in the peerages of the British Isles, though most are secondary titles.[10]

In British practice, the title of a viscount may be either a place name, a surname, or a combination thereof: examples include, the Viscount Falmouth, the Viscount Hardinge and the Viscount Colville of Culross, respectively. An exception exists for Viscounts in the peerage of Scotland, who were traditionally styled "The Viscount of [X]", such as the Viscount of Arbuthnott. In practice, however, very few maintain this style, instead using the more common version "The Viscount [X]" in general parlance, for example Viscount of Falkland who is referred to as Viscount Falkland.

A British viscount is addressed in speech as Lord [X], while his wife is Lady [X], and he is formally styled "The Viscount [X]". The children of a viscount are known as The Honourable [Forename] [Surname].[11]

Use as a courtesy title

A specifically British custom is the use of viscount as a courtesy title for the heir of an earl or marquess. The peer's heir apparent will sometimes be referred to as a viscount, if the second most senior title held by the head of the family is a viscountcy. For example, the eldest son of the Earl Howe is Viscount Curzon, because this is the second most senior title held by the Earl.[12]

However, the son of a marquess or an earl can be referred to as a viscount when the title of viscount is not the second most senior if those above it share their name with the substantive title. For example, the second most senior title of the Marquess of Salisbury is the Earl of Salisbury, so his heir uses the lower title of Viscount Cranborne.

Sometimes the son of a peer can be referred to as a viscount even when he could use a more senior courtesy title which differs in name from the substantive title. Family tradition plays a role in this. For example, the eldest son of the Marquess of Londonderry is Viscount Castlereagh, even though the Marquess is also the Earl Vane.

Coronet

Coronet of a British viscount.

A viscount's coronet of rank bears 16 silver balls around the rim. Like all heraldic coronets, it is mostly worn at the coronation of a sovereign, but a viscount has the right to bear his coronet of rank on his coat of arms, above the shield. In this guise, the coronet is shown face-on, featuring 9 silver balls.[13]

Jersey

The island of Jersey still retains an officer whose function is purely to administer orders of the island's judiciary, and whose position remains non-hereditary. The role of the Viscount of Jersey (French: Vicomte de Jersey) involves managing fines, bail monies, seizures, confiscations, evictions, service of process, arrests for non-appearance in court and other enforcement procedures, as well acting as coroner for sudden or unexpected deaths and managing jury selection.[14]

Portugal

In the former kingdom of Portugal a visconde ranks above a barão (baron) and below a conde (count). The first Portuguese viscountcy, that of D. Leonel de Lima, visconde de Vila Nova de Cerveira, dates from the reign of Afonso V. A flood of viscountcies, some 86 new titles, were awarded in Portugal between 1848 and 1880.

Spain

The Spanish title of vizconde is ranked between the title conde (count/earl) and the, relatively rare, title of barón.

In Spain, nobles are classified as either Grandee of Spain (Grandes de España), as titled nobles, or as untitled nobles. A grandee of any rank outranks a non-grandee, even if that non-grandee's title is of a higher degree, thus, a viscount-grandee enjoys higher precedence than a marquis who is not a grandee.

In the kingdom of Spain the title was awarded from the reign of Felipe IV (1621–65; Habsburg dynasty) until 1846.

Equivalent titles

Germanic counterparts

There are non-etymological equivalents to the title of viscount (i.e., 'vice-count') in several languages including German.

However, in such case titles of the etymological Burgrave family (not in countries with a viscount-form, such as Italian burgravio alongside visconte) bearers of the title could establish themselves at the same gap, thus at generally the same level. Consequently a Freiherr (or Baron) ranks not immediately below a Graf, but below a Burggraf.

Thus in Dutch, Burggraaf is the rank above Baron, below Graaf (i.e., Count) in the kingdoms of the Netherlands and of Belgium (by Belgian law, its equivalents in the other official languages are Burggraf in German and vicomte in French). In Welsh the title is rendered as Isiarll.

Non-western counterparts

Like other major Western noble titles, Viscount is sometimes used to render certain titles in non-western languages with their own traditions, even though they are as a rule historically unrelated and thus hard to compare which are considered 'equivalent' in relative rank.

The Japanese cognate shishaku (shi) (Japanese: 子爵) was the fourth of the five peerage ranks established in the Meiji era. The Japanese system of nobility, Kazoku, which existed between 1884 and 1947 was based heavily on the British peerage. At the creation of the system, viscounts were the most numerous of all the ranks, with 324 being created compared to 11 non-imperial princes or dukes, 24 marquesses, 76 counts and 74 barons, for a total of 509 peers.[15]

Other equivalent titles existed, such as:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Viscount. Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  2. ↑ Viscountess. Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Ranks and Privileges of the Peerage". Debretts. n.d. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Upshur, Jiu-Hwa; Terry, Janice; Holoka, Jim; Goff, Richard; Cassar, George H. (2011). Cengage Advantage Books: World History I. CA, USA: Wadsworth Publishing Co Inc. p. 329. ISBN 9781111345167.
  5. ↑ "Viscount (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  6. ↑ Loud, G. A. (1999). Conquerors and churchmen in Norman Italy. Surrey, UK: Ashgate Publishing Co. p. 4. ISBN 9780860788034.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Petit-Dutaillis, C. (1936). The Feudal Monarchy in France and England. Oxford, UK: Routledge. p. 162. ISBN 9781136203503.
  8. ↑ "Journals of the House of Lords" cii. 1870. p. 512. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  9. ↑ Queen Victoria's Journals 4. Buckingham Palace, Princess Beatrice's copies. 1 June – 1 October 1838. p. 84. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  10. ↑ Denyer, Ian; Bavister, Grant (2014) [2004]. "The Roll of the Peerage" (PDF). College of Arms. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  11. ↑ "Viscount and Viscountess". Debretts. n.d. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  12. ↑ "Courtesy Titles". Debretts. n.d. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  13. ↑ "Ceremonial Robes". Debretts. n.d. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  14. ↑ "Functions of the Viscount's Department". States of Jersey. n.d. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  15. ↑ Jansen, The Making of Modern Japan, p. 391.