Visayas
Location of the islands within the Philippines | |
Geography | |
---|---|
Location | South East Asia |
Archipelago | Philippines |
Major islands | Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, Masbate, Negros, Panay, and Samar, Camotes Island, Mactan |
Area | 61,077 km2 (23,582 sq mi) |
Highest elevation | 2,435 m (7,989 ft) |
Highest point | Kanlaon |
Country | |
Philippines | |
Regions | Central Visayas, Eastern Visayas and Western Visayas. |
Largest settlement | Cebu City |
Demographics | |
Population | 16,994,564 (as of 2010 Philippines census[1]) |
Density | 278 /km2 (720 /sq mi) |
Ethnic groups |
Visayans (Aklanon, Boholano/Bol-anon, Caluyanon, Capiznon, Cebuano, Eskaya, Hiligaynon, Karay-a, Masbateño, Porohanon, Romblomanon, Waray), Ati and other ethnic groups. |
The Visayas /vɨˈsaɪəz/ və-SY-əz or Visayan Islands[2] (Visayan languages: Kabisay-an, Tagalog: Kabisayaan), is one of the three principal geographical divisions of the Philippines, along with Mindanao and Luzon. It consists of several islands, primarily surrounding the Visayan Sea, although the Visayas are considered the northeast extremity of the entire Sulu Sea.[3] Residents are known as the Visayans.
The major islands of the Visayas are Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, and Samar.[4] The region may also include the islands of Romblon and Masbate, whose population identify as Visayan.
There are three administrative regions in the Visayas: Western Visayas, Central Visayas and Eastern Visayas.
Etymology
A theory proposed by some scholars[7] states that the term Visayas was derived from the name of a 7th-century thalassocratic Malay Srivijaya Empire. In Sanskrit, sri (श्री) means "fortunate," "prosperous," or "happy" and vijaya (विजय) means "victorious" or "excellence". In the 12th century, parts of the Sulu Archipelago and the Visayas Islands were either subject or tributaries of the empire. [8]
History
The early people in the Visayas region were Austronesians and Negritos who migrated to the islands about 6,000 to 30,000 years ago. These early settlers were animist tribal groups. In the 12th century, settlers from the collapsing empires of Srivijaya, Majapahit and Brunei, led by the chieftain Datu Puti and his tribes, settled in the island of Panay and its surrounding islands. By the 14th century, Arab traders and their followers, venturing into Maritime Southeast Asia, converted some of these tribal groups to Islam. These tribes practiced a mixture of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and Animism beliefs. There is evidence of trade among other Asian people. The Visayans were thought to have kept close diplomatic relations with Malaysia and Indonesian kingdoms since the tribal groups of Cebu were able to converse with Enrique of Malacca using the Malay language when the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan arrived in 1521.
After the Magellan expedition, King Philip II of Spain sent Miguel López de Legazpi in 1543 and 1565 and claimed the islands for Spain. The Visayas region and many tribes began converting to Christianity and adopting western culture. By the 18th and 19th centuries, the effects of colonization on various ethnic groups soon turned sour and revolutions such as those of Francisco Dagohoy began to emerge.
Various personalities who fought against Spanish Colonial Government arose from the islands. Among the notable ones are Graciano Lopez Jaena from Iloilo,[9] León Kilat, from Negros Oriental, Venancio Jakosalem Fernandez, from Cebu,[10] and two personalities from Bohol by the name of Tamblot, who led the Tamblot Uprising in 1621 to 1622 and Francisco Dagohoy, the leader of the Bohol Rebellion that lasted from 1744 to 1829.[11]
In 2005, Palawan Island was transferred to Region VI (Western Visayas) by Executive Order 429.[12] However this planned reorganization was held in abeyance.[6] Hence, Palawan currently remains (as of June 2013) part of Region IV-B.
Historical legends and hypotheses
Historical documents written in 1907 by Visayan historian Pedro Alcántara Monteclaro in his book Maragtas tell the story of the ten leaders (Datus) who escaped from the tyranny of Rajah Makatunaw from Borneo and came to the islands of Panay. The chiefs and followers were said to be the ancestors (from the collapsing empires of Srivijaya and Majapahit) of the Visayan people. The documents were accepted by Filipino historians and found their way into the history of the Philippines. As a result, the arrival of Bornean tribal groups in the Visayas is celebrated in the festivals of the Ati-Atihan in Kalibo, Aklan and Binirayan in San José, Antique. Foreign historians such as William Scott maintains that the book contains a Visayan folk tradition.[13] Panay boasts of the Hinilawod as its oldest and longest epic.
A contemporary theory based on a study of genetic markers in present-day populations is that Austronesian people from Taiwan populated the region of Luzon and headed south to the Visayas, Borneo, Indonesia, then to Pacific islands and to the east of the Indian Ocean.[14] The study, though, may not explain inter-island migrations, which are also possible, such as Filipinos migrating to any other Philippine provinces.
According to Visayan folk traditions, the Visayas were populated by Malays from the collapsing empires of Srivijaya and Majapahit migrating from Borneo to Mindanao and to the Visayas, while other Malays crossed to Palawan through Sabah. Other Malays were suggested to have crossed from Samar island to the Bicol region in Luzon. The theory suggests that those ancient tribal groups who passed through Palawan may have migrated to what is now the island of Luzon.
A supplementary theory was that at that period, the Malay people were moving north from Mindanao to the Visayas and to Luzon.
Administrative divisions
Administratively, the Visayas is divided into 3 regions, namely Western Visayas, Central Visayas and Eastern Visayas. Each region is headed by a Regional Director who is elected from a pool of governors from the different provinces in each region.
The Visayas is composed of 16 provinces, each headed by a Governor. A governor is elected by popular vote and can serve a maximum of three terms consisting of three years each.
As for representation in the Philippine Congress, the Visayas is represented by 44 Congressmen elected in the same manner as the governors.
Western Visayas (Region VI)
Western Visayas consists of the islands of Panay and the western half of Negros. The regional center is Iloilo City. Its provinces are:
- Aklan
- Antique
- Capiz
- Guimaras
- Iloilo
- Negros Occidental
Central Visayas (Region VII)
Central Visayas includes the islands of Cebu and Bohol and the eastern half of Negros. The regional center is Cebu City. Its provinces are:
Eastern Visayas (Region VIII)
Eastern Visayas consists of the islands of Leyte and Samar. The regional center is Tacloban City. Its provinces are:
Cities and Municipalities
Below is a list of cities and major towns in the Visayas by population.
Municipality | Province a | Region | Population (2010) b | Area (km²) c | Population density (per km²) | Legal Class d | Income Class d | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cebu City | Cebu | Region 7 | 866,171 | 315.00 | 2749.75 | Highly urbanized city | Special class | Capital of Cebu; regional center of Region 7 | |
Bacolod | Negros Occidental | Region 6 | 511,820 | 162.67 | 3146.37 | Highly urbanized city | 1st class | Capital of Negros Occidental | |
Iloilo City | Iloilo | Region 6 | 424,619 | 78.34 | 6213.33 | Highly urbanized city | 1st class | Capital of Iloilo; regional center of Region 6 | |
Lapu-Lapu | Cebu | Region 7 | 350,467 | 58.10 | 6032.13 | Highly urbanized city | 1st class | ||
Mandaue | Cebu | Region 7 | 331,320 | 25.18 | 13158.06 | Highly urbanized city | 1st class | ||
Tacloban | Leyte | Region 8 | 221,174 | 201.72 | 1096.44 | Highly urbanized | 1st class | Capital of Leyte; regional center of Region 8 | |
Talisay | Cebu | Region 7 | 200,772 | 39.87 | 5035.67 | Component city | 3rd class | ||
Ormoc | Leyte | Region 8 | 191,200 | 613.60 | 311.6 | Independent component city | 1st class | ||
Kabankalan | Negros Occidental | Region 6 | 167,666 | 697.35 | 240.43 | Component city | 1st class | ||
Bago | Negros Occidental | Region 6 | 163,045 | 401.20 | 406.39 | Component city | 2nd class | ||
Toledo | Cebu | Region 7 | 157,078 | 216.28 | 726.27 | Component city | 3rd class | ||
Roxas | Capiz | Region 6 | 156,197 | 95.07 | 1642.97 | Component city | 2nd class | Capital of Capiz | |
Cadiz | Negros Occidental | Region 6 | 151,500 | 542.57 | 279.23 | Component city | 2nd class | ||
Sagay | Negros Occidental | Region 6 | 140,740 | 330.34 | 426.05 | Component | 3rd class | ||
San Carlos | Negros Occidental | Region 6 | 129,981 | 451.50 | 287.89 | Component city | 2nd class | ||
Silay | Negros Occidental | Region 6 | 120,999 | 214.80 | 563.31 | Component city | 3rd class | ||
Dumaguete | Negros Oriental | Region 7 | 120,883 | 33.62 | 3595.57 | Component city | 3rd class | Capital of Negros Oriental | |
Danao | Cebu | Region 7 | 119,252 | 107.30 | 1111.39 | Component city | 3rd class | ||
Bayawan | Negros Oriental | Region 7 | 114,074 | 699.08 | 163.18 | Component city | 2nd class | ||
Carcar | Cebu | Region 7 | 107,323 | 116.78 | 919.02 | Component | 4th class | ||
Himamaylan | Negros Occidental | Region 6 | 103,006 | 367.04 | 280.64 | Component city | 3rd class | ||
Baybay | Leyte | Region 8 | 102,841 | 459.30 | 223.91 | Highly urbanized city | n/a | ||
Naga | Cebu | Region 7 | 101,571 | 101.97 | 996.09 | Component city | n/a | ||
Talisay | Negros Occidental | Region 6 | 97,571 | 223.73 | 436.11 | Component city | 4th class | ||
Tagbilaran | Bohol | Region 7 | 96,792 | 331.80 | 291.72 | Component city | 3rd class | Capital of Bohol | |
Catbalogan | Samar | Region 8 | 94,317 | 274.22 | 343.95 | Component city | n/a | ||
Guihulngan | Negros Oriental | Region 7 | 93,675 | 388.56 | 241.08 | Component city | n/a | ||
Escalante | Negros Occidental | Region 6 | 93,005 | 192.76 | 482.49 | Component city | n/a | ||
Victorias | Negros Occidental | Region 6 | 88,299 | 133.92 | 659.34 | Component city | 4th class | ||
Catarman | Northern Samar | Region 8 | 84,833 | 464.43 | 182.66 | Municipality | 1st class | Capital of Northern Samar | |
Maasin | Southern Leyte | Region 8 | 81,250 | 211.71 | 383.78 | Component city | 4th class | Capital of Southern Leyte | |
Passi | Iloilo | Region 6 | 79,633 | 251.39 | 316.77 | Component city | 3rd class | ||
Tanjay | Negros Oriental | Region 7 | 79,098 | 267.05 | 296.19 | Component city | 4th class | ||
Kalibo | Aklan | Region 6 | 74,619 | 45.75 | 1631.02 | Municipality | 1st class | Capital of Aklan | |
Bais | Negros Oriental | Region 7 | 74,722 | 319.64 | 227.51 | Component city | 3rd class | ||
Bogo | Cebu | Region 7 | 69,911 | 103.52 | 675.34 | Component city | 4th class | ||
Sipalay | Negros Occidental | Region 6 | 67,403 | 379.78 | 177.48 | Component city | 4th class | ||
Borongan | Eastern Samar | Region 8 | 64,457 | 475.00 | 135.7 | Component city | n/a | Capital of Eastern Samar | |
La Carlota | Negros Occidental | Region 6 | 63,852 | 137.29 | 465.09 | Component city | 4th class | ||
San Jose de Buenavista | Antique | Region 6 | 63,852 | 137.29 | 465.09 | Municipality | 1st class | Capital of Antique | |
Naval | Biliran | Region 8 | 48,799 | 108.24 | 450.84 | Municipality | 2nd class | Capital of Biliran | |
Jordan | Guimaras | Region 6 | 34,791 | 126.11 | 275.88 | Municipality | 3rd class | Capital of Guimaras | |
Siquijor | Siquijor | Region 7 | 25,231 | 82.06 | 307.47 | Municipality | 3rd class | Capital of Siquijor |
Notes
- ^a Highly urbanized cities (HUCs) and independent component cities are legally independent from any province, although they are often grouped with the province they belonged to prior to becoming cities. The province indicated for such cities, as grouped by the National Statistical Coordination Board, is in italics.
- ^b Population figures are from the 2010 Census Website.
- ^c Land area figures are taken from the National Statistical Coordination Board
- ^d Information on income class (as of June 2012) are from the National Statistical Coordination Board.
Language
Languages spoken at home are primarily Visayan languages despite the usual misconception that these are dialects of a single language. Major languages include Hiligaynon or Ilonggo in much of Western Visayas, Cebuano in Central Visayas, and Waray in Eastern Visayas. Other dominant languages are Aklanon, Kinaray-a and Capiznon. Filipino, the national language based on Tagalog, is widely comprehensible but seldom used. English, an official language, is more widely known and is preferred as the second language most especially among urbanized Visayans. For instance, the latter is frequently used in schools, public signs and mass media.
See also
Look up visayas in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Visayas. |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Visayas. |
Notes
- ↑ "Population and Annual Growth Rates for The Philippines and Its Regions, Provinces, and Highly Urbanized Cities" (PDF). National Statistics Office of the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
- ↑ "Visayan Islands" Merriam-Webster Dictionary. http://www.merriam-webster.com/concise/visayan%20islands
- ↑ C.Michael Hogan. 2011. Sulu Sea. Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. P.Saundry & C.J.Cleveland. Washington DC
- ↑ On May 23, 2005, Palawan and Puerto Princesa City were moved to Western Visayas by Executive Order No. 429.[5] However, on August 19, 2005, President Arroyo issued Administrative Order No. 129 to hold the earlier EO 429 in abeyance pending a review.[6] As of 2010, Palawan and the highly urbanized city of Puerto Princesa still remain a part of the MIMAROPA region.
- ↑ "Executive Order No. 429". President of the Philippines. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Administrative Order No. 129". President of the Philippines. Retrieved 2009-05-18.
- ↑ Jovito S. Abellana, "Bisaya Patronymesis Sri Visjaya" (Ms., Cebuano Studies Center, ca. 1960)
- ↑ Rasul, Jainal D. (2003). Agonies and Dreams: The Filipino Muslims and Other Minorities. Quezon City: CARE Minorities. pp. 77.
- ↑ Dr. Robert L. Yoder, FAPC."Graciano López Jaena". Universitat Wien. Retrieved 2013-07-26.
- ↑ "Venancio's Leon Kilat". Inquirer.net. Retrieved 2013-07-26.
- ↑ "The Dagohoy Rebellion". Watawat.net. Retrieved 2013-07-26.
- ↑ President of the Philippines. "Executive order No. 429". Office of the Press Secretary. Archived from the original on 2007-03-18. Retrieved 2007-05-18.
- ↑ Scott 1984, pp. 81–103.
- ↑ Cristian Capelli et al. (2001). "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics 68 (2): 432–443. doi:10.1086/318205. PMC 1235276. PMID 11170891.
References
- Scott, William Henry (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials for the study of Philippine History. New Day Publishers. ISBN 971-10-0226-4..
Coordinates: 11°00′N 123°30′E / 11.000°N 123.500°E
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