Virginia Dare

Virginia Dare
US postage stamp issued in 1937, the 350th anniversary of Virginia Dare's birth
Born	August 18, 1587 Roanoke Island, Virginia Colony (present-day North Carolina)[1]

Virginia Dare (born August 18, 1587, date of death unknown) was the first child born in the New World to English parents, Eleanor (also Ellinor or Elyonor) and Ananias Dare.^[1] She was named after the Virginia Colony, due to being the first Christian born there.^[2]

What became of Virginia and the other colonists remains a mystery. The fact of her birth is known because the governor of the settlement, Virginia Dare's grandfather, John White, returned to England in 1587 to seek fresh supplies. When White eventually returned three years later, Virginia and the other colonists were gone.

During the past four hundred years, Virginia Dare has become a prominent figure in American myth and folklore, symbolizing different things to different groups of people. She has been featured as a main character in books, poems, songs, comic books, television programs and films. Her name has been used to sell different types of goods, from vanilla products to wine and spirits. Many places in North Carolina and elsewhere in the Southern United States have been named in her honor.

Biography

St Bride's Church Fleet Street, where Virginia Dare's parents were wed.

Baptism of Virginia Dare, lithograph, 1880

Virginia Dare was born in the Roanoke Colony in what is now North Carolina in August 1587, the first child of English parents born in the New World. "Elenora, daughter to the governor of the city and wife to Ananias Dare, one of the assistants, was delivered of a daughter in Roanoke".^[2]

Little is known of the lives of either of her parents. Her mother Eleanor was born in London around 1563, and was the daughter of John White, the governor of the ill-fated Roanoke Colony. Eleanor married Ananias Dare (born c. 1560 - ?), a London tiler and bricklayer,^[3] at St Bride's Church^[4] in Fleet Street in the City of London.^[5] He too was part of the Roanoke expedition. Virginia Dare was one of two infants born to the colonists in 1587 and the only female child born to the settlers.

Little else is known of Virginia Dare's presumably short life, as the Roanoke Colony did not endure. At the end of 1587, having established his colony, Virginia's grandfather John White sailed for England for fresh supplies. Due to England's war with Spain, and the pressing need for ships to defend against the Spanish Armada, he was unable to return to Roanoke until August 18, 1590, Virginia Dare's third birthday, by which time he found the settlement had been long deserted. The buildings had collapsed and "the houses [were] taken downe".^[6] Worse, White was unable to find any trace of his daughter or granddaughter, or indeed any of the 80 men, 17 women, and 11 children who made up the "Lost Colony".^[6]

Mystery of the "Lost Colony"

The return of Governor White to the "Lost Colony"

Little is known for certain of the fate of Virginia Dare or her fellow colonists. Governor White found no sign of a struggle or battle. The only clue to the colonists' fate was the word "Croatoan" carved into a post of the fort, and the letters "Cro" carved into a nearby tree. All the houses and fortifications had been dismantled, suggesting that their departure had not been hurried. Before he had left the colony, White had instructed them that if anything happened to them, they should carve a Maltese cross on a tree nearby, indicating that their disappearance had been forced. As there was no cross, White took this to mean they had moved to Croatoan Island (now known as Hatteras Island), but he was unable to conduct a search.

There are a number of theories regarding the fate of the colonists, the most widely accepted one being that they sought shelter with local Indian tribes, and either intermarried with the natives or were killed. In 1607, John Smith and other members of the successful Jamestown Colony sought information about the fate of the Roanoke colonists. One report indicated that the survivors had taken refuge with friendly Chesapeake Indians, but Chief Powhatan claimed his tribe had attacked the group and killed most of the colonists. Powhatan showed Smith certain artifacts he said had belonged to the colonists, including a musket barrel and a brass mortar and pestle. However, no archaeological evidence exists to support this claim. The Jamestown Colony received reports of some survivors of the Lost Colony and sent out search parties, but none was successful. Eventually they determined they were all dead.^[7]

In her 2000 book Roanoke: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony, historian Lee Miller surmised that some of the Lost Colony survivors sought shelter with a neighboring Indian tribe, the Chowanoc, that was attacked by another tribe, identified by the Jamestown Colony as the "Mandoag", who may have been either Tuscarora or Eno, also known as the Wainoke. William Strachey, a secretary of the Jamestown Colony, wrote in The History of Travel into Virginia Britannia in 1612 that, at the Indian settlements of Peccarecanick and Ochanahoen, there were reportedly two-story houses with stone walls. The Indians supposedly learned how to build them from the Roanoke settlers.^[8] There were also reported sightings of European captives at various Indian settlements during the same time period.^[9] Strachey also wrote that four English men, two boys, and one maid had been sighted at the Eno settlement of Ritanoc, under the protection of a chief called Eyanoco. The captives were forced to beat copper. The captives, he reported, had escaped the attack on the other colonists and fled up the Chaonoke river, the present-day Chowan River in Bertie County, North Carolina.^[8][10][11]

Modern legacy

Marble sculpture of Virginia Dare formerly in St Bride's Church, Fleet St

Memorial to Virginia Dare at St Bride's Church, Fleet St

In the more than four hundred years since her birth, Virginia Dare has become a prominent figure in American myth and folklore, representing different things to different people. A 2000 article in the Piedmont Triad, North Carolina, News and Record noted that, for many Americans, particularly Southerners, she symbolizes innocence and purity, "new beginnings, promise, and hope" as well as "adventure and bravery" in a new land. She also symbolizes mystery because of her mysterious fate.^[12]

For some residents of North Carolina, she has been an important symbol of the state and the desire to keep it predominantly European-American. In the 1920s, a group that opposed suffrage for women feared that black women would get the vote. One group in Raleigh, North Carolina, urged "that North Carolina remain white ... in the name of Virginia Dare."^[12] Today Virginia Dare's name is used for the anti-illegal immigration group The VDARE Project.

Some people also see her as a symbol of women's rights. In the 1980s feminists in North Carolina called for state residents to approve the Equal Rights Amendment and "Honor Virginia Dare."^[12]

There is a memorial to Virginia Dare in St Bride's Church, Fleet St, where her parents were married prior to their journey to Roanoke.^[4] The bronze sculpture, created by Clare Waterhouse in 1999, replaces a marble sculpture of Dare carved by Marjorie Meggit in 1957. The original has been missing since 1999.^[13]

Eleanor Dare Stones

One of the so-called "Dare Stones". Collection of the Library of Congress

From 1937 until 1941, the so-called "Dare Stones" were in the news. The 48 carved stones, all with writing in Elizabethan English, were allegedly found in northern Georgia and the Carolinas. The first bore an announcement of the death of Virginia Dare and her father, Ananias Dare, at the hands of "savages" in 1591. Later stones, brought in by various people, told a complicated tale of the fate of the Lost Colony. Later stones, each addressed to John White and signed with the name of Virginia's mother, Eleanor, called for revenge against the "savages" or gave her father the direction taken by the survivors. A stone dated 1592 indicated the survivors had reached a sanctuary in the Nacoochee Valley area and lived there in "primeval splendor." Another stone, dated 1598, indicated that Eleanor had married the "king" of the tribe, while another said she had borne the chief a daughter, the tribe was angry, and asked for White to send the infant girl to England. A stone dated 1599 announced Eleanor Dare's death and said she had left behind a daughter named Agnes.

Professor Haywood Pearce, Jr., of Brenau College (now Brenau University) in Gainesville, Georgia, interviewed every person who found a stone and concluded that the stones were not a hoax as they were found in different places, at different times, by different people, none of whom had any knowledge of Elizabethan English. His views won over some well-known historians, according to contemporary press accounts.

On April 26, 1941, an article was published in The Saturday Evening Post^[14] by journalist Boyden Sparks, attacking the authenticity of the stones, pointing to improbabilities in their story and producing evidence that those who had claimed to discover them were in fact hoaxers.^[15] Pearce and the other scholars were not implicated in the alleged fraud, and no legal action was ever taken, but all of them renounced belief in the authenticity of the stones. Sparks theorized that the fakery was inspired by the 1937 publicity in North Carolina surrounding the 350th anniversary of the Lost Colony.

Today, Brenau keeps the Dare Stones as a sort of 20th-century media curiosity, but generally does not display them or publicize their existence. The stones still have a few supporters, most notably Robert W. White, whose book A Witness For Eleanor Dare insists they were genuine and that criticism of them was false.^[15]

1937 Roanoke Commemorative Coin

In 1937 the United States Mint issued a half-dollar commemorative coin that depicted Virginia Dare as the first English child born in the New World. This was also the first time a child was depicted on United States currency.^[16][17]

Literary and cultural references

Illustration from Virginia Dare: A Romance of the Sixteenth Century, 19th century novel by Mrs. E.A.B. Shackelford loosely based on the life of Virginia Dare

Virginia Dare quickly entered into folklore as the "first white child" born in British America. The fate of Virginia Dare and the Lost Colony has been the subject of many literary, film, and television adaptations, all of which have added to her myth:

• One of the first was Cornelia Tuthill's 1840 novel Virginia Dare, or the Colony of Roanoke, in which Virginia marries a Jamestown settler. Virginia Dare met the Indian princess Pocahontas in E.A.B. Shackleford's 1892 novel Virginia Dare: A Romance of the Sixteenth Century. Virginia Dare was the main character in Sallie Southall Cotten's 1901 book in verse The White Doe: The Fate of Virginia Dare. In the book, she is turned into a white doe by an Indian witch doctor after she rejects his advances. When her true love, an Indian warrior, shoots her with a silver arrow, she turns back into a woman just before she dies in his arms. Cotten has asserted, however, that the tale of Dare as the White Doe had survived for some three centuries as part of colonial folklore.^[18] In the 1908 novel The Daughter of Virginia Dare, author Mary Virginia Wall made Pocahontas the daughter of Virginia Dare. In Herbert Bouldin Hawes' 1930 novel The Daughter of the Blood, Virginia Dare is involved in a romantic triangle with John Smith and Pocahontas.

• Neil Gaiman has extended this story in his comic book series 1602, where a Native American named Rojhaz meets Virginia Dare when she is about twelve, and an artifact of his travels causes her to transform into a series of white creatures whenever she is in danger. The storyline ends when Peter Parquagh and Virginia Dare head home to her father to plot the rescue of those left in England. In later stories in the 1602 universe (much like the figure of legend), when attempting to flee in the form of a white doe, she is shot by Master Norman Osborne and reverts to human form in front of Peter before dying.

• Other authors have given the myth a fantasy twist. In Philip José Farmer's 1965 novel Dare, Virginia and the other Lost Colonists are abducted by aliens and settled on a planet called Dare. In 1969, Steve Cannon wrote Groove, Bang and Jive Around, in which Virginia Dare is one of two stewardesses aboard the Statecraft One who engages in a wild orgy with Annette, the foxy adolescent chick from New Orleans, and Estavanico, "Little Stevie" to some, the flight engineer. Near the end, in the land of Oobladee, she is eventually magically transformed into a frail, old woman with a cane, who explains the reasons for which she was left to explore much darker horizons, sexually. Ultimately, she falls to the floor as a pile of ashes. Virginia Dare appears in Mark Chadbourn's fantasy sequence Kingdom of the Serpent, comprising the novels Jack of Ravens and The Burning Man with a third yet to be published. She is kidnapped along with the other Roanoke colonists and taken to the Celtic Otherworld, the home of all myth and legend. She plays a key role in the final volume of the trilogy. A woman named Virginia Dare appears in Gregory Keyes' fantasy novel The Briar King. Keyes uses several hints and word clues to indicate this character is meant to be the historical figure. In Volume I of Tales of the Slayer, a horror story collection set in the Buffy the Vampire Slayer universe, Virginia Dare appears as the vampire slayer "White Doe," an English girl adopted by the Croatoan Indians. She is turned into a white doe by a wizard of the tribe when she rejects his advances. Her true love, Seal of the Ocean, finds her but later kills her because he does not recognize her as a deer.

• She was the main villain in the short-lived television show FreakyLinks. Inspired by The X-Files and The Blair Witch Project, it followed a young man who took over his twin brother's paranormal Web site, Freakylinks, after his death. It was later found that his brother's death was related to his investigations into the lost colony of Roanoke. It was implied that Virginia Dare was a demon who destroyed the colonists, either directly or indirectly. However, the show was canceled before the end of the first season, and the mystery was never resolved.

• In the 2007 made-for-TV movie on the SciFi Channel, Wraiths of Roanoke, Virginia Dare is the sole survivor after the colony is wiped out by Old Norse ghosts, or wraiths, who had died on the island centuries earlier but failed to achieve transit to Valhalla. In the movie the infant Virginia, whose innocence is needed by the wraiths, is used by her father to lure the wraiths onto a flaming raft set adrift for a Viking funeral. The last act of Ananias is to cast Virginia away from the raft in a wicker basket. She is found and adopted by the mainland Indians the next day.

• In The Necromancer, the fourth book in Michael Scott's "Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel" series, Virginia Dare was introduced as an immortal who disables her enemies with charms from a magic flute. It is later revealed in the story that her father is the one who carved the word "Croatoan" onto the fence post and part of the tree.

• In Sabotaged the third book of the "Missing Series" by Margaret Peterson Haddix, Virginia Dare is a missing child from history who had been kidnapped by one of the evil villains when she was a child, but then accidentally landed in the twenty-first century . The main characters, Jonah and Katherine, are sent back into time, again, to return her to the colony. However Andrea (aka. Virginia) is tricked by a mysterious character named 'Second' to sabotage the mission. The book takes place in Roanoke Island and they eventually travel to Croatoan Island.

• In the ongoing faux-Southern Gothic show The Heart, She Holler (premiered in 2011) the town matriarch commonly referred to as "Meemaw", is named Virginia Dare. in Season 3 it is confirmed that she is the actual Virginia Dare, "the first white person born on this continent". Her birth so offended the gods of the indigenous peoples that she was "cursed" with immortality and various psychic powers including but not limited to telekinesis, extrasensory perception, and as yet unexplained reality bending powers.

Tourism and advertising

Virginia Dare Tobacco, label, circa 1871

Virginia Dare Flavoring Extracts

Virginia Dare's name has become a tourist attraction for North Carolina. Many locations are named after Virginia Dare, including Dare County, North Carolina; the Virginia Dare Trail, a section of NC 12; Virginia Dare Memorial Bridge, the second, newest, and widest bridge spanning the Croatan Sound connecting Roanoke Island to Manns Harbor. It carries US 64. Residents of Roanoke Island celebrate Virginia Dare's birthday each year with an Elizabethan Renaissance fair. A statue of Virginia as a grown woman, naked and wrapped in a buffalo skin, is on display in the Elizabethan Gardens on the island.^[12] At Smith Mountain Lake there is an active tour boat named Virginia Dare.

Virginia Dare's name has also been used to sell a number of products. Virginia Dare was the name of the first commercial wine to sell after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933.^[19] The Virginia Dare Extract Company, a maker of vanilla products, sells its products with a symbol of Virginia as a fresh-faced, blonde woman wearing a white ruffled mob cap. The company's Web site notes that Virginia Dare symbolizes "wholesomeness and purity."^[20] In Rancho Cucamonga, California, a now-defunct winery on the corner of Haven Avenue and Foothill Boulevard (U.S. Route 66) is called Virginia Dare.

See also

• First white child
• Roanoke Colony
• Peregrine White
• St Bride's Church

Notes

References

• Miller, Lee, Roanoke: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony (2000), Penguin Books, ISBN 0-1420-0228-3
• Milton, Giles, Big Chief Elizabeth – How England's Adventurers Gambled and Won the New World, Hodder & Stoughton, London (2000)
• Morgan, Dewi, Phoenix of Fleet St – 2,000 years of St Bride's, Charles Knight & Co., London (1973), ISBN 0-85314-196-7
• Stick, David, Roanoake Island: The Beginnings of English America (1983), University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 0-8078-4110-2
• Tucker, Abigail, "Sketching the Earliest Views of the New World", Smithsonian magazine, December 2008
• White, Robert W., A Witness For Eleanor Dare (1992), Lexikos, ISBN 0-938530-51-8
• Scott, Michael. The Necromancer. New York: Delacorte, 2010

Further reading

• Big Chief Elizabeth: How England's Adventurers Gambled and Won the New World, Giles Milton, Sceptre, 2001, ISBN 0-340-74882-6
• Virginia Dare: A Romance of the Sixteenth Century, Mrs. E. A. B. Shackelford, Published by Thomas Whittaker, New York, 1892

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Virginia Dare.

• Virginia Dare and The Lost Colony
• Women in the Roanoke Colony November 22, 2012.
• Searching for the Lost Colony Blog
• Lost Colony Center for Science and Research
• Account of the Roanoke settlements
• St Bride's Church – Virginia Dare at St Bride's Church Official Website
• Webpage discussing authenticity of the Virginia Dare Stones
• Article in the Saturday Evening Post discussing debunking the Dare Stones