Viral synapse

Viral synapse (or virological synapse) is a molecularly organized cellular junction that is similar in some aspects to immunological synapses.[1] Many viruses including herpes simplex virus (HSV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) have been shown to instigate the formation of these junctions between the infected ("donor") and uninfected ("target") cell to allow cell-to-cell transmission.[2][3][4] As viral synapses allow the virus to spread directly from cell to cell, they also provide a means by which the virus can escape neutralising antibody.

Formation and function

Formation of the these synapses has been shown to involve reorientation of the cytoskeleton, which is triggered by engagement of ICAM-1 on the infected cell's surface and expression of several viral proteins. Viruses use the microtubule cytoskeleton to migrate to the viral synapse. By recruiting the receptors and viral particles at the point of contact, these synaptic structures significantly enhance the likelihood of a productive infection. Viral synapses are thought to explain how cell-to-cell transfer can operate in the HIV infection even when there is a low number of viral particles and a relatively low number of CD4 receptors.[5][6]

References

  1. ↑ Igakura, T., J. C. Stinchcombe, P. K. C. Goon, G. P. Taylor, J. N. Weber, G. M. Griffiths, Y. Tanaka, M. Osame, and C. R. M. Bangham. (2003). "Spread of HTLV-I between lymphocytes by virus-induced polarization of the cytoskeleton.". Science (299): 1713–1716.
  2. ↑ "Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope gp120 induces a stop signal and virological synapse formation in noninfected CD4+ T cells.".
  3. ↑ "Formation of a virological synapse". Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  4. ↑ Fernando Abaitua, F. Rabiya Zia, Michael Hollinshead and Peter O'Hare (2013). "Polarized Cell Migration during Cell-to-Cell Transmission of Herpes Simplex Virus in Human Skin Keratinocytes". J. Virol.
  5. ↑ Barnard, A. L., T. Igakura, Y. Tanaka, G. P. Taylor, and C. R. Bangham. (2005). "Engagement of specific T-cell surface molecules regulates cytoskeletal polarization in HTLV-1-infected lymphocytes". Blood.
  6. ↑ Nejmeddine, M., A. L. Barnard, Y. Tanaka, G. P. Taylor, and C. R. Bangham (2005). "Human T-lymphotropic virus, type 1, tax protein triggers microtubule reorientation in the virological synapse.". J. Biol Chem.