Vayeira

Vayeira, Vayera, or Va-yera (וַיֵּרָא — Hebrew for "and He appeared,” the first word in the parashah) is the fourth weekly Torah portion (פָּרָשָׁה, parashah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading. It constitutes Genesis 18:1–22:24 The parashah has the most words (but not the most letters or verses) of any of the weekly Torah portions in the book of Genesis, and is made up of 7,862 Hebrew letters, 2,085 Hebrew words, and 147 verses, and can occupy about 252 lines in a Torah Scroll (סֵפֶר תּוֹרָה, Sefer Torah). (In the book of Genesis, Parashah Miketz has the most letters, and Parashiyot Noach and Vayishlach have the most verses.)^[1]

Jews read it on the fourth Sabbath after Simchat Torah, in October or November.^[2] Jews also read parts of the parashah as Torah readings for Rosh Hashanah. Genesis 21 is the Torah reading for the first day of Rosh Hashanah, and Genesis 22 is the Torah reading for the second day of Rosh Hashanah. In Reform Judaism, Genesis 22 is the Torah reading for the one day of Rosh Hashanah.

The parashah tells the stories of Abraham’s three visitors and Abraham’s bargaining with God over Sodom and Gomorrah, Lot’s two visitors and Lot’s bargaining with the Sodomites, the flight of Lot and the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, how Abraham once again passed off his wife Sarah as his sister, the birth of Isaac, the expulsion of Hagar, disputes over wells, and the binding of Isaac.

Readings

In traditional Sabbath Torah reading, the parashah is divided into seven readings, or עליות, aliyot. In the Masoretic Text of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible), Parashah Vayeira has four "open portion" (פתוחה, petuchah) divisions (roughly equivalent to paragraphs, often abbreviated with the Hebrew letter פ (peh)). Parashah Vayeira has two further subdivisions, called "closed portion" (סתומה, setumah) divisions (abbreviated with the Hebrew letter ס (samekh)) within the first open portion (פתוחה, petuchah). The first open portion (פתוחה, petuchah) spans the first five readings (עליות, aliyot). The second open portion (פתוחה, petuchah) coincides with the sixth reading (עליה, aliyah). The third open portion (פתוחה, petuchah) covers the binding of Isaac, which is most of the seventh reading (עליה, aliyah), excluding only the concluding maftir (מפטיר) reading. And the fourth open portion (פתוחה, petuchah) coincides with the concluding maftir (מפטיר) reading. Closed portion (סתומה, setumah) divisions further divide the long fourth reading (עליה, aliyah).^[3]

First reading — Genesis 18:1–14

In the first reading (עליה, aliyah), as Abraham was sitting at the entrance of his tent by the terebinths of Mamre at the heat of the day, he looked up and saw God in the form of three men, and he ran, bowed to the ground, and welcomed them.^[4] Abraham offered to wash their feet and fetch them a morsel of bread, and they assented.^[5] Abraham rushed to Sarah’s tent to order cakes made from choice flour, ran to select a choice calf for a servant-boy to prepare, set curds and milk and the calf before them, and waited on them under the tree as they ate.^[6] One of the visitors told Abraham that he would return the next year, and Sarah would have a son, but Sarah laughed to herself at the prospect, with Abraham so old.^[7] God then questioned Abraham why Sarah had laughed at bearing a child at her age, noting that nothing was too wondrous for God.^[8] The first reading (עליה, aliyah) ends here.^[9]

Second reading — Genesis 18:15–33

In the second reading (עליה, aliyah), frightened, Sarah denied laughing, but God insisted that she had.^[10] The men set out toward Sodom and Abraham walked with them to see them off.^[11] God considered whether to confide in Abraham what God was about to do, since God had singled out Abraham to become a great nation and instruct his posterity to keep God’s way by doing what was just and right.^[12] God told Abraham that the outrage and sin of Sodom and Gomorrah was so great that God was going to see whether they had acted according to the outcry that had reached God.^[13] The men went on to Sodom, while Abraham remained standing before God.^[14] Abraham pressed God whether God would sweep away the innocent along with the guilty, asking successively if there were 50, or 45, or 40, or 30, or 20, or 10 innocent people in Sodom, would God not spare the city for the sake of the innocent ones, and each time God agreed to do so.^[15] When God had finished speaking to Abraham, God departed, and Abraham returned to his place.^[16] The second reading (עליה, aliyah) ends here with the end of chapter 18.^[17]

Third reading — Genesis 19:1–20

In the third reading (עליה, aliyah), in chapter 19, as Lot was sitting at the gate of Sodom in the evening, the two angels arrived, and Lot greeted them and bowed low to the ground.^[18] Lot invited the angels to spend the night at his house and bathe their feet, but they said that they would spend the night in the square.^[19] Lot urged them strongly, so they went to his house, and he prepared a feast for them and baked unleavened bread, and they ate.^[20] Before they had retired for the night, all the men of Sodom gathered about the house shouting to Lot to bring his visitors out so that they might be intimate with them.^[21] Lot went outside the entrance, shutting the door behind him, and begged the men of Sodom not commit such a wrong.^[22] Lot offered the men his two virgin daughters for them to do with as they pleased, if they would not do anything to his guests, but they disparaged Lot as one who had come as an alien and now sought to rule them, and they pressed threateningly against him and the door.^[23] But the visitors stretched out their hands and pulled Lot back into the house and shut the door and struck the people with blindness so that they were unable to find the entrance.^[24] The visitors directed Lot to bring what family he had out of the city, for they were about to destroy the place, because the outcry against its inhabitants had become so great.^[25] So Lot told his sons-in-law that they needed to get out of the place because God was about to destroy it, but Lot’s sons-in-law thought that he was joking.^[26] As dawn broke, the angels urged Lot to flee with his wife and two remaining daughters, but still he delayed.^[27] So out of God’s mercy, the men seized Lot, his wife, and daughters by the hand and brought them out of the city, telling them to flee for their lives and not to stop or look back anywhere in the plain.^[28] But Lot asked them whether he might flee to a little village nearby.^[29] The third reading (עליה, aliyah) ends here.^[30]

Fourth reading — Genesis 19:21–21:4

In the long fourth reading (עליה, aliyah), the angel replied that he would grant Lot this favor too, and spare that town.^[31] The angel urged Lot to hurry there, for the angel could not do anything until he arrived there, and thus the town came to be called Zoar.^[32] As the sun rose and Lot entered Zoar, God rained sulfurous fire from heaven on Sodom and Gomorrah and annihilated the entire plain.^[33] Lot’s wife looked back, and she turned into a pillar of salt.^[34] Next morning, Abraham hurried to the place where he had stood before God and looked down toward Sodom and Gomorrah and saw the smoke rising like at a kiln.^[35] Lot was afraid to dwell in Zoar, so he settled in a cave in the hill country with his two daughters.^[36] The older daughter told the younger that their father was old, and there was not a man on earth with whom to have children, so she proposed that they get Lot drunk and have sex with him so that they might maintain life through their father.^[37] That night they made their father drink wine, and the older one lay with her father without his being aware.^[38] And the next day the older one persuaded the younger to do the same.^[39] The two daughters thus had children by their father, the older one bore a son named Moab who became the father of the Moabites, and the younger bore a son named Ben-ammi who became the father of the Ammonites.^[40] A closed portion (סתומה, setumah) ends here with the end of chapter 19.^[41]

As the reading continues in chapter 20, Abraham settled between Kadesh and Shur.^[42] While he was sojourning in Gerar, Abraham said that Sarah was his sister, so King Abimelech had her brought to him, but God came to Abimelech in a dream and told him that taking her would cause him to die, for she was a married woman.^[43] Abimelech had not approached her, so he asked God whether God would slay an innocent, as Abraham and Sarah had told him that they were brother and sister.^[44] God told Abimelech in the dream that God knew that Abimelech had a blameless heart, and so God had kept him from touching her.^[45] God told Abimelech to restore Abraham’s wife, since he was a prophet, and he would intercede for Abimelech to save his life, which he and his household would lose if he failed to restore her.^[46] Early next morning, Abimelech told his servants what had happened, asked Abraham what he had done and why he had brought so great a guilt upon Abimelech and his kingdom.^[47] Abraham replied that he had thought that Gerar had no fear of God and would kill him because of his wife, and that she was in fact his father’s daughter though not his mother’s, so he had asked of her the kindness of identifying him as her brother.^[48] Abimelech restored Sarah to Abraham, gave him sheep, oxen, and slaves, and invited him to settle wherever he pleased in Abimelech’s lands.^[49] And Abimelech told Sarah that he was giving Abraham a thousand pieces of silver to serve her as vindication before all.^[50] Abraham then prayed to God, and God healed Abimelech and the women in his household, so that they bore children, for God had stricken the women with infertility because of Sarah.^[51] Another closed portion (סתומה, setumah) ends here with the end of chapter 20.^[41]

As the reading continues in chapter 21, God took note of Sarah, and she bore Abraham a son as God had predicted, and Abraham named him Isaac.^[52] Abraham circumcised Isaac when he was eight days old.^[53] The fourth reading (עליה, aliyah) ends here.^[54]

Fifth reading — Genesis 21:5–21

In the fifth reading (עליה, aliyah), Abraham was 100 years old when Isaac was born, and Sarah remarked that God had brought her laughter and everyone would laugh with her about her bearing Abraham a child in his old age.^[55] Abraham held a great feast on the day that Sarah weaned Isaac.^[56] Sarah saw Hagar's son Ishmael playing, and Sarah told Abraham to cast Hagar and Ishmael out, saying that Ishmael would not share in Abraham’s inheritance with Isaac.^[57] Sarah’s words greatly distressed Abraham, but God told Abraham not to be distressed but to do whatever Sarah told him, for Isaac would carry on Abraham’s line, and God would make a nation of Ishmael, too.^[58] Early the next morning, Abraham placed some bread and water on Hagar’s shoulder, together with Ishmael, and sent them away.^[59] Hagar and Ishmael wandered in the wilderness of Beersheba, and when the water ran out, she left the child under a bush, sat down about two bowshots away so as not to see the child die, and burst into tears.^[60] God heard the cry of the boy, and an angel called to Hagar, saying not to fear, for God had heeded the boy’s cry, and would make of him a great nation.^[61] Then God opened her eyes to a well of water, and she and the boy drank.^[62] God was with Ishmael and he grew up in the wilderness and became a bowman.^[63] Ishmael lived in the wilderness of Paran, and Hagar got him an Egyptian wife.^[64] The fifth reading (עליה, aliyah) and the first open portion (פתוחה, petuchah) end here.^[65]

Sixth reading — Genesis 21:22–34

In the sixth reading (עליה, aliyah), Abimelech and Phicol the chief of his troops asked Abraham to swear not to deal falsely with them.^[66] Abraham reproached Abimelech because Abimelech’s servants had seized Abraham’s well, but Abimelech protested ignorance.^[67] Abraham gave Abimelech sheep and oxen and two men made a pact.^[68] Abraham then offered Abimelech seven ewes as proof that Abraham had dug the well.^[69] They called the place Beersheba, for the two of them swore an oath there.^[70] After they concluded their pact, Abimelech and Phicol returned to Philistia, and Abraham planted a tamarisk and invoked God’s name.^[71] Abraham lived in Philistia a long time.^[72] The sixth reading (עליה, aliyah) and the second open portion (פתוחה, petuchah) end here with the end of chapter 21.^[73]

Seventh reading — Genesis chapter 22

In the seventh reading (עליה, aliyah), which coincides with chapter 22,^[74] sometime later, God tested Abraham, directing him to take Isaac to the land of Moriah and offer him there as a burnt offering.^[75] Early the next morning, Abraham saddled his donkey and split wood for the burnt offering, and then he, two of his servants, and Isaac set out for the place that God had named.^[76] On the third day, Abraham saw the place from afar, and directed his servants to wait with the donkey, while Isaac and he went up to worship and then return.^[77] Abraham took the firestone and the knife, put the wood on Isaac, and the two walked off together.^[78] When Isaac asked Abraham where the sheep was for the burnt offering, Abraham replied that God would see to the sheep for the burnt offering.^[79] They arrived at the place that God had named, and Abraham built an altar, laid out the wood, bound Isaac, laid him on the altar, and picked up the knife to slay him.^[80] Then an angel called to Abraham, telling him not to raise his hand against the boy, for now God knew that Abraham feared God, since he had not withheld his son.^[81] Abraham looked up and saw a ram caught in a thicket by its horns, so he offered it as a burnt offering in place of his son.^[82] Abraham named the site Adonai-yireh.^[83] The angel called to Abraham a second time, saying that because Abraham had not withheld his son, God would bless him and make his descendants as numerous as the stars of heaven and the sands on the seashore, and victorious over their foes.^[84] All the nations of the earth would bless themselves by Abraham’s descendants, because he obeyed God’s command.^[85] Abraham returned to his servants, and they departed for Beersheba; where Abraham stayed.^[86] The third open portion (פתוחה, petuchah) ends here.^[87]

As the seventh reading (עליה, aliyah) continues with the maftir (מפטיר) reading that concludes the parashah,^[87] later, Abraham learned that Milcah had borne eight children to his brother Nahor, among whom was Bethuel, who became the father of Rebekah.^[88] Nahor’s concubine Reumah also bore him four children.^[89] The seventh reading (עליה, aliyah), the fourth open portion (פתוחה, petuchah), chapter 22, and the parashah end here.^[87]

Readings according to the triennial cycle

Jews who read the Torah according to the triennial cycle of Torah reading read the parashah according to the following schedule:^[90]

	Year 1	Year 2	Year 3
	2013–2014, 2016–2017, 2019–2020 . . .	2014–2015, 2017–2018, 2020–2021 . . .	2015–2016, 2018–2019, 2021–2022 . . .
Reading	18:1–33	19:1–20:18	21:1–22:24
1	18:1–5	19:1–11	21:1–4
2	18:6–8	19:12–20	21:5–13
3	18:9–14	19:21–29	21:14–21
4	18:15–21	19:30–38	21:22–34
5	18:22–26	20:1–8	22:1–8
6	18:27–30	20:9–14	22:9–19
7	18:31–33	20:15–18	22:20–24
Maftir	18:31–33	20:15–18	22:20–24

In inner-Biblical interpretation

The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these Biblical sources:^[91]

Genesis chapter 18

Ezekiel 16:49–50 explains what the “grievous” sin was that Genesis 18:20 reported in Sodom. Ezekiel 16:49–50 says that Sodom’s iniquity was pride. Sodom had plenty of bread and careless ease, but Sodom did not help the poor and the needy. Thus the people of Sodom were haughty and committed abomination before God. And for that reason, God removed them.

Jeremiah 23:14 condemns the prophets of Jerusalem for becoming like the inhabitants of Sodom and Gomorrah in that they committed a horrible thing, they committed adultery, they walked in lies, they strengthened the hands of evil-doers, and they did not return from their wickedness.

Lamentations 4:6 judged the iniquity of Jerusalem that lead to the Babylonian captivity as greater than the sin of Sodom that led to its destruction in an instant.

Genesis chapter 19

Judges 19 tells a story parallel in many regards to that of Lot and the men of Sodom in Genesis 19:1–11.

In early nonrabbinic interpretation

The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these early nonrabbinic sources:

Genesis chapters 12–23

The second century BCE Book of Jubilees reported that Abraham endured ten trials and was found faithful and patient in spirit. Jubilees listed eight of the trials: (1) leaving his country, (2) the famine, (3) the wealth of kings, (4) his wife taken from him, (5) circumcision, (6) Hagar and Ishmael driven away, (7) the binding of Isaac, and (8) buying the land to bury Sarah.^[92]

Genesis chapter 19

Josephus taught that Lot entreated the angels to accept lodging with him because he had learned to be a generous and hospitable man by imitating Abraham.^[93]

The Wisdom of Solomon held that Wisdom delivered the “righteous” Lot, who fled from the wicked who perished when the fire came down on the five cities.^[94]

In classical Rabbinic interpretation

The parashah is discussed in these rabbinic sources from the era of the Mishnah and the Talmud:

Genesis chapter 18

The Mishnah taught that Abraham suffered ten trials and withstood them all, demonstrating how great Abraham’s love was for God.^[95] The Avot of Rabbi Natan taught^[96] that two trials were at the time he was bidden to leave Haran,^[97] two were with his two sons,^[98] two were with his two wives,^[99] one was in the wars of the Kings,^[100] one was at the covenant between the pieces,^[101] one was in Ur of the Chaldees (where, according to a tradition, he was thrown into a furnace and came out unharmed^[102]), and one was the covenant of circumcision.^[103] Similarly, the Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer counted as the 10 trials (1) when Abraham was a child and all the magnates of the kingdom and the magicians sought to kill him, (2) when he was put into prison for ten years and cast into the furnace of fire, (3) his migration from his father’s house and from the land of his birth, (4) the famine, (5) when Sarah his wife was taken to be Pharaoh’s wife, (6) when the kings came against him to slay him, (7) when (in the words of Genesis 17:1) “the word of the Lord came to Abram in a vision,” (8) when Abram was 99 years old and God asked him to circumcise himself, (9) when Sarah asked Abraham (in the words of Genesis 21:10) to “Cast out this bondwoman and her son,” and (10) the binding of Isaac.^[104] And the Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael taught that Abraham inherited both this world and the World-to-Come as a reward for his faith, as Genesis 15:6 says, “And he believed in the Lord.”^[105]

Rabbi Hama son of Rabbi Hanina taught that visiting the infirm (as God did in Genesis 18:1) demonstrates one of God’s attributes that humans should emulate. Rabbi Hama son of Rabbi Hanina asked what Deuteronomy 13:5 means in the text, “You shall walk after the Lord your God.” How can a human being walk after God, when Deuteronomy 4:24 says, “[T]he Lord your God is a devouring fire”? Rabbi Hama son of Rabbi Hanina explained that the command to walk after God means to walk after the attributes of God. As God clothes the naked — for Genesis 3:21 says, “And the Lord God made for Adam and for his wife coats of skin, and clothed them” — so should we also clothe the naked. God visited the sick — for Genesis 18:1 says, “And the Lord appeared to him by the oaks of Mamre” (after Abraham was circumcised in Genesis 17:26) — so should we also visit the sick. God comforted mourners — for Genesis 25:11 says, “And it came to pass after the death of Abraham, that God blessed Isaac his son” — so should we also comfort mourners. God buried the dead — for Deuteronomy 34:6 says, “And He buried him in the valley” — so should we also bury the dead.^[106] Similarly, the Sifre on Deuteronomy 11:22 taught that to walk in God’s ways means to be (in the words of Exodus 34:6) “merciful and gracious.”^[107]

Reading the instructions for inaugurating the Tabernacle in Leviticus 9:4, “And [take] an ox and a ram for peace-offerings . . . for today the Lord will appear to you,” Rabbi Levi taught that God reasoned that if God would thus reveal God’s Self to and bless him who sacrificed an ox and a ram for God’s sake, how much more should God reveal God’s Self to Abraham, who circumcised himself for God’s sake. Consequently, Genesis 18:1 reports, “And the Lord appeared to him [Abraham].”^[108]

Rabbi Leazar ben Menahem taught that the opening words of Genesis 18:1, “And the Lord appeared,” indicated God’s proximity to Abraham. Rabbi Leazar taught that the words of Proverbs 15:29, “The Lord is far from the wicked,” refer to the prophets of other nations. But the continuation of Proverbs 15:29, “He hears the prayer of the righteous,” refers to the prophets of Israel. God appears to nations other that Israel only as one who comes from a distance, as Isaiah 39:3 says, “They came from a far country to me.” But in connection with the prophets of Israel, Genesis 18:1 says, “And the Lord appeared,” and Leviticus 1:1 says, “And the Lord called,” implying from the immediate vicinity. Rabbi Haninah compared the difference between the prophets of Israel and the prophets of other nations to a king who was with his friend in a chamber (separated by a curtain). Whenever the king desired to speak to his friend, he folded up the curtain and spoke to him. (But God speaks to the prophets of other nations without folding back the curtain.) The Rabbis compared it to a king who has a wife and a concubine; to his wife he goes openly, but to his concubine he repairs with stealth. Similarly, God appears to non-Jews only at night, as Numbers 22:20 says, “And God came to Balaam at night,” and Genesis 31:24 says, “And God came to Laban the Aramean in a dream of the night.”^[109]

A Midrash interpreted the words of Job 19:26, "And when after my skin thus is destroyed (נִקְּפוּ, nikkefu), then through my flesh shall I see God," to allude to Abraham. According to the Midrash, Abraham reasoned that after he circumcised himself, many proselytes flocked (hikkif) to attach themselves to the covenant, and it was thus because Abraham did so that God revealed God's Self to Abraham, as Genesis 18:1 reports, "And the Lord appeared to him." (And thus through circumcision performed on his flesh did Abraham come to see God.)^[110]

Rabbi Isaac taught that God reasoned that if God said in Exodus 20:21, "An altar of earth you shall make to Me [and then] I will come to you and bless you," thus revealing God's Self to bless him who built an altar in God's name, then how much more should God reveal God's Self to Abraham, who circumcised himself for God's sake. And thus, "the Lord appear to him."^[111]

A Midrash interpreted the words of Psalm 43:36, "Your condescension has made me great," to allude to Abraham. For God made Abraham great by allowing Abraham to sit (on account of his age and weakness after his circumcision) while the Shekhinah stood, as Genesis 18:1 reports, "And the Lord appeared to him in the plains of Mamre, as he sat in the tent door."^[112]

A Baraita taught that in Genesis 18:1, “in the heat of the day” meant the sixth hour, or exactly midday.^[113]

Rav Judah said in Rav’s name that Genesis 18:1–3 showed that hospitality to wayfarers is greater than welcoming the Divine Presence. Rav Judah read the words “And he said, ‘My Lord, if now I have found favor in Your sight, pass not away’” in Genesis 18:3 to reflect Abraham’s request of God to wait for Abraham while Abraham saw to his guests. And Rabbi Eleazar said that God’s acceptance of this request demonstrated how God’s conduct is not like that of mortals, for among mortals, an inferior person cannot ask a greater person to wait, while in Genesis 18:3, God allowed it.^[114]

The Tosefta taught that God rewarded measure for measure Abraham’s good deeds of hospitality in Genesis 18:2–16 with benefits for Abraham’s descendants the Israelites.^[115]

The Gemara identified the “three men” in Genesis 18:2 as the angels Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael. Michael came to tell Sarah of Isaac’s birth, Raphael came to heal Abraham, and Gabriel came to destroy Sodom. Noting that Genesis 19:1 reports that “the two angels came to Sodom,” the Gemara explained that Michael accompanied Gabriel to rescue Lot. The Gemara cited the use of the singular “He” in Genesis 19:25, where it says, “He overthrew those cities,” instead of “they overthrew” to demonstrate that a single angel (Gabriel) destroyed the cities.^[116]

The Pirke de Rabbi Eliezer taught that when the three angels visited Abraham, as reported in Genesis 18, Abraham ran to meet them and prepare for them a great banquet. He told Sarah to prepare cakes for them, but when Sarah was kneading, she perceived that the manner of women was upon her, so Abraham did not serve his visitors any of the cakes. Rather, Abraham ran to fetch a calf, but the calf fled from him and went into the cave of Machpelah. Abraham chased in after the calf, and found Adam and Eve lying there upon their beds. Lights were kindled above them, and a sweet scent was upon them. Abraham consequently sought to get the cave as a burial possession, as Genesis 23 reports.^[117]

In Genesis 18:5, the heart is refreshed. A Midrash catalogued the wide range of additional capabilities of the heart reported in the Hebrew Bible.^[118] The heart speaks,^[119] sees,^[120] hears,^[121] walks,^[122] falls,^[123] stands,^[124] rejoices,^[125] cries,^[126] is comforted,^[127] is troubled,^[128] becomes hardened,^[129] grows faint,^[130] grieves,^[131] fears,^[132] can be broken,^[133] becomes proud,^[134] rebels,^[135] invents,^[136] cavils,^[137] overflows,^[138] devises,^[139] desires,^[140] goes astray,^[141] lusts,^[142] can be stolen,^[143] is humbled,^[144] is enticed,^[145] errs,^[146] trembles,^[147] is awakened,^[148] loves,^[149] hates,^[150] envies,^[151] is searched,^[152] is rent,^[153] meditates,^[154] is like a fire,^[155] is like a stone,^[156] turns in repentance,^[157] becomes hot,^[158] dies,^[159] melts,^[160] takes in words,^[161] is susceptible to fear,^[162] gives thanks,^[163] covets,^[164] becomes hard,^[165] makes merry,^[166] acts deceitfully,^[167] speaks from out of itself,^[168] loves bribes,^[169] writes words,^[170] plans,^[171] receives commandments,^[172] acts with pride,^[173] makes arrangements,^[174] and aggrandizes itself.^[175]

The Gemara reported that sages in the Land of Israel (and some said Rabbi Isaac) deduced from Sarah’s practice as shown in Genesis 18:9 that while it was customary for a man to meet wayfarers, it was not customary for a woman to do so. And the Gemara cited this deduction to support the ruling of Mishnah Yevamot 8:3^[176] that while a male Ammonite or Moabite was forbidden from entering the congregation of Israel, an Ammonite or Moabite woman was permitted.^[177]

Rabbi Haggai said in Rabbi Isaac's name that all of the Matriarchs were prophets.^[178]

At the School of Rabbi Ishmael, it was taught that Genesis 18:12–13 demonstrated how great is the cause of peace, for Sarah said of Abraham in Genesis 18:12, “My lord [Abraham] being old,” but when God reported Sarah’s statement to Abraham, God reported Sarah to have said, “And I [Sarah] am old,” so as to preserve peace between Abraham and Sarah.^[179]

Reading “set time” in Genesis 18:14 to mean the next “holy day” (as in Leviticus 23:4) the Gemara deduced that God spoke to Abraham on Sukkot to promise that Isaac would be born on Passover, and that there must have been a leap year that year, as those deductions allow the maximum 7 months between any two holy days.^[180]

Ravina asked one of the Rabbis who expounded Aggadah before him for the origin of the Rabbinic saying, “The memory of the righteous shall be for a blessing.” The Rabbi replied that Proverbs 10:7 says, “The memory of the righteous shall be for a blessing.” Ravina asked from where in the Torah one might derive that teaching. The Rabbi answered that Genesis 18:17 says, “Shall I hide from Abraham that which I am doing?” And right after that mention of Abraham’s name, God blessed Abraham in Genesis 18:18, saying, “Abraham shall surely become a great and mighty nation.”^[181]

Rabbi Eleazar interpreted the words, “All the nations of the earth,” in Genesis 18:18 to teach that even those who spend their time on the ships that go from Gaul to Spain (and thus spend very little time on the dry earth) are blessed only for Israel’s sake.^[182]

The Gemara cited Genesis 18:19 to show that Abraham walked righteously and followed the commandments. Rabbi Simlai taught that God communicated to Moses a total of 613 commandments — 365 negative commandments, corresponding to the number of days in the solar year, and 248 positive commandments, corresponding to the number of the parts in the human body. The Gemara taught that David reduced the number of precepts to eleven, as Psalm 15 says, “Lord, who shall sojourn in Your Tabernacle? Who shall dwell in Your holy mountain? — He who (1) walks uprightly, and (2) works righteousness, and (3) speaks truth in his heart; who (4) has no slander upon his tongue, (5) nor does evil to his fellow, (6) nor takes up a reproach against his neighbor, (7) in whose eyes a vile person is despised, but (8) he honors them who fear the Lord, (9) he swears to his own hurt and changes not, (10) he puts not out his money on interest, (11) nor takes a bribe against the innocent.” Isaiah reduced them to six principles, as Isaiah 33:15–16 says, “He who (1) walks righteously, and (2) speaks uprightly, (3) he who despises the gain of oppressions, (4) who shakes his hand from holding of bribes, (5) who stops his ear from hearing of blood, (6) and shuts his eyes from looking upon evil; he shall dwell on high.” The Gemara explained that “he who walks righteously” referred to Abraham, as Genesis 18:19 says, “For I have known him, to the end that he may command his children and his household after him.” Micah reduced the commandments to three principles, as Micah 6:8 says, “It has been told you, o man, what is good, and what the Lord requires of you: only (1) to do justly, and (2) to love mercy, and (3) to walk humbly before your God.” Isaiah reduced them to two principles, as Isaiah 56:1 says, “Thus says the Lord, (1) Keep justice and (2) do righteousness.” Amos reduced them to one principle, as Amos 5:4 says, “For thus says the Lord to the house of Israel, ‘Seek Me and live.’” To this Rav Nahman bar Isaac demurred, saying that this might be taken as: “Seek Me by observing the whole Torah and live.” The Gemara concluded that Habakkuk based all the Torah’s commandments on one principle, as Habakkuk 2:4 says, “But the righteous shall live by his faith.”^[183]

The Gemara taught that Genesis 18:19 sets forth one of the three most distinguishing virtues of the Jewish People. The Gemara taught that David told the Gibeonites that the Israelites are distinguished by three characteristics: They are merciful, bashful, and benevolent. They are merciful, for Deuteronomy 13:18 says that God would “show you (the Israelites) mercy, and have compassion upon you, and multiply you.” They are bashful, for Exodus 20:16 (20:17 in NJPS) says “that God’s fear may be before you (the Israelites).” And they are benevolent, for Genesis 18:19 says of Abraham “that he may command his children and his household after him, that they may keep the way of the Lord, to do righteousness and justice.” The Gemara taught that David told the Gibeonites that only one who cultivates these three characteristics is fit to join the Jewish People.^[184]

Rabbi Eleazar taught that from the blessing of the righteous one may infer a curse for the wicked. The Gemara explained that one may see the principle at play in the juxtaposition of Genesis 18:19 and 18:20. For Genesis 18:19 speaks of the blessing of the righteous Abraham, saying, “For I have known him, to the end that he may command.” And soon thereafter Genesis 18:20 speaks of the curse of the wicked people of Sodom and Gomorrah, saying, “Truly the cry of Sodom and Gomorrah is great.”^[181]

The Mishnah taught that some viewed the people of Sodom as embracing a philosophy of “what’s mine is mine.” The Mishnah taught that there are four types of people: (1) One who says: “What’s mine is mine, and what’s yours is yours”; this is a neutral type, some say this was the type of Sodom. (2) One who says: “What’s mine is yours, and what’s yours is mine”; this is an unlearned person. (3) One who says: “What’s mine is yours, and what’s yours is yours”; this is a pious person. And (4) one who says: “What’s mine is mine, and what’s yours is mine;” this is a wicked person.^[185]

The Tosefta employed verses from the book of Job to teach that the people of Sodom acted arrogantly before God because of the good that God had lavished on them. As Job 28:5–8 says, “As for the land, out of it comes bread . . . . Its stones are the place of sapphires, and it has dust of gold. That path, no bird of prey knows . . . . The proud beasts have not trodden it.” The people of Sodom reasoned that since bread, silver, gold, precious stones, and pearls came forth from their land, they did not need immigrants to come to Sodom. They reasoned that immigrants came only to take things away from Sodom and thus resolved to forget the traditional ways of hospitality.^[186] God told the people of Sodom that because of the goodness that God had lavished upon them, they had deliberately forgotten how things were customarily done in the world, and thus God would make them be forgotten from the world. As Job 28:4 says, “They open shafts in a valley from where men live. They are forgotten by travelers. They hang afar from men, they swing to and fro.” As Job 12:5–6 says, “In the thought of one who is at ease, there is contempt for misfortune; it is ready for those whose feet slip. The tents of robbers are at peace, and those who provoke God are secure, who bring their god in their Hand.” And so as Ezekiel 16:48–50 says, “As I live, says the Lord God, Sodom your sister has not done, she nor her daughters, as you and your daughters have done. Behold, this was the iniquity of your sister Sodom: pride, plenty of bread, and careless ease was in her and in her daughters; neither did she strengthen the hand of the poor and needy. And they were haughty, and committed abomination before Me; therefore I removed them when I saw it.”^[187]

Rava interpreted the words of Psalm 62:4, “How long will you imagine mischief against a man? You shall be slain all of you; you are all as a bowing wall, and as a tottering fence.” Rava interpreted this to teach that the people of Sodom would cast envious eyes on the wealthy, place them by a tottering wall, push the wall down on them, and take their wealth. Rava interpreted the words of Job 24:16, “In the dark they dig through houses, which they had marked for themselves in the daytime; they know not the light.” Rava interpreted this to teach that they used to cast envious eyes on wealthy people and entrust fragrant balsam into their keeping, which they placed in their storerooms. In the evening the people of Sodom would smell it out like dogs, as Psalm 59:7 says, “They return at evening, they make a noise like a dog, and go round about the city.” Then they would burrow in and steal the money.^[188]

The Gemara told of the victims of the people of Sodom, in the words of Job 24:7, “They (would) lie all night naked without clothing, and have no covering in the cold.” The Gemara said of the people of Sodom, in the words of Job 24:3, “They drive away the donkey of the fatherless, they take the widow’s ox for a pledge.” In the words of Job 24:2, “They remove the landmarks; they violently take away flocks, and feed them.” And the Gemara told of their victims, in the words of Job 21:32, “he shall be brought to the grave, and shall remain in the tomb.”^[188]

The Gemara told that there were four judges in Sodom, named Shakrai, Shakurai, Zayyafi, and Mazle Dina (meaning “Liar,” “Awful Liar,” “Forger,” and “Perverter of Justice”). If a man assaulted his neighbor’s wife and caused a miscarriage, the judges would tell the husband to give his wife to the neighbor so that the neighbor might make her pregnant. If a person cut off the ear of a neighbor’s donkey, they would order the owner to give it to the offender until the ear grew again. If a person wounded a neighbor, they would tell the victim to pay the offender a fee for bleeding the victim. A person who crossed over with the ferry had to pay four zuzim, but the person who crossed through the water had to pay eight.^[189]

Explaining the words, “the cry of Sodom and Gomorrah is great (rabbah, רָבָּה),” in Genesis 18:20, the Gemara told the story of a certain maiden (ribah) in Sodom who gave some bread to a poor man, hiding it in a pitcher. When the people of Sodom found out about her generosity, they punished her by smearing her with honey and placing her on the city wall, where the bees consumed her. Rav Judah thus taught in Rav's name that Genesis 18:20 indicates that God destroyed Sodom on account of the maiden (ribah).^[189]

Rabbi Judah explained the words of Genesis 18:21, "her cry that has come to Me." Noting that Genesis 18:21 does not say "their cry" but "her cry," Rabbi Judah told that the people of Sodom issued a proclamation that anyone who gave a loaf of bread to the poor or needy would be burned. Lot's daughter Pelotit, the wife of a magnate of Sodom, saw a poor man on the street, and was moved with compassion. Every day when she went out to draw water, she smuggled all kinds of provisions to him from her house in her pitcher. The men of Sodom questioned how the poor man could survive. When they found out, they brought Pelotit out to be burned. She cried out to God to maintain her cause, and her cry ascended before the Throne of Glory. And God said (in the words of Genesis 18:21) "I will go down now, and see whether they have done altogether according to her cry that has come to Me." ^[190]

Reading Abraham’s request in Genesis 18:32, “What if ten shall be found there?” a Midrash asked, why ten (and not fewer)? The Midrash answered, so that there might be enough for a minyan of righteous people to pray on behalf of all of the people of Sodom. Alternatively, the Midrash said, because at the generation of the Flood, eight righteous people remained (in Noah and his family) and God did not give the world respite for their sake. Alternatively, the Midrash said, because Lot thought that there were ten righteous people in Sodom — namely Lot, his wife, his four daughters, and his four sons-in-law (but Lot was apparently mistaken in thinking them righteous). Rabbi Judah the son of Rabbi Simon and Rabbi Hanin in Rabbi Johanan’s name said that ten were required for Sodom, but for Jerusalem even one would have sufficed, as Jeremiah 5:1 says, “Run to and fro in the streets of Jerusalem . . . and seek . . . if you can find a man, if there be any who does justly . . . and I will pardon her.” And thus Ecclesiastes 7:27 says, “Adding one thing to another, to find out the account.” Rabbi Isaac explained that an account can be extended as far as one man for one city. And thus if one righteous person can be found in a city, it can be saved in the merit of that righteous person.^[191]

Did Abraham’s prayer to God in Genesis 18:23–32 change God’s harsh decree? Could it have? On this subject, Rabbi Abbahu interpreted David’s last words, as reported in 2 Samuel 23:2–3, where David reported that God told him, “Ruler over man shall be the righteous, even he that rules through the fear of God.” Rabbi Abbahu read 2 Samuel 23:2–3 to teach that God rules humankind, but the righteous rule God, for God makes a decree, and the righteous may through their prayer annul it.^[192]

Genesis chapter 19

The Rabbis in a Midrash asked why the angels took so long to travel from Abraham’s camp to Sodom, leaving Abraham at noon and arriving in Sodom only (as Genesis 19:1 reports) “in the evening.” The Midrash explained that they were angels of mercy, and thus they delayed, thinking that perhaps Abraham might find something to change Sodom’s fate, but when Abraham found nothing, as Genesis 19:1 reports, “the two angels came to Sodom in the evening.”^[193]

A Midrash noted that in Genesis 19:1, the visitors are called “angels,” whereas in Genesis 18:2, they were called “men.” The Midrash explained that earlier, when the Shechinah (the Divine Presence) was above them, Scripture called them men, but as soon as the Shechinah departed from them, they assumed the form of angels. Rabbi Levi (or others say Rabbi Tanhuma in the name of Rabbi Levi) said that to Abraham, whose spiritual strength was great, they looked like men (as Abraham was as familiar with angels as with men). But to Lot, whose spiritual strength was weak, they appeared as angels. Rabbi Hanina taught that before they performed their mission, they were called “men.” But having performed their mission, they are referred to as “angels.” Rabbi Tanhuma compared them to a person who received a governorship from the king. Before reaching the seat of authority, the person goes about like an ordinary citizen. Similarly, before they performed their mission, Scripture calls them “men,” but having performed their mission, Scripture calls them “angels.” ^[194]

A Midrash expounded on the conversation between Lot and the angels. Expanding on the words, “but before they lay down” in Genesis 19:4, the Midrash told that the angels began questioning Lot, inquiring into the nature of the people of the city. Lot replied that in every town there are good people and bad people, but in Sodom the overwhelming majority were bad. Then (in the words of Genesis 19:4) “the men of the city, the men of sodom, compassed the house round, both young and old,” not one of them objecting. And then (in the words of Genesis 19:5) “they called to Lot, and said to him: ‘Where are the men that came to you this night? Bring them out to us, that we may know them.’” Rabbi Joshua ben Levi said in the name of Rabbi Padiah that Lot prayed for mercy on the Sodomites’ behalf the whole night, and the angels would have heeded him. But when the Sodomites demanded (in the words of Genesis 19:5) “Bring them out to us, that we may know them,” that is, for sexual purposes, the angels asked Lot (in the words of Genesis 19:12) “Do you have here (פֹה, poh) any besides?” Which one could read as asking, “What else do you have in your mouth (פֶּה, peh) (to say in their favor)?” Then the angels told Lot that up until then, he had the right to plead in their defense, but thereafter, he had no right to plead for them.^[195]

The Master deduced from Genesis 19:15 and 19:23 that one can walk five mils (about 15,000 feet) in the time between the break of dawn and sunrise, as Genesis 19:15 reports that “when the morning arose, then the angels hastened Lot,” and Genesis 19:23 reports that “The sun was risen upon the earth when Lot came to Zoar,” and Rabbi Haninah said that it was five mils from Sodom to Zoar.^[196] But the Gemara noted that as Genesis 19:15 reports that “the angels hastened Lot,” they could naturally have covered more ground than a typical person.^[197]

Rabbi Eliezer taught that Lot lived in Sodom only on account of his property, but Rabbi Eliezer deduced from Genesis 19:22 that Lot left Sodom empty-handed with the angels telling him, “It is enough that you escape with your life.” Rabbi Eliezer argued that Lot’s experience proved the maxim (of Mishnah Sanhedrin 10:5^[198]) that the property of the wicked, whether inside or outside the town, will be lost.^[199]

Rabbi Meir taught that while Genesis 9:11 made clear that God would never again flood the world with water, Genesis 19:24 demonstrated that God might bring a flood of fire and brimstone, as God brought upon Sodom and Gomorrah.^[200]

The Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael called the east wind “the mightiest of winds” and taught that God used the east wind to punish the people of Sodom, as well as the generation of the Flood, the people of the Tower of Babel, the Egyptians with the plague of the locusts in Exodus 10:13, the Tribes of Judah and Benjamin,^[201] the Ten Tribes,^[202] Tyre,^[203] a wanton empire,^[204] and the wicked of Gehinnom.^[205]

Rabbi Joshua ben Levi (according to the Jerusalem Talmud) or a Baraita in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yose the son of Rabbi Chanina (according to the Babylonian Talmud) said that the three daily prayers derived from the Patriarchs, and cited Genesis 19:27 for the proposition that Jews derived the morning prayer from Abraham, arguing that within the meaning of Genesis 19:27, “stood” meant “pray,” just as it did in Psalm 106:30^[206]

Reading the words of Genesis 19:29, "God remembered Abraham and sent out Lot," a Midrash asked what recollection was brought up in Lot’s favor? The Midrash answered that it was the silence that Lot maintained for Abraham when Abraham passed off Sarah as his sister.^[207]

Interpreting Genesis 19:29, a Midrash taught that (as Mishnah Shabbat 16:1^[208] rules, if one's house is burning on the Sabbath) one is permitted to save the case of the Torah along with the Torah itself, and one is permitted to save the Tefillin bag along with the Tefillin. This teaches that the righteous are fortunate, and so are those who cleave to them. Similarly, Genesis 8:1 says, "God remembered Noah, and all beasts, and all the animals that were with him in the Ark." And so too, in Genesis 19:29, "God remembered Abraham and sent out Lot."^[209]

Rabbi Hiyya bar Abba, citing Rabbi Johanan, taught that God rewards even polite speech. In Genesis 19:37, Lot’s older daughter named her son Moab (“of my father”), and so in Deuteronomy 2:9, God told Moses, “Be not at enmity with Moab, neither contend with them in battle”; God forbade only war with the Moabites, but the Israelites might harass them. In Genesis 19:38, in contrast, Lot’s younger daughter named her son Ben-Ammi (the less shameful “son of my people”), and so in Deuteronomy 2:19, God told Moses, “Harass them not, nor contend with them”; the Israelites were not to harass the Ammonites at all.^[210]

Genesis chapter 20

The Rabbis taught that God appears to non-Jews only in dreams, as God appeared to Abimelech “in a dream of the night” in Genesis 20:3, God appeared to Laban the “in a dream of the night” in Genesis 31:24, and God appeared to Balaam “at night” in Numbers 22:20. The Rabbis taught that God thus appeared more openly to the prophets of Israel than to those of other nations. The Rabbis compared God’s action to those of a king who has both a wife and a concubine; to his wife he goes openly, but to his concubine he goes stealthily.^[211] And a Midrash taught that God’s appearance to Abimelech in Genesis 20:3 and God’s appearance to Laban in Genesis 31:24 were the two instances where the Pure and Holy One allowed God’s self to be associated with impure (idolatrous) people, on behalf of righteous ones.^[212]

The Gemara taught that a dream is a sixtieth part of prophecy.^[213] Rabbi Hanan taught that even if the Master of Dreams (an angel, in a dream that truly foretells the future) tells a person that on the next day the person will die, the person should not desist from prayer, for as Ecclesiastes 5:6 says, “For in the multitude of dreams are vanities and also many words, but fear God.” (Although a dream may seem reliably to predict the future, it will not necessarily come true; one must place one’s trust in God.)^[214] Rabbi Samuel bar Nahmani said in the name of Rabbi Jonathan that a person is shown in a dream only what is suggested by the person’s own thoughts (while awake), as Daniel 2:29 says, “As for you, Oh King, your thoughts came into your mind upon your bed,” and Daniel 2:30 says, “That you may know the thoughts of the heart.”^[215] When Samuel had a bad dream, he used to quote Zechariah 10:2, “The dreams speak falsely.” When he had a good dream, he used to question whether dreams speak falsely, seeing as in Numbers 10:2, God says, “I speak with him in a dream?” Rava pointed out the potential contradiction between Numbers 10:2 and Zechariah 10:2. The Gemara resolved the contradiction, teaching that Numbers 10:2, “I speak with him in a dream?” refers to dreams that come through an angel, whereas Zechariah 10:2, “The dreams speak falsely,” refers to dreams that come through a demon.^[216]

The Mishnah deduced from the example of Abimelech and Abraham in Genesis 20:7 that even though an offender pays the victim compensation, the offence is not forgiven until the offender asks the victim for pardon. And the Mishnah deduced from Abraham’s example of praying for Abimelech in Genesis 20:17 that under such circumstances, the victim would be churlish not to forgive the offender.^[217] The Tosefta further deduced from Genesis 20:17 that even if the offender did not seek forgiveness from the victim, the victim must nonetheless seek mercy for the offender.^[218]

Rabbi Isaac taught that Abimelech’s curse of Sarah caused her son Isaac’s blindness (as reported in Genesis 27:1). Rabbi Isaac read the words, “it is for you a covering (kesut) of the eyes,” in Genesis 20:16 not as kesut, “covering,” but as kesiyat, “blinding.” Rabbi Isaac concluded that one should not consider a small matter the curse of even an ordinary person.^[219]

Rava derived from Genesis 20:17 and Genesis 21:1–2 the lesson that if one has a need, but prays for another with the same need, then God will answer first the need of the one who prayed. Rava noted that Abraham prayed to God to heal Abimelech and his wife of infertility (in Genesis 20:17) and immediately thereafter God allowed Abraham and Sarah to conceive (in Genesis 21:1–2).^[220]

Genesis chapter 21

The Rabbis linked parts of the parashah to Rosh Hashanah. The Talmud directs that Jews read Genesis 21 (the expulsion of Hagar) on the first day of Rosh Hashanah and Genesis 22 (the binding of Isaac) on the second day.^[221] And in the Talmud, Rabbi Eliezer said that God visited both Sarah and Hannah to grant them conception on Rosh Hashanah. Rabbi Eliezer deduced this from the Bible’s parallel uses of the words “visiting” and “remembering” in description of Hannah, Sarah, and Rosh Hashanah. First, Rabbi Eliezer linked Hannah’s visitation with Rosh Hashanah through the Bible’s parallel uses of the word “remembering.” 1 Samuel 1:19–20 says that God “remembered” Hannah and she conceived, and Leviticus 23:24 describes Rosh Hashanah as “a remembering of the blast of the trumpet.” Then Rabbi Eliezer linked Hannah’s conception with Sarah’s through the Bible’s parallel uses of the word “visiting.” 1 Samuel 2:21 says that “the Lord had visited Hannah,” and Genesis 21:1 says that “the Lord visited Sarah.”^[180]

Citing Genesis 21:7, the Pesikta de-Rav Kahana taught that Sarah was one of seven barren women about whom Psalm 113:9 says (speaking of God), “He . . . makes the barren woman to dwell in her house as a joyful mother of children.” The Pesikta de-Rav Kahana also listed Rebekah, Rachel, Leah, Manoah’s wife, Hannah, and Zion. The Pesikta de-Rav Kahana taught that the words of Psalm 113:9, “He . . . makes the barren woman to dwell in her house,” apply, to begin with, to Sarah, for Genesis 11:30 reports that “Sarai was barren.” And the words of Psalm 113:9, “a joyful mother of children,” apply to Sarah, as well, for Genesis 21:7 also reports that “Sarah gave children suck.”^[222]

Rav Awira taught (sometimes in the name of Rabbi Ammi, sometimes in the name of Rabbi Assi) that the words “And the child grew, and was weaned (va-yigamal, וַיִּגָּמַל), and Abraham made a great feast on the day that Isaac was weaned” in Genesis 21:8 teach that God will make a great feast for the righteous on the day that God manifests (yigmol) God’s love to Isaac’s descendants. After they have eaten and drunk, they will ask Abraham to recite the Grace after meals (Birkat Hamazon), but Abraham will answer that he cannot say Grace, because he fathered Ishmael. Then they will ask Isaac to say Grace, but Isaac will answer that he cannot say Grace, because he fathered Esau. Then they will ask Jacob, but Jacob will answer that he cannot, because he married two sisters during both their lifetimes, which Leviticus 18:18 was destined to forbid. Then they will ask Moses, but Moses will answer that he cannot, because God did not allow him to enter the Land of Israel either in life or in death. Then they will ask Joshua, but Joshua will answer that he cannot, because he was not privileged to have a son, for 1 Chronicles 7:27 reports, “Nun was his son, Joshua was his son,” without listing further descendants. Then they will ask David, and he will say Grace, and find it fitting for him to do so, because Psalm 116:13 records David saying, “I will lift up the cup of salvation, and call upon the name of the Lord.”^[223]

The Gemara taught that if one sees Ishmael in a dream, then God hears that person’s prayer (perhaps because the name “Ishmael” derives from “the Lord has heard” in Genesis 16:11, or perhaps because “God heard” (yishmah Elohim, יִּשְׁמַע אֱלֹהִים) Ishmael’s voice in Genesis 21:17).^[224]

The Gemara cited Genesis 21:12 to teach that Sarah was one of seven prophetesses who prophesied to Israel and neither took away from nor added anything to what is written in the Torah. (The other prophetesses were Miriam, Deborah, Hannah, Abigail, Huldah, and Esther.) The Gemara established Sarah’s status as a prophetess by citing the words, “Haran, the father of Milkah and the father of Yiscah,” in Genesis 11:29. Rabbi Isaac taught that Yiscah was Sarah. Genesis 11:29 called her Yiscah (יִסְכָּה) because she discerned (saketah) by means of Divine inspiration, as Genesis 21:12 reports God instructing Abraham, “In all that Sarah says to you, hearken to her voice.” Alternatively, Genesis 11:29 called her Yiscah because all gazed (sakin) at her beauty.^[225]

The Sifre cited Abraham’s reproval of Abimelech in Genesis 21:25 as an example of a tradition of admonition near death. The Sifre read Deuteronomy 1:3–4 to indicate that Moses spoke to the Israelites in rebuke. The Sifre taught that Moses rebuked them only when he approached death, and the Sifre taught that Moses learned this lesson from Jacob, who admonished his sons in Genesis 49 only when he neared death. The Sifre cited four reasons why people do not admonish others until the admonisher nears death: (1) so that the admonisher does not have to repeat the admonition, (2) so that the one rebuked would not suffer undue shame from being seen again, (3) so that the one rebuked would not bear ill will to the admonisher, and (4) so that the one may depart from the other in peace, for admonition brings peace. The Sifre cited as examples of admonition near death: (1) when Abraham reproved Abimelech in Genesis 21:25, (2) when Isaac reproved Abimelech, Ahuzzath, and Phicol in Genesis 26:27, (3) when Joshua admonished the Israelites in Joshua 24:15, (4) when Samuel admonished the Israelites in 1 Samuel 12:34–35, and (5) when David admonished Solomon in 1 Kings 2:1.^[226]

Reading the report of Genesis 21:25, “And Abraham reproved Abimelech,” Rabbi Jose ben Rabbi Hanina taught that reproof leads to love, as Proverbs 9:8 says, “Reprove a wise man, and he will love you.” Rabbi Jose ben Hanina said that love unaccompanied by reproof is not love. And Resh Lakish taught that reproof leads to peace, and thus (as Genesis 21:25 reports) “Abraham reproved Abimelech.” Resh Lakish said that peace unaccompanied by reproof is not peace.^[227]

Rav Nachman taught that when Jacob “took his journey with all that he had, and came to Beersheba” in Genesis 46:1, he went to cut down the cedars that Genesis 21:33 reports his grandfather Abraham had planted there.^[228]

Genesis chapter 22

Rabbi Johanan, on the authority of Rabbi Jose ben Zimra, asked what Genesis 22:1 means by the word “after” in “And it came to pass after these words, that God did tempt Abraham.” Rabbi Johanan explained that it meant after the words of Satan, as follows. After the events of Genesis 21:8, which reports that Isaac grew, was weaned, and Abraham made a great feast the day that Isaac was weaned, Satan asked God how it could be that God graciously granted Abraham a child at the age of 100, yet of all that feast, Abraham did not sacrifice one turtle-dove or pigeon to God. Rather, Abraham did nothing but honor his son. God replied that were God to ask Abraham to sacrifice his son to God, Abraham would do so without hesitation. Straightway, as Genesis 22:1 reports, “God did tempt Abraham.”^[229]

Rabbi Levi explained the words “after these words” in Genesis 22:1 to mean after Ishmael's words to Isaac. Ishmael told Isaac that Ishmael was more virtuous than Isaac in good deeds, for Isaac was circumcised at eight days (and so could not prevent it), but Ishmael was circumcised at 13 years. Isaac questioned whether Ishamel would incense Isaac on account of one limb. Isaac vowed that if God were to ask Isaac to sacrifice himself before God, Isaac would obey. Immediately thereafter (in the words of Genesis 22:1) “God did prove Abraham.”^[229]

A Midrash taught that Abraham said (beginning with the words of Genesis 22:1 and 22:11) "'Here I am' — ready for priesthood, ready for kingship" (ready to serve God in whatever role God chose), and Abraham attained both priesthood and kingship. He attained priesthood, as Psalm 110:4 says, "The Lord has sworn, and will not repent: 'You are a priest forever after the manner of Melchizedek." And he attained kingship, as Genesis 23:6 says, "You are a mighty prince among us."^[230]

Rabbi Simeon bar Abba explained that the word na (נָא) in Genesis 22:2, “Take, I pray (na, נָא) your son,” can denote only entreaty. Rabbi Simeon bar Abba compared this to a king who was confronted by many wars, which he won with the aid of a great warrior. Subsequently, he was faced with a severe battle. Thereupon the king asked the warrior, “I pray, assist me in battle, so that people may not say that there was nothing to the earlier battles.” Similarly, God said to Abraham, “I have tested you with many trials and you withstood all of them. Now, be firm, for My sake in this trial, so that people may not say that there was nothing to the earlier trials.”^[229]

The Gemara expanded on Genesis 22:2, explaining that it reports only one side of a dialog. God told Abraham, “take your son,” but Abraham replied, “I have two sons!” God said, “Your only one,” but Abraham replied, “Each is the only one of his mother!” God said, “Whom you love,” but Abraham replied, “I love them both!” Then God said, “Isaac!” The Gemara explained that God employed all this circumlocution in Genesis 22:2 so that Abraham’s mind should not reel under the sudden shock of God’s command.^[229]

A Baraita interpreted Leviticus 12:3 to teach that the whole eighth day is valid for circumcision, but deduced from Abraham’s rising “early in the morning” to perform his obligations in Genesis 22:3 that the zealous perform circumcisions early in the morning.^[231]

A Tanna taught in the name of Rabbi Simeon ben Eleazar that intense love and hate can cause one to disregard the perquisites of one’s social position. The Tanna deduced that love may do so from Abraham, for Genesis 22:3 reports that “Abraham rose early in the morning, and saddled his donkey,” rather than allow his servant to do so. Similarly, the Tanna deduced that hate may do so from Balaam, for Numbers 22:21 reports that “Balaam rose up in the morning, and saddled his donkey,” rather than allow his servant to do so.^[232]

The Sifra cited Genesis 22:11, Genesis 46:2, Exodus 3:4, and 1 Samuel 3:10 for the proposition that when God called the name of a prophet twice, God expressed affection and sought to provoke a response.^[233] Similarly, Rabbi Hiyya taught that it was an expression of love and encouragement. Rabbi Liezer taught that the repetition indicated that God spoke to Abraham and to future generations. Rabbi Liezer taught that there is no generation that does not contain people like Abraham, Jacob, Moses, and Samuel.^[234]

Noting that Genesis 22:13 reports that “Abraham lifted up his eyes, and looked, and behold behind him (אַחַר, ahar) a ram,” a Midrash asked what “behind” (אַחַר, ahar) meant. Rabbi Judan taught that it meant after all that happened, Israel would still fall into the clutches of sin and thus become victims of persecution. But they would be ultimately redeemed by the ram’s horn, as Zechariah 9:14 says, “And the Lord God will blow the horn.”^[235] Similarly, Rav Huna son of Rabbi Isaac read Genesis 22:13 to teach that God showed Abraham the ram tearing itself free from one thicket and getting entangled in another. God told Abraham that in a similar manner, Abraham’s children would be caught by the nations and entangled in troubles, being dragged from empire to empire, from Babylon to Media, from Media to Greece, and from Greece to Edom (Rome), but they would ultimately be redeemed through the horns of the ram. And hence Zechariah 9:14 says, “The Lord shall be seen over them, and His arrow shall go forth as the lightning; and the Lord God will blow the horn.”^[236]

Rabbi Josiah taught in his father’s name that God created the ram that Genesis 22:13 reports Abraham sacrificed in lieu of Isaac on the eve of the first Sabbath at twilight (indicating the miraculous nature of its appearance).^[237]

Some say the merit of Abraham’s actions saved later Israelites. 2 Samuel 24:1–16 reports that after David ordered a census of the Israelites, God punished the Israelites with a plague. 1 Chronicles 21:15 then reports, “And as He was about to destroy, the Lord beheld, and He repented Him.” The Gemara asked what God beheld that caused God to withhold destruction. Samuel taught that God beheld the ashes of Isaac. For in Genesis 22:8, Abraham says, “God will see for Himself the lamb.” (Thus God saw the merit of the sacrifice that Abraham brought — or intended to bring.) Alternatively, Rabbi Johanan taught that God saw the Temple. For Genesis 22:14 explained the meaning of the name that Abraham gave to the mountain where Abraham nearly sacrificed Isaac to be, “In the mount where the Lord is seen.” (Solomon later built the Temple on that mountain, and God saw the merit of the sacrifices there.) Rabbi Jacob bar Iddi and Rabbi Samuel bar Nahmani differed on the matter. One said that God saw the atonement money that Exodus 30:16 reports God required Moses to collect from the Israelites, while the other said that God saw the Temple. The Gemara concluded that the more likely view was that God saw the Temple, as Genesis 22:14 can be read to say, “As it will be said on that day, ‘in the mount where the Lord is seen.’”^[238]

God’s promise to Abraham in Genesis 22:17 that God would multiply his children like the stars figures in a midrashic interpretation of the Plagues of Egypt. Finding four instances of the verb “to charge,” for example in Exodus 1:22 (וַיְצַו, vayetzan), a Midrash taught that Pharaoh decreed upon the Israelites four decrees. At first, he commanded the taskmasters to insist that the Israelites make the prescribed number of bricks. Then he commanded that the taskmasters not allow the Israelites to sleep in their homes, intending by this to limit their ability to have children. The taskmasters told the Israelites that if they went home to sleep, they would lose a few hours each morning from work and never complete the allotted number or bricks, as Exodus 5:13 reports: “And the taskmasters were urgent, saying: ‘Fulfill your work.’” So the Israelites slept on the ground in the brickyard. God told the Egyptians that God had promised the Israelites’ ancestor Abraham that God would multiply his children like the stars, as in Genesis 22:17 God promised Abraham: “That in blessing I will bless you, and in multiplying, I will multiply your seed as the stars of the heaven.” But now the Egyptians were cunningly planning that the Israelites not increase. So God set about to see that God’s word prevail, and immediately Exodus 1:12 reports: “But the more they afflicted them, the more they multiplied.”^[239] When Pharaoh saw that the Israelites increased abundantly despite his decrees, he then decreed concerning the male children, as Exodus 1:15–16 reports: “And the king of Egypt spoke to the Hebrew midwives . . . and he said: ‘When you do the office of a midwife to the Hebrew women, you shall look upon the birthstool: if it be a son, then you shall kill him.’”^[240] So finally (as Exodus 1:22 reports), “Pharaoh charged all his people, saying: ‘Every son that is born you shall cast into the river.’”^[241]

Noting that Genesis 22:19 speaks of only Abraham when it says, “So Abraham returned to his young men,” a Midrash asked: Where was Isaac? Rabbi Berekiah said in the name of the Rabbis of Babylon that Abraham sent Isaac to Shem to study Torah. The Midrash compared this to a woman who became wealthy through her spinning. She concluded that since she had become wealthy through her distaff, it would never leave her hand. Similarly, Abraham deduced that since all that had come to him was only because he engaged in Godly pursuits, he was unwilling that those should ever depart from his descendants. And Rabbi Jose the son of Rabbi Haninah taught that Abraham sent Isaac home at night, for fear of the evil eye.^[242]

A Midrash interpreted the words “his eyes were dim from seeing” in Genesis 27:1 to teach that Isaac’s eyesight dimmed as a result of his near sacrifice in Genesis 22, for when Abraham bound Isaac, the ministering angels wept, as Isaiah 33:7 says, “Behold, their valiant ones cry without, the angels of peace weep bitterly,” and tears dropped from the angels’ eyes into Isaac’s, leaving their mark and causing Isaac’s eyes to dim when he became old.^[243]

A Midrash told that at the very moment in Genesis 22:11–12 that the angel of the Lord stayed Abraham from sacrificing Isaac, the Satan appeared to Sarah in the guise of Isaac. When Sarah saw him, she asked what Abraham had done to him. He told Sarah that Abraham had taken him to a mountain, built an altar, placed wood upon it, tied him down on it, and took a knife to slaughter him, and had God not told him not to lay a hand on him, Abraham would have slaughtered him. And as soon as he finished speaking, Sarah’s soul departed. Thus the Midrash deduced from the words “Abraham came to mourn for Sarah, and to weep for her” in Genesis 23:2 that Abraham came directly from Mount Moriah and the binding of Isaac.^[244]

A Midrash asked why, in Genesis 46:1, Jacob “offered sacrifices to the God of his father Isaac,” and not to the God of Abraham and Isaac. Rabbi Berekiah observed that God never unites God’s Name with a living person (to say, for example, “I am the God of Jacob,” while they are alive) except with those who are experiencing suffering. (And thus Jacob referred to the God of Isaac instead of the God of Jacob.) And Rabbi Berekiah also observed that Isaac did indeed experience suffering. The Rabbis said that we look upon Isaac as if his ashes were heaped in a pile on the altar. (And thus Jacob referred to Isaac to invoke the memory of Abraham’s near-sacrifice of Isaac in Genesis 22 as if it had been carried out).^[245]

Interpreting God’s command to Isaac in Genesis 26:2 not to go to Egypt, Rabbi Hoshaya taught that God told Isaac that he was, by virtue of his near-sacrifice in Genesis 22, a burnt-offering without blemish, and as a burnt offering became unfit if it was taken outside of the Temple grounds, so would Isaac become unfit if he went outside of the Promised Land.^[246]

In medieval rabbinic interpretation

The parashah is discussed in these medieval rabbinic sources:

Genesis chapters 11–22

In their commentaries to Mishnah Avot 5:3^[95] (see “In classical rabbinic interpretation” above), Rashi and Maimonides differed on what 10 trials Abraham faced:^[247]

	Rashi		Maimonides
1	Abraham hid underground for 13 years from King Nimrod, who wanted to kill him.
2	Nimrod threw Abraham into a fiery furnace.
3	God commanded Abraham to leave his family and homeland.	1	Abraham’s exile from his family and homeland
4	As soon as he arrived in the Promised Land, Abraham was forced to leave to escape a famine.	2	The famine in the Promised Land after God assured Abraham that he would become a great nation there
5	Pharaoh’s officials kidnapped Sarah.	3	The corruption in Egypt that resulted in the kidnapping of Sarah
6	Kings captured Lot, and Abraham had to rescue him.	4	The war with the four kings
7	God told Abraham that his descendants would suffer under four regimes.
		5	Abraham’s marriage to Hagar after having despaired that Sarah would ever give birth
8	God commanded Abraham to circumcise himself and his son when Abraham was 99 years old.	6	The commandment of circumcision
		7	Abimelech’s abduction of Sarah
9	Abraham was commanded to drive away Ishmael and Hagar.	8	Driving away Hagar after she had given birth
		9	The very distasteful command to drive away Ishmael
10	God commanded Abraham to sacrifice Isaac.	10	The binding of Isaac on the altar

Genesis chapter 18

In his letter to Obadiah the proselyte, Maimonides relied on Genesis 18:19 to addressed whether a convert could recite declarations like “God of our fathers.” Maimonides wrote that converts may say such declarations in the prescribed order and not change them in the least, and may bless and pray in the same way as every Jew by birth. Maimonides reasoned that Abraham taught the people, brought many under the wings of the Divine Presence, and ordered members of his household after him to keep God’s ways forever. As God said of Abraham in Genesis 18:19, “I have known him to the end that he may command his children and his household after him, that they may keep the way of the Lord, to do righteousness and justice.” Ever since then, Maimonides taught, whoever adopts Judaism is counted among the disciples of Abraham. They are Abraham’s household, and Abraham converted them to righteousness. In the same way that Abraham converted his contemporaries, he converts future generations through the testament that he left behind him. Thus Abraham is the father of his posterity who keep his ways and of all proselytes who adopt Judaism. Therefore, Maimonides counseled converts to pray, “God of our fathers,” because Abraham is their father. They should pray, “You who have taken for his own our fathers,” for God gave the land to Abraham when in Genesis 13:17, God said, “Arise, walk through the land in the length of it and in the breadth of it; for I will give to you.” Maimonides concluded that there is no difference between converts and born Jews. Both should say the blessing, “Who has chosen us,” “Who has given us,” “Who have taken us for Your own,” and “Who has separated us”; for God has chosen converts and separated them from the nations and given them the Torah. For the Torah has been given to born Jews and proselytes alike, as Numbers 15:15 says, “One ordinance shall be both for you of the congregation, and also for the stranger that sojourns with you, an ordinance forever in your generations; as you are, so shall the stranger be before the Lord.” Maimonides counseled converts not to consider their origin as inferior. While born Jews descend from Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, converts derive from God, through whose word the world was created. As Isaiah said in Isaiah 44:5: “One shall say, I am the Lord’s, and another shall call himself by the name of Jacob.”^[248]

In modern interpretation

The mid-20th-century Italian-Israeli scholar Umberto Cassuto, formery of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, identified the following chiastic structure in Abraham’s 10 trials in Genesis 12–22:^[249]

A: “Go from your country . . .”; leave his father; blessings and promises (Genesis 12:1–7)

B: Sarai is in danger from Pharaoh; a sanctuary is founded at Bethel and the name of the Lord is proclaimed (Genesis 12:10–13:4)

C: Lot goes away (Genesis 13:5–18)

D: Lot is in jeopardy and is saved (Genesis 14–15)

E: Threat to the birth of the first-born; birth of Ishmael; covenant to be fulfilled through second son (Genesis 16–17)

E¹: Covenant of circumcision; birth of Isaac foretold (Genesis 17–18:15)

D¹: Lot is in jeopardy and is saved (Genesis 18:17–19:28)

C¹: Sarah is in danger from Abimelech (Genesis 20:1–21:7)

B¹: Hagar and Ishmael go away; a sanctuary is founded at Beersheba and the name of the Lord is proclaimed (Genesis 21:8–34)

A¹: Go to the land of Moriah; bid farewell to his son; blessings and promises (Genesis 22)

Commandments

According to Maimonides and Sefer ha-Chinuch, there are no commandments in the parashah.^[250]

As the sages read Genesis 18:1, “And the Lord appeared to him [Abraham] by the terebinths of Mamre” (when Abraham was still recovering from his circumcision in Genesis 17:26) to report that God visited Abraham when Abraham was ill,^[251] the Kitzur Shulchan Aruch teaches that everyone is obligated to visit a person who becomes ill.^[252]

In the liturgy

Some Jews refer to the ten trials of Abraham in Genesis 12–25 as they study chapter 5 of Pirkei Avot on a Sabbath between Passover and Rosh Hashanah.^[253]

The Passover Haggadah, in the concluding nirtzah section of the Seder, in a reference to Abraham’s visitors in Genesis 18:1, recounts how God knocked on Abraham’s door at the heat of the day on Passover and Abraham fed his visitors matzah cakes, deducing the season from the report in Genesis 19:3 that Lot fed his visitors matzah.^[254] The Haggadah recounts that Abraham ran to the herd.^[255] And the Haggadah continues that it was thus on Passover that the Sodomites were consumed by God’s fire, as reported in Genesis 19:24–25.^[256]

Also in the nirtzah section of the seder, in a reference to Genesis 20:3 or 20:6, the Haggadah recounts how God judged the King of Gerar Abimelech in the middle of the night.^[257]

The Rabbis understood Abraham’s devotion to God in the binding of Isaac in Genesis 22:1–19 to have earned God’s mercy for Abraham’s descendents when they are in need. The 16th century Safed Rabbi Eliezer Azikri drew on this rabbinic understanding to call for God to show mercy for Abraham’s descendents, “the son of Your beloved” (ben ohavach), in his kabbalistic poem Yedid Nefesh (“Soul’s Beloved”), which many congregations chant just before the Kabbalat Shabbat prayer service.^[258]

And many Jews, following Kabbalistic masters from the Zohar to Arizal, recite Genesis 22:1–19, the binding of Isaac, after the morning blessings (Birkat HaShachar). The recitation of Abraham’s and Isaac’s willingness to put God above life itself is meant to invoke God’s mercy, to inspire worshipers to greater love of God, and to bring atonement to the penitent.^[259]

Haftarah

The haftarah for the parashah is:

• for Ashkenazi Jews: 2 Kings 4:1-37
• for Sephardi Jews: 2 Kings 4:1-23
• for Karaite Jews: Isaiah 33:17–35:10

The parashah and haftarah in 2 Kings both tell of God’s gift of sons to childless women. In both the parashah and the haftarah: God’s representative visits the childless woman, whose household extends the visitor generous hospitality;^[260] the husband’s age raises doubt about the couple’s ability to have children;^[261] God’s representative announces that a child will come at a specified season in the next year;^[262] the woman conceives and bears a child as God’s representative had announced;^[263] death threatens the promised child;^[264] and God’s representative intervenes to save the promised child.^[265]

Further reading

The parashah has parallels or is discussed in these sources:

Ancient

• Code of Hammurabi 170–171. Circa 1780 BCE.

Biblical

• Genesis 7:12–23 (God’s destruction in the flood); 12:10–20; 15:5 (numerous as stars); 26:1–33.
• Exodus 2:3 (abandoned infant); 12:29–30 (God’s destruction of Egypt’s firstborn); 13:11–15; 22:28–29.
• Numbers 22:21–22 (rose up in the morning, and saddled his ass, and his two servants were with him).
• Deuteronomy 1:10 (numerous as stars).
• Judges 11:1–40; 19:1–30.
• 2 Kings 3:26–27; 16:2–3; 21:1–6.
• Jeremiah 32:27 (nothing too hard for God).
• Ezekiel 9:4–6 (God’s destruction of Jerusalem’s sinners); 16:3–5 (abandoned infant); 16:46–51 (Sodom); 20:25–26.

Early nonrabbinic

• Euripides. Iphigeneia at Aulis. 410 BCE.
• Philo the Epic Poet. On Jerusalem. Fragment 2. 3rd–2nd century BCE. Quoted in Eusebius. Preparation for the Gospel. 9:20:1. Translated by H. Attridge. In The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Volume 2: Expansions of the “Old Testament” and Legends, Wisdom and Philosophical Literature, Prayers, Psalms, and Odes, Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic works. Edited by James H. Charlesworth, page 783. New York: Anchor Bible, 1985. ISBN 0-385-18813-7. (binding of Isaac).
• Jubilees 17:1–18:19. Land of Israel, 2nd century BCE. Reprinted in, e.g., The Book of Jubilees or the Little Genesis. Translated by Robert H. Charles. London: Black, 1902. Reprinted in, e.g., The Book of Jubilees: Translation of Early Jewish and Palestinian Texts. Lexington, Kentucky: Forgotten Books, 2007.
• Virgil. Georgics 4:456. 37–30 BCE. (Orpheus and Eurydice.)
• Apocalypse of Abraham. Circa 70–150 CE. Translated by R. Rubinkiewicz. In The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Volume 1: Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments. Edited by James H. Charlesworth, pages 681–705. New York: Anchor Bible, 1983. ISBN 0-385-09630-5.

• Testament of Abraham. Circa 1st or 2nd century CE. Translated by E. P. Sanders. In The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Volume 1: Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments. Edited by James H. Charlesworth, pages 871–902. New York: Anchor Bible, 1983. ISBN 0-385-09630-5.
• Josephus. Antiquities, 1:10:5; 1:11:1–4; 1:12:1–4; 1:13:1–4. Circa 93–94. Reprinted in, e.g., The Works of Josephus: Complete and Unabridged, New Updated Edition. Translated by William Whiston. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 1987. ISBN 0-913573-86-8.
• 4 Maccabees 13:11–12; 16:18–20.
• Epistle of Barnabas 7:3–4.
• Hebrews 11:11–19.

• James 2:20–24.
• Qur'an 2:124–32; 11:69–83; 15:51–79; 29:31–35; 37:99–113; 51:24–37; 53:53–54; 69:9–10. Arabia, 7th century.

Classical rabbinic

• Mishnah: Mishnah Shabbat 16:1; Yevamot 8:3; Bava Kamma 8:7; Sanhedrin 10:5; Avot 5:3, 6, 10. 3rd century. Reprinted in, e.g., The Mishnah: A New Translation. Translated by Jacob Neusner, pages 198, 355, 522, 606, 685, 687. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-300-05022-4.
• Tosefta: Berakhot 1:15; Maaser Sheni 5:29; Rosh Hashanah 2:13; Taanit 2:13; Megillah 3:6; Sotah 4:1–6, 12, 5:12, 6:1, 6; Bava Kamma 9:29; Sanhedrin 14:4. 3rd–4th century. Reprinted in, e.g., The Tosefta: Translated from the Hebrew, with a New Introduction. Translated by Jacob Neusner. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers, 2002. ISBN 1-56563-642-2.
• Sifre to Deuteronomy 2:3. Reprinted in, e.g., Sifre to Deuteronomy. Translated by Jacob Neusner, volume 1, page 26. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1987. ISBN 1-55540-145-7.
• Jerusalem Talmud: Berakhot 4b–5a, 43a–b; Peah 8b; Yoma 18a; Rosh Hashanah 9b; Taanit 12a, 29a; Megillah 31b. Land of Israel, circa 400 CE. Reprinted in, e.g., Talmud Yerushalmi. Edited by Chaim Malinowitz, Yisroel Simcha Schorr, and Mordechai Marcus, volumes 1, 3, 21, 24–26. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 2005–2014.

• Genesis Rabbah 8:13; 18:2, 5; 20:6; 26:5; 27:3; 28:5; 38:14; 39:6, 9, 11, 16; 40:1; 41:3–4; 42:8; 43:8; 44:2, 12; 45:4–5, 10; 47:1; 48:1–57:4; 58:2; 59:1, 5; 61:1, 4; 63:7; 64:3; 65:10, 19; 67:9; 68:7, 9, 12; 74:7; 78:8; 80:5; 93:7; 94:4–5; 95:3; 95 (MSV); 100:9. Land of Israel, 5th century. Reprinted in, e.g., Midrash Rabbah: Genesis. Translated by H. Freedman and Maurice Simon, volume 1, pages 63, 141–44, 163–64, 213–14, 221, 226, 311–12, 315, 318–19, 325–26, 334–35, 351, 357–58, 361–62, 367–68, 381–83, 387, 399, 405–508; volume 2, pages 510, 516, 518, 540, 543, 561, 574, 585–86, 594, 613, 620–21, 627, 681, 720, 738, 866, 871–73, 883, 918, 1000. London: Soncino Press, 1939. ISBN 0-900689-38-2.
• Babylonian Talmud: Berakhot 26b–27a, 29a, 56b, 62b; Pesachim 4a, 54a, 88a, 119b; Yoma 28b, 38b; Rosh Hashanah 11a, 16b; Taanit 8a–b, 16a; Megillah 28a, 31a; Moed Katan 16b; Yevamot 63a, 65b, 76b–77a, 79a; Ketubot 8b; Nedarim 31a; Sotah 9b–10b; Kiddushin 29a; Bava Kamma 92a, 93a; Sanhedrin 89b; Chullin 60b. Babylonia, 6th century. Reprinted in, e.g., Talmud Bavli. Edited by Yisroel Simcha Schorr, Chaim Malinowitz, and Mordechai Marcus, 72 volumes. Brooklyn: Mesorah Pubs., 2006.

Medieval

• Solomon ibn Gabirol. A Crown for the King, 7:67. Spain, 11th century. Translated by David R. Slavitt, pages 10–11. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-511962-2.
• Rashi. Commentary. Genesis 18–22. Troyes, France, late 11th century. Reprinted in, e.g., Rashi. The Torah: With Rashi’s Commentary Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated. Translated and annotated by Yisrael Isser Zvi Herczeg, volume 1, pages 173–240. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1995. ISBN 0-89906-026-9.

• Rashbam. Commentary on the Torah. Troyes, early 12th century. Reprinted in, e.g., Rabbi Samuel Ben Meir's Commentary on Genesis: An Annotated Translation. Translated by Martin I. Lockshin, pages 58–100. Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press, 1989. ISBN 0-88946-256-9.
• Judah Halevi. Kuzari. 2:14, 80; 5:20. Toledo, Spain, 1130–1140. Reprinted in, e.g., Jehuda Halevi. Kuzari: An Argument for the Faith of Israel. Introduction by Henry Slonimsky, pages 91, 130–31, 282–83. New York: Schocken, 1964. ISBN 0-8052-0075-4.
• Abraham ibn Ezra. Commentary on the Torah. Mid-12th century. Reprinted in, e.g., Ibn Ezra's Commentary on the Pentateuch: Genesis (Bereshit). Translated and annotated by H. Norman Strickman and Arthur M. Silver, pages 189–227. New York: Menorah Publishing Company, 1988. ISBN 0-932232-07-8.
• Ephraim ben Jacob of Bonn. The Akedah. Bonn, circa 1200. Reprinted in Shalom Spiegel and Judah Goldin. The Last Trial: On the Legends and Lore of the Command to Abraham to Offer Isaac as a Sacrifice: The Akedah. Jewish Lights: 1993. ISBN 1-879045-29-X.

• Hezekiah ben Manoah. Hizkuni. France, circa 1240. Reprinted in, e.g., Chizkiyahu ben Manoach. Chizkuni: Torah Commentary. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 1, pages 131–65. Jerusalem: Ktav Publishers, 2013. ISBN 1602-802-612.
• Nachmanides. Commentary on the Torah. Jerusalem, circa 1270. Reprinted in, e.g., Ramban (Nachmanides): Commentary on the Torah: Genesis. Translated by Charles B. Chavel, volume 1, pages 226–80. New York: Shilo Publishing House, 1971. ISBN 0-88328-006X.

• Zohar volume 1, pages 97a–120b. Spain, late 13th century.
• Bahya ben Asher. Commentary on the Torah. Spain, early 14th century. Reprinted in, e.g., Midrash Rabbeinu Bachya: Torah Commentary by Rabbi Bachya ben Asher. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 1, pages 276–346. Jerusalem: Lambda Publishers, 2003. ISBN 965-7108-45-4.
• Isaac ben Moses Arama. Akedat Yizhak (The Binding of Isaac). Late 15th century. Reprinted in, e.g., Yitzchak Arama. Akeydat Yitzchak: Commentary of Rabbi Yitzchak Arama on the Torah. Translated and condensed by Eliyahu Munk, volume 1, pages 125–59. New York, Lambda Publishers, 2001. ISBN 965-7108-30-6.

Modern

• Isaac Abrabanel. Commentary on the Torah. Italy, between 1492–1509. Excerpted in, e.g., Abarbanel on the Torah: Selected Themes. Translated by Avner Tomaschoff, pages 289–321. Jerusalem: Jewish Agency for Israel, 2007. ISBN 965-7118-05-0.
• Obadiah ben Jacob Sforno. Commentary on the Torah. Venice, 1567. Reprinted in, e.g., Sforno: Commentary on the Torah. Translation and explanatory notes by Raphael Pelcovitz, pages 86–113. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1997. ISBN 0-89906-268-7.
• Moshe Alshich. Commentary on the Torah. Safed, circa 1593. Reprinted in, e.g., Moshe Alshich. Midrash of Rabbi Moshe Alshich on the Torah. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 1, pages 115–45. New York, Lambda Publishers, 2000. ISBN 965-7108-13-6.

• Avraham Yehoshua Heschel. Commentaries on the Torah. Cracow, Poland, mid 17th century. Compiled as Chanukat HaTorah. Edited by Chanoch Henoch Erzohn. Piotrkow, Poland, 1900. Reprinted in Avraham Yehoshua Heschel. Chanukas HaTorah: Mystical Insights of Rav Avraham Yehoshua Heschel on Chumash. Translated by Avraham Peretz Friedman, pages 53–64. Southfield, Michigan: Targum Press/Feldheim Publishers, 2004. ISBN 1-56871-303-7.
• Thomas Hobbes. Leviathan, 3:34, 36, 38, 40, 42. England, 1651. Reprint edited by C. B. Macpherson, pages 436–37, 456–57, 460, 486, 500–01, 584–85. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Classics, 1982. ISBN 0-14-043195-0.

• Chaim ibn Attar. Ohr ha-Chaim. Venice, 1742. Reprinted in Chayim ben Attar. Or Hachayim: Commentary on the Torah. Translated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 1, pages 157–84. Brooklyn: Lambda Publishers, 1999. ISBN 965-7108-12-8.
• Søren Kierkegaard. Fear and Trembling. 1843. Reprint, London: Penguin Classics, 1986. ISBN 0-14-044449-1.
• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow The Jewish Cemetery at Newport . Boston, 1854. Reprinted in Harold Bloom. American Religious Poems, pages 80–81. New York: Library of America, 2006. ISBN 978-1-931082-74-7.

• Samuel David Luzzatto (Shadal). Commentary on the Torah. Padua, 1871. Reprinted in, e.g., Samuel David Luzzatto. Torah Commentary. Translated and annotated by Eliyahu Munk, volume 1, pages 176–216. New York: Lambda Publishers, 2012. ISBN 965-524-067-3.
• Emily Dickinson. Poem 504 (You know that Portrait in the Moon —); Poem 1317 (Abraham to kill him —). Circa 1874. In The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson. Edited by Thomas H. Johnson, pages 245, 571–72. New York: Little, Brown & Co., 1960. ISBN 0-316-18414-4.
• Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter. Sefat Emet. Góra Kalwaria (Ger), Poland, before 1906. Excerpted in The Language of Truth: The Torah Commentary of Sefat Emet. Translated and interpreted by Arthur Green, pages 27–32. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1998. ISBN 0-8276-0650-8. Reprinted 2012. ISBN 0-8276-0946-9.

• Wilfred Owen. The Parable of the Old Man and the Young. 1920. In The Collected Poems of Wilfred Owen. Edited by C. Day Lewis, page 42. New York: New Directions Publishing, 1965. ISBN 0-8112-0132-5.
• Thomas Mann. Joseph and His Brothers. Translated by John E. Woods, pages 9, 54, 79–82, 91, 97–98, 141, 147–49, 152–55, 159–60, 227–28, 294, 347, 363–64, 386, 400, 425, 471, 474–75, 488, 498, 520–22, 693, 715–16, 748, 806. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005. ISBN 1-4000-4001-9. Originally published as Joseph und seine Brüder. Stockholm: Bermann-Fischer Verlag, 1943.
• Anne Frank. The Diary of a Young Girl: The Definitive Edition. Edited by Otto H. Frank and Mirjam Pressler; translated by Susan Massotty, page 294. New York: Doubleday, 1995. ISBN 0-385-47378-8. Originally published as Het Achterhuis. The Netherlands, 1947. (“And what do they mean by [the guilt of] Sodom and Gomorah.”)
• Erich Auerbach. “Odysseus’ Scar.” In Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature, chapter 1. Istanbul, 1942–1945. Bern: A. Francke. Reprinted Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press, 1953. ISBN 0-691-06078-9. New Expanded edition, 2013. ISBN 0-691-16022-8.

• Benjamin Britten. Canticle II: Abraham and Isaac, Op. 51. 1952.
• Louis Armstrong. “Aunt Hagar's Blues.” In Louis Armstrong Plays W.C. Handy. Columbia Records, 1954.
• Morris Adler. The World of the Talmud, page 94. B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundations, 1958. Reprinted Kessinger Publishing, 2007. ISBN 0-548-08000-3.
• Bob Dylan. “Highway 61 Revisited.” In Highway 61 Revisited Columbia Records, 1965.

• Delmore Schwartz. “For the One Who Would Not Take His Life in His Hands,” “Abraham,” and “Sarah.” In Selected Poems: Summer Knowledge, pages 55, 230–32. New York: New Directions, 1967. ISBN 0-8112-0191-0.
• Martin Buber. On the Bible: Eighteen studies, pages 22–43. New York: Schocken Books, 1968.
• Mitchell J. Dahood. “The Name yišmā‘’ēl in Genesis 20,11.” Biblica, volume 49 (1968): pages 87–88.
• Kurt Vonnegut. Slaughterhouse-Five, or The Children's Crusade: A Duty-Dance With Death, pages 21–22. New York: Dell, 1968. ISBN 0-440-18029-5.
• Israel W. Charny. “And Abraham Went to Slay Isaac: A Parable of Killer, Victim, and Bystander in the Family of Man.” Journal of Ecumenical Studies, volume 10 (number 2) (1973): pages 304–18.
• George W. Coats. “Abraham’s Sacrifice of Faith: A Form–Critical Study of Genesis 22.” Interpretation, volume 27 (1973): pages 389–400.
• James Crenshaw. “Journey into Oblivion: A Structural Analysis of Gen. 22:1–19.” Soundings, volume 58 (1975): pages 243–56.

• Philip R. Davies and Bruce D. Chilton. “The Aqedah: A Revised Tradition History.” Catholic Biblical Quarterly, volume 40 (1978): pages 514–46.
• Elie Wiesel. “The Sacrifice of Isaac: a Survivor’s Story.” In Messengers of God: Biblical Portraits & Legends, pages 69–102. New York: Random House, 1976. ISBN 0-394-49740-6.
• Joseph Blenkinsopp. “Abraham and the Righteous of Sodom.” Journal of Jewish Studies, volume 33 (1982): pages 119–32.
• Sebastian Brock. “Genesis 22: Where Was Sarah?” Expository Times, volume 96 (1984): pages 14–17.
• Phyllis Trible. “Hagar: The Desolation of Rejection.” In Texts of Terror: Literary-Feminist Readings of Biblical Narratives, pages 9–35. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984. ISBN 0-8006-1537-9.
• George W. Coats. “Lot: A Foil in the Abraham Saga.” In Understanding the Word: Essays in Honor of Bernhard W. Anderson. Edited by James T. Butler, Edgar W. Conrad, and Ben C. Ollenburger, pages 113–32. Sheffield: JSOT Press, 1985. ISBN 0-905774-88-4.
• Pat Barker. Regeneration, pages 149–50. New York: Dutton, 1992. ISBN 0-525-93427-8.
• Charles Oberndorf. Testing. New York: Spectra, 1993. ISBN 0-553-56181-2.
• Pat Schneider. Sarah Laughed. In Long Way Home: Poems, pages 46–47. Amherst, Massachusetts: Amherst Writers and Artists Press, 1993. ISBN 0-941895-11-4.

• Aaron Wildavsky. Assimilation versus Separation: Joseph the Administrator and the Politics of Religion in Biblical Israel, pages 5–6, 15, 17–29. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1993. ISBN 1-56000-081-3.
• Joseph B. Soloveitchik. Abraham's Journey. KTAV Publishing House, 2008. ISBN 1602800049. (written before 1994).
• Judith S. Antonelli. “Edith: Pillar of Salt.” In In the Image of God: A Feminist Commentary on the Torah, pages 39–47. Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson, 1995. ISBN 1-56821-438-3.
• Jon D. Levenson. The Death and Resurrection of the Beloved Son: The Transformation of Child Sacrifice in Judaism and Christianity. Yale University Press, 1995. ISBN 0300065116. (the binding of Isaac).
• Naomi H. Rosenblatt and Joshua Horwitz. Wrestling With Angels: What Genesis Teaches Us About Our Spiritual Identity, Sexuality, and Personal Relationships, pages 158–203. Delacorte Press, 1995. ISBN 0-385-31330-6.
• Avivah Gottlieb Zornberg. The Beginning of Desire: Reflections on Genesis, pages 97–122. New York: Image Books/Doubelday, 1995. ISBN 0-385-48337-6.
• Sorel Goldberg Loeb and Barbara Binder Kadden. Teaching Torah: A Treasury of Insights and Activities, pages 25–32. Denver: A.R.E. Publishing, 1997. ISBN 0-86705-041-1.
• Cynthia A. Culpeper. “Positive Pillars.” In The Women's Torah Commentary: New Insights from Women Rabbis on the 54 Weekly Torah Portions. Edited by Elyse Goldstein, pages 63–69. Woodstock, Vermont: Jewish Lights Publishing, 2000. ISBN 1-58023-076-8.
• John Kaltner. “Abraham’s Sons: How the Bible and Qur’an See the Same Story Differently.” Bible Review, volume 18 (number 2) (April 2002): pages 16–23, 45–46.
• Vocolot. “Sarah and Hagar.” In HeartBeat. Berkeley: Oyster Albums, 2002.
• Alan Lew. This Is Real and You Are Completely Unprepared: The Days of Awe as a Journey of Transformation, page 122. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 2003. ISBN 0-316-73908-1. (the Rosh Hashanah readings).
• Elie Wiesel. “Ishmael and Hagar” and “Lot’s Wife.” In Wise Men and Their Tales: Portraits of Biblical, Talmudic, and Hasidic Masters, pages 3–28. New York: Schocken, 2003. ISBN 0-8052-4173-6.
• Jon D. Levenson. “Genesis.” In The Jewish Study Bible. Edited by Adele Berlin and Marc Zvi Brettler, pages 39–47. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-19-529751-2.
• Anthony Hecht. Lot’s Wife. In Collected Later Poems, page 192. New York: Knopf, 2005. ISBN 0-375-71030-2.
• Aaron Wildavsky. Moses as Political Leader, pages 133–36. Jerusalem: Shalem Press, 2005. ISBN 965-7052-31-9.
• Barack Obama. The Audacity of Hope, page 220. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2006. ISBN 978-0-307-23770-5.

• W. Gunther Plaut. The Torah: A Modern Commentary: Revised Edition. Revised edition edited by David E.S. Stern, pages 121–52. New York: Union for Reform Judaism, 2006. ISBN 0-8074-0883-2.
• David Rosenberg. Abraham: The First Historical Biography. New York: Basic Books, 2006. ISBN 0465070949.
• Rosanna Warren. “Hagar.” In Harold Bloom. American Religious Poems, page 379. Library of America, 2006. ISBN 978-1-931082-74-7.
• Suzanne A. Brody. “Lishma” and “Vayera.” In Dancing in the White Spaces: The Yearly Torah Cycle and More Poems, pages 32, 65. Shelbyville, Kentucky: Wasteland Press, 2007. ISBN 1-60047-112-9.
• Terence E. Fretheim. Abraham: Trials of Family and Faith. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 2007. ISBN 1-57003-694-2.
• Esther Jungreis. Life Is a Test, pages 19, 21, 27–29, 134, 214–15. Brooklyn: Shaar Press, 2007. ISBN 1-4226-0609-0.
• Pharaoh's Daughter. "Hagar." In Haran. Oyhoo Records, 2007.
• Jeff Pinkner and Brian K. Vaughan. “Catch-22.” In Lost. New York: American Broadcasting Company, 2007. (binding of Isaac plot element).
• Walter Brueggemann. Great Prayers of the Old Testament, pages 1–10. Louisville, Kentucky: Westminster John Knox Press, 2008. ISBN 0-664-23174-8. (prayer of Genesis 18:22–33).
• The Torah: A Women's Commentary. Edited by Tamara Cohn Eskenazi and Andrea L. Weiss, pages 85–110. New York: URJ Press, 2008. ISBN 0-8074-1081-0.
• Amos Frumkin. “How Lot’s Wife Became a Pillar of Salt.” Biblical Archaeology Review, volume 35 (number 3) (May/June 2009): pages 39–44, 64.
• Timothy Keller. “All You’ve Ever Wanted.” In Counterfeit Gods: The Empty Promises of Money, Sex, and Power, and the Only Hope that Matters. Dutton Adult, 2009. ISBN 0525951369. (the binding of Isaac).

• D.A. Powell. “bound isaac” In Chronic: Poems, pages 58–59. Saint Paul: First Graywolf Printing, 2009. ISBN 1-55597-516-X.
• Shmuel Herzfeld. “How To Increase Your Love of Hashem.” In Fifty-Four Pick Up: Fifteen-Minute Inspirational Torah Lessons, pages 18–23. Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House, 2012. ISBN 978-965-229-558-3.
• Steven Collins. “Where Is Sodom? The Case for Tall el-Hammam.” Biblical Archaeology Review, volume 39 (number 2) (March/April 2013): pages 32–41, 70–71.

See also

• Binding of Isaac
• Hājar
• Wife–sister narratives in the Book of Genesis

External links

Texts

• Masoretic text and 1917 JPS translation
• Hear the parashah chanted
• Hear the parashah read in Hebrew

Commentaries

Academy for Jewish Religion, California Academy for Jewish Religion, New York Aish.com Akhlah: The Jewish Children’s Learning Network American Jewish University Anshe Emes Synagogue, Los Angeles Ari Goldwag Ascent of Safed Bar-Ilan University Chabad.org eparsha.com G-dcast

The Israel Koschitzky Virtual Beit Midrash Jewish Agency for Israel Jewish Theological Seminary Kabbala Online Krista Tippett on Being Mechon Hadar Miriam Aflalo MyJewishLearning.com Ohr Sameach Orthodox Union OzTorah, Torah from Australia

Oz Ve Shalom — Netivot Shalom Pardes from Jerusalem Parshah Parts Rabbi Dov Linzer Rabbi Jonathan Sacks RabbiShimon.com Rabbi Shlomo Riskin Rabbi Shmuel Herzfeld Reconstructionist Judaism Sephardic Institute Shiur.com

613.org Jewish Torah Audio Tanach Study Center Teach613.org, Torah Education at Cherry Hill Torah from Dixie Torah.org TorahVort.com Union for Reform Judaism United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism What’s Bothering Rashi? Yeshivat Chovevei Torah Yeshiva University

Notes

Weekly Torah Portions Genesis Bereshit Noach Lech-Lecha Vayeira Chayei Sarah Toledot Vayetze Vayishlach Vayeshev Miketz Vayigash Vaychi Exodus Shemot Va'eira Bo Beshalach Yitro Mishpatim Terumah Tetzaveh Ki Tissa Vayakhel Pekudei Leviticus Vayikra Tzav Shemini Tazria Metzora Acharei Mot Kedoshim Emor Behar Bechukotai Numbers Bemidbar Naso Behaalotecha Shlach Korach Chukat Balak Pinechas Matot Masei Deuteronomy Devarim Va'etchanan Eikev Re'eh Shofetim Ki Teitzei Ki Tavo Nitzavim Vayelech Haazinu V'Zot HaBerachah