Vawkavysk

Vawkavysk
Ваўкавыск
Town

St. Wenceslaus Catholic Church

Flag
Coat of arms
Vawkavysk
Coordinates: 53°10′N 24°28′E / 53.167°N 24.467°ECoordinates: 53°10′N 24°28′E / 53.167°N 24.467°E
Country Belarus Belarus
Voblast Hrodna Voblast
Raion Vawkavysk
Establishment 1005
Government
 • Chairman of the Executive Committee Mikhail Sitko
Area
 • Town 79 km2 (31 sq mi)
 • Metro 1,192 km2 (460 sq mi)
Elevation 161 m (528 ft)
Population
 • Town 43,826[1]
Time zone FET (UTC+3)
 • Summer (DST) N/A (UTC)
Postal code 231900
Area code(s) (+375) 1512
Car plates BG
Website volkovysk.grodno-region.by/en

Vawkavysk (Belarusian: Ваўкавыск, Yiddish: וואלקאוויסק, Polish: Wołkowysk; names in other languages) is one of the oldest towns in southwestern Belarus and the capital of the Vawkavysk raion. It is located on the Wołkowyja River, roughly 98 kilometres (61 mi) from Grodno and 271 kilometres (168 mi) from Minsk. Its population is estimated at 43,826 inhabitants.[1]

Vawkavysk was first unofficially mentioned in the Turov Annals in 1005 and this year is widely accepted as the founding year for Vawkavysk. At that time Volkovysk was a city-fortress on the border of the Baltic and the Slavic ethnic groups. Since 12th century, Volkovysk was the center of a small princedom. The Hypatian Chronicle mentions the city in 1252.

Toponymy

The name is thought to be derived from the local dialect for the phrases for searching for wolves ("wołków isk") or the howling of wolves ("wołków wisk"). Old Belarusian tradition refers to the area surrounding Vawkavysk as once being occupied by vast forestry filled with wolves. The river flowing through the town was named Wołkowyja. This also explains the appearance of a wolf's head or body on the town's coat of arms.[2]

However, modern scholars have also hypothesized that the name of Vawkavysk was of more recent origin and hence succeeded the original legend. Vawkavysk was mentioned in a manuscript written by the priest D. Bułakowski at the end of the 16th or beginning of the 17th century. It was stored in the Sapieha family's library in Ruzhany Palace, where it was translated into Russian in 1881 and published in a Vilnius gazette. According to the manuscript, in the place where Vawkavysk is now situated, were large swathes of forest, through which flowed the now non-existent Nietupa River, and consisted of winding travel routes on which travelers were frequently attacked. Within this forest, two robbers, named Voloko and Visek, had their hide-out. A prince named Vladislav Zabeyko, upon hearing of these attacks, tracked down the robbers and hung them on trees for the birds to feed upon. A settlement was built in the location of the robbers' hide-out, which was named Volokovysek, and occupied by slaves. At the execution site, a large stone was placed but, according to local tradition, was later broken up to be used to build a temple.[2][3][4]

Geography

Map of Vawkavysk raion within Grodno Voblast

Vawkavysk is located in the valley basin of the Wołkowyja river near its confluence with the Ros River, which flows, in turn, directly north about 25 kilometres (16 mi) to the Neman River. The historical core of Vawkavysk lies on the left bank of the river. The town has been expanding to the west and south. The town has an urban area of 79 square kilometres (31 sq mi), while together with its metropolitan area it covers 1,192 km2 (460 sq mi).[5] Forests occupy an area of 288.69 km2 (111.46 sq mi), swamps 33.42 km2 (12.90 sq mi), and water facilities 14.36 km2 (5.54 sq mi). Its raion is bordered by those of Masty to the north, Zel’va to the east, Pruzhany of Brest oblast to the south, Svislach to the southwest, and Byerastavitsa to the west.

On the left bank of the Wołkowyja, the town is surrounded on three sides by hilly terrain,[2] while the highest point of Vawkavysk proper is Swedish Mountain, located on the southeastern outskirts of town, with its height from the base to the top of its defensive wall varying from 28 to 32.5 metres (92 to 107 ft). The mountain's base is round with a diameter of about 350 metres (1,150 ft). A flat top of "the Swedish mountain" nearly round and is 55 metres (180 ft) wide east to west. The perimeter of the flat top is surrounded by a powerful defensive wall broken in the south by the entrance. The mountains of Zamchishche (Castle Mountain) and Muravelnik (Mouse Mountain) lie to the west and east of Swedish Mountain, respectively.[6]

Climate

Vawkavysk lies in the warm summer continental or hemiboreal (Dfb) climate zone, with four seasons and uniformly spread precipitation. Monthly averages range from -5.0 °C (23 °F) in January to 17.9 °C (64.2 °F) in July. There are, on average, 95 days a year when there is snow cover. Vawkavysk receives about 632 millimetres (24.9 in) of precipitation a year. The average period of vegetation is 194 days, and lasts from April to October. The highest officially recorded temperature in Vawkavysk was 36 °C (96.8 °F) in 1959, while on the other end, the lowest temperature was -38 °C (-36.4 °F) in 1950.[5]

Climate data for Vawkavysk
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 11.6
(52.9)		 17.3
(63.1)		 22.3
(72.1)		 29.4
(84.9)		 32.2
(90)		 35.0
(95)		 37.8
(100)		 37.3
(99.1)		 31.5
(88.7)		 28.6
(83.5)		 19.9
(67.8)		 15.4
(59.7)		 37.8
(100)
Average high °C (°F) −1.4
(29.5)		 −0.3
(31.5)		 5.1
(41.2)		 13.4
(56.1)		 20.1
(68.2)		 22.7
(72.9)		 24.8
(76.6)		 24.3
(75.7)		 18.7
(65.7)		 12.4
(54.3)		 4.7
(40.5)		 −0.4
(31.3)		 12.0
(53.6)
Daily mean °C (°F) −4.1
(24.6)		 −3.3
(26.1)		 1.2
(34.2)		 8.3
(46.9)		 14.5
(58.1)		 17.4
(63.3)		 19.2
(66.6)		 18.6
(65.5)		 13.4
(56.1)		 7.8
(46)		 1.7
(35.1)		 −2.8
(27)		 7.7
(45.9)
Average low °C (°F) −6.7
(19.9)		 −6.1
(21)		 −2.2
(28)		 3.7
(38.7)		 9.1
(48.4)		 12.3
(54.1)		 14.1
(57.4)		 13.4
(56.1)		 8.9
(48)		 4.0
(39.2)		 −0.8
(30.6)		 −5.2
(22.6)		 3.7
(38.7)
Record low °C (°F) −35.5
(−31.9)		 −33.6
(−28.5)		 −24.2
(−11.6)		 −12.7
(9.1)		 −2.8
(27)		 2.5
(36.5)		 5.2
(41.4)		 1.5
(34.7)		 −4.5
(23.9)		 −11.4
(11.5)		 −24.6
(−12.3)		 −27.2
(−17)		 −35.5
(−31.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 29
(1.14)		 28
(1.1)		 30
(1.18)		 45
(1.77)		 50
(1.97)		 94
(3.7)		 86
(3.39)		 67
(2.64)		 61
(2.4)		 31
(1.22)		 38
(1.5)		 35
(1.38)		 594
(23.39)
Average relative humidity (%) 85 83 78 68 66 72 72 71 76 80 86 88 77
Source: Pogoda.ru.net[7]

History

Prehistory

Historical affiliations

Kievan Rus prior to 1084
Baltic tribes 1084-1239
Duchy of Lithuania 1239–1254
 Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia 1254–1269
Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1269–1289
 Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia 1289–1293
Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1293–1569
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1569–1795
Russian Empire 1795–1918
Belarusian People's Republic 1918–1919
Second Polish Republic 1919–1939
Soviet Union 1939–1939
Byelorussian SSR 1939–1941
Nazi Germany 1941-1944
Byelorussian SSR 1944–1991
Republic of Belarus 1991–present

Originally three fortified settlements were started here prior to the 10th century. Swedish Mountain, along with Muravelnike and Zamchishcha, are considered territory that chronicles the town known as Vawkavysk. Swedish Mountain is a remnant of one of these fortifications. Gradually, as the settlement grew, the boundaries of the town extended to the neighboring hill of Zamchishcha. Industrical and commercial sites were located at the foot of Swedish Mountain along its northern, eastern, and southern sides. Muravelnike was also inhabited, but was not as populated as Swedish Mountain and Zamchishcha. Due to flooding of the Wołkowyja River, there are no other known archaeological sites.

Middle Ages

Vawkavysk is one of the oldest towns of Eastern Europe and has played a role in the political development of medieval Slavic civilization. It is believed that Vawkavysk was founded in the 10th century. The origin of the town is obscured by legends, one of which tells about a prince Vladislav Zabeyko who, in 738, found robbers named Voloka and Visek and killed them. In the place of their shelter, 10 huts were built, which expanded into a settlement. According to it, the name Vawkavysk is derived from the names of the two robbers.[3] Another legend states that the town was founded by the King of Lithuania, Mindaugas.

There is little historical evidence pertaining to the period when the town was founded. Archaeological excavations conducted at the site of the ancient town attest that a Slavic settlement had already existed in the area by the late 10th century based on the dwellings and defensive works which were discovered during the excavation.[8] Vawkavysk was first unofficially mentioned in the Turov Annals in 1005 and this year has been widely accepted as the town's founding year. Vawkavysk turned into a town and became a center of crafts and trades in the early 1100s. In 1224 and 1241 the Mongol invasion of Rus led by Batu Khan destroyed Vawkavysk and its fortress.[9]

Vawkavysk lies in a region formerly referred to as Black Ruthenia that was subjugated to various invading forces of Baltic and Slavic tribes. At various times, the town was influenced by the Principality of Polotsk and Galicia-Volhynia. On the nights of 15 and 16 February 1038, the town was destroyed by a Baltic tribe of Yatvingians.[9] Up until 1084, this territory belonged under Slavic Kievan Rus and later became a dependent vassal state. After Mindaugas conquered the area in 1239, it was incorporated into what would later become the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and was administered from Navahrudak from the 1240s to the 1250s.

Vawkavysk's location on the border between Lithuania and neighboring Galicia-Volhynia resulted in frequent fighting over these territories. The Ipatiev Chronicle mentions Vawkavysk in connection with an invasion of the Galicia-Volhynian prince Daniel Romanovich Galitsky and his brother Vasilko in 1252. Power exchanged hands periodically during the years of 1254-1258 between the princes of these two kingdoms. The chronicle continues with describing that a peace treaty was signed in 1254 where the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Vaišvilkas, transferred Vawkavysk, along with several other towns, to Daniel's son, Roman Danylovich Galitsky.[10] Sometime after this event, in 1255, a prince named Gleb, who acknowledged himself as a vassal of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, became ruler of Vawkavysk. Prince Gleb participated in a Galicia-Volhynian campaign against the Yatvingians in 1256.

It was not until 1258, after several years of war, that Vawkavysk and Slonim settled as vassal states of Lithuania [2] with Vaišvilkas again reigning from Navahrudak as a vassal of Mindaugas. In 1260, Vaišvilkas and another Lithuanian prince, Toth, captured and killed Roman, which resulted in Daniel marching to the upper reaches of the Neman River to recapture Vawkavysk and take Gleb as prisoner. The chronicle fails to explain what ended this particular campaign. Meanwhile, in 1263, Mindaugas of Lithuania was murdered. In the chaos that followed Mindaugas' assassination, the lands of the Grand Duchy were in disarray, with both local and foreign rulers struggling for power. Additionally, in 1264, Daniel died and his son Svarn Danylovich Galitsky received nominal overlordship over all of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia as its duke, including Vawkavysk. Ownership of the town in 1269 belonged to prince Vladimir.[9]

Following Svarn's loss of the throne in 1269, his brother Lev I of Galicia entered into conflict with Lithuania. In 1274–1276 he fought a war with the new Lithuanian ruler Traidenis but was defeated, and Lithuania annexed the territory of Black Ruthenia with its city of Navahrudak.

During a campaign against the Lithuanians in 1277, the Rus army and their princes, Mstislav Danylovich, another son of Daniel; Vladimir Vasilkovich; and Yuri Lvovich, stopped for the night in Vawkavysk. The last time Vawkavysk is mentioned in the Ipatiev Chronicle is when Lithuanian Grand Duke Butigeidis transferred Vawkavysk to prince Mstislav Danylovich in exchange for peace in 1289.[11]

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Vawkavysk came under the rule of Grand Duke Vytenis and became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1293.[9]

It was from a now non-existent castle in Vawkavysk that, in 1385, Jogaila sent his envoys to Kraków to ask for the hand of the Queen of Poland, Jadwiga. He declared that he along with the Lithuanian people was to adopt the Catholic faith, and received the Polish envoys after a long-awaited decision on 11 January 1386.[2] In 1386 Jogaila was baptized as Władysław II Jagiełło in Kraków and became King of Poland. Jagiełło, while in Vawkavysk in 1387, ordered the destruction of pagan deities.

In 1409 the town was attacked and plundered by the Teutonic Knights under the command of Hochmeister Ulrich von Jungingen and its residents taken captive. On 16 March 1410, the town was seized again and burnt under the command of Ordensmarschall Frederic von Wallenrode and its residents were murdered. On 15 July 1410, the Vawkavysk banner participated in the Battle of Grunwald against the Teutonic Order. In 1430 the church of St. Nicholas was built.[9] Vawkavysk was included in the composition of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1441 after being under its authority since 1258.

In 1503 Vawkavysk was granted Magdeburg city rights[2] by Polish king Alexander I Jagiellon. These rights were confirmed by different kings up to 1773.[9] The town received its personal coat of arms of a wolf's head on a blue background.[12] In 1507, Vawkavysk became part of the Nowogródek Voivodeship[9] and was capital of Wołkowysk powiat until 1795. By 1513, Vawkavysk had 9 streets.[13] A church was mentioned as having existed since 1536, while a monastery of Jesuits was founded in 1598. From 1566, Vawkavysk was also a venue for General Sejmiks, which provincial delegates and senators attended, that were held for the whole of Lithuania.[14][15] The most prominent nobility of Vawkavysk at this time included the Gołgowski and Piotrowicz families.

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

The Union of Lublin was signed July 1, 1569, in Lublin, Poland, and created a single state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It replaced the personal union of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with a real union and an elective monarchy, since Sigismund II Augustus, the last of the Jagiellons, remained childless after three marriages. Subsequent to this, Vawkavysk became a town within the Commonwealth.

The 17th century was a very difficult time in the history of Vawkavysk, in particular, and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in general. The region became the scene of many wars. It was during this time that the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth entered into a series of mid-17th century campaigns, known as The Deluge, consisting of uprisings, invasions and Northern Wars with Russia and Sweden. Following the popular uprising led by Bohdan Khmelnytsky in Ukraine, the rebellion brought into focus the rivalry between Russia and the Commonwealth for hegemony over Ukraine and over the eastern Slavic lands in general. In October 1653 the Russian zemsky sobor declared war on the Commonwealth and in June 1654, the forces of Tsar Alexis of Russia invaded the eastern half of Poland-Lithuania, starting the Russo-Polish War of 1654-67. During this time, Vawkavysk was captured twice by Russian troops in 1655 and 1662 and left heavily damaged.

At the same time, the Swedish Empire, which technically already was in conflict, although with a cease-fire agreement, with the Commonwealth from the Polish-Swedish War of 1626-29, invaded in July 1654 and occupied the remaining half of the country. In 1656, after three days of battle, Vawkavysk was destroyed and burned by the army of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden.[9] The administrative center of the town was a castle on the river near the road to Izabelin, which was destroyed alongside the town.

During the Great Northern War in 1706, the Swedes attacked Vawkavysk again, which resulted in the residents demanding large indemnity.[9]

In 1736, a Jesuit mission was formed at the expense of a E. Linovskiy, as well as a school in 1747. By the second half of the 18th century, several Jesuit and Marianite monasteries operated in Vawkavysk. As of 1792, the town had about 1,000 buildings, and a church in which the Uniates used as well.

The region participated in the Kościuszko Uprising in 1794, temporarily freeing the area from under the Russian occupation.

By the end of the 18th century, the town had only 362 houses, where the population consisted of 2,127 people.

Russian Empire

Vawkavysk eventually found itself within the Russian Empire in 1795 following the third partition of Poland. It was placed under the administration of the Slonim Governorate as a province and became the capital of its own district within the Lithuania-Grodno Governorate in 1802.[9]

During the French invasion of Russia in 1812, Vawkavysk housed the headquarters of General Pyotr Bagration, commander of the 2nd Russian Army. From 17 June to 15 November [O.S. 3 November] 1812, the town housed Napoleon's army. On 2–4 November 1812, during a battle between the French and Russian forces, Vawkavysk was burned. Russian General Fabian Gottlieb von Osten-Sacken defeated the VII Saxon Corps of French General Jean Reynier.[9] The Congress of Vienna in 1815 confirmed Vawkavysk's belonging to Russia.

In 1844 there were in Vawkavysk a wooden church and another church, a parish school, two hospitals, and a pharmacy. In 1845 the town received new Russian coat of arms. As of 1860 Vawkavysk consisted of 492 homes, 2 schools, St. Wenceslas church, 7 Jewish prayer houses, a synagogue, a brick factory, 2 mills, a hospital, and 58 shops.

In 1863 a company from Vawkavysk under the command of Gustaw Strawiński took part in the January Uprising.

In 1885 the town began construction on what would become an important railway junction with the building of a railway line from Baranovichi to Białystok and opened its railway station in 1886. By 1891 Vawkavysk had 19 industrial enterprises operating. In 1906 construction began of a railway line to Siedlce and upon completion in 1907 the town was an important railway junction.

World War I and the Interbellum

During the First World War, Vawkavysk was the headquarters of the commander-in-chief of the North-Western Front. In the autumn of 1915, the town was occupied by German troops. Following the collapse of Imperial Russia in 1917, the subsequent emergence of the new Bolshevik government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, and the signing of the armistice between Russia and the Central Powers, Vawkavysk and the surrounding area temporarily laid within Russian territory. The signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918, between Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey) ended Russia's participation in World War I. In this peace treaty, Russia renounced all territorial claims in Finland (which it had already acknowledged), the future Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), Belarus, and Ukraine. During the negotiations of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Belarus first declared independence under German occupation on 25 March 1918, forming the Belarusian People's Republic.[16][17] Meanwhile, the Treaty of Versailles in 1918 established the restoration of an independent Polish state, but its borders were not formally determined.

Polish-Bolshevik War

By 1919 Bolsheviks took control over Belarus and forced the country's democratic government into exile. Immediately afterwards, the Polish–Bolshevik War ignited, and the territory of Belarus was divided between Poland and Soviet Russia. On 8 February 1919 Vawkavysk was occupied by Polish troops. The town was then captured by the 16th Bolshevik Army on 24 July 1920[18] and subsequently recaptured on 27 September 1920 by the 3rd Legions Infantry Division under the command of General Leon Berbecki.

Second Polish Republic

The Treaty of Riga was signed in Riga on 18 March 1921, between Poland, Soviet Russia (acting also on behalf of Soviet Belarus) and Soviet Ukraine. The treaty ended the Polish-Bolshevik War.[19] Following this, Vawkavysk became a part of the interwar Second Polish Republic in the period between 1919 and 1939. Wołkowysk powiat was part of the Białystok Voivodeship and the seat of gmina Biskupice.

Vawkavysk prior to 1939.

On 8 December 1922 the 3rd Regiment of Mounted Riflemen entered the town's barracks. In 1924 the 8th Cavalry Brigade Command was created. As of 1939 Vawkavysk contained an iron foundry, two brick factories, two sawmills, and other small businesses. On the outskirts of town was a cement plant, which was considered one of the most powerful companies in Western Belarus.

World War II

Upon the invasion of the Second Polish Republic by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, the Reserve Cavalry Brigade "Wołkowysk" was formed. Vawkavysk came under Soviet occupation on 18 September 1939 as a result of the German–Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Demarcation. On 2 November 1939 Vawkavysk, along with the rest of Western Belarus, was adopted into the USSR and on 14 November 1939 was adopted into the BSSR. Vawkavysk became the regional capital of the Białystok region within the BSSR on 15 January 1940. The town was a point of detention and deportation of German and Polish prisoners-of-war and citizens in POW camp 281 by the Red Army until 1941.

Vawkavysk was occupied by the German army on 27 June 1941. A concentration camp and a Jewish ghetto were built within town limits, in which eventually 20,000 people were murdered. During the Białystok Operation, on 14 July 1944, the 2nd Belarusian Front of the Red Army was able to recapture the town. The town became the regional center of Grodno region of the BSSR on 20 September 1944.

After World War II

Following the conclusion of the European front of World War II in 1945, Vawkavysk came under the authority of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Since 1991, Vawkavysk has belonged to the Republic of Belarus.

3 March 1963 it became a town of regional subordination. 12 April 2001 held approval emblem and flag of the city. In 2004 it conducted the Vawkavysk republican festival of rural workers' Dozhinki.

Administration

Local issues are represented by the locally elected Councils of Deputies. These local councils operate on 3 levels: primary (villages and towns), basic (towns and regional councils), and regional (oblast) (Regional Council of Deputies). Deputies are elected for a 4-year term to deal with local issues and represent the local population in decisions on issues relating to health, education, social welfare, trade, and transport. Local Councils of Deputies make decisions on local issues within the framework of national legislation.[20]

Settlements in the surrounding Vawkavysk region are Izabelin, Ros, Mstibovo, and Voupa.

The district includes the townships Krasnosel'skii and Ross, as well as 191 rural settlements.

In Region 2, Township Council - Rossky, Krasnosel'skii and 9 village councils

Vereykovsky Volkovysskii Volpovsky Gneznovsky Elizabethan Podorossky Replevsky Subochsky Shilovichi

Demographics

The town and surrounding area has a population of 74,000, while the urban area of Vawkavysk (with adjacent urban settlements of Ros and Krasnosel'skii included) has about 56,000 inhabitants, and the population of the rural area stands at 18,000 people. The main population groups according to nationality in the town of Vawkavysk are: Belarusians (63.4%), Poles (25%), Russians (8.7%), and other nationalities (2.9%). There are people of a total of 50 nationalities living in the area.[5]

Religion

According to the 1897 Russian census, the population of Vawkavysk was 10,323 people (5,982 women and 4,341 men).[24] The main population groups according to religion were: Jews (5,528),[25] Orthodox (2,716), and Roman Catholic (1,943).[24]

Economy

The industrial sections of the city are dominated by the building materials industry (46.4%), and food processing (44%).

Major companies in Vawkavysk (unless otherwise indicated, all are "open joint stock companies"):

Sites of interest

The Volkovysk archaeological complex includes three heights: "the Swedish mountain" (picture), Zamchishche, and Muravelnik. "The Swedish mountain" is located in a southeast suburb of modern Volkovysk. There is a legend that during The Deluge, "the Swedish mountain" was created by Swedish soldiers above the tomb of their commander. It is the highest point among associates Volkovysk of hills a moraine of a ridge.

The archaeological study of Volkovysk was begun in 1925 by the director of the Grodno Museum of History-Archaeology, Jozef Jodkowski, who was author of several books about history of the area, as well as tourist guides of Grodno and vicinity, popular in the Second Polish Republic

Other local sights include the Roman Catholic Church of St. Wenceslas (1846–48, picture) and the Peter Bagration Museum (picture).

International relations

List of Vawkavysk's town twinning, and other forms of city cooperation and friendship:

People

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vawkavysk.

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "City Population - Population Statistics for Countries, Administrative Areas, Cities and Agglomerations – Interactive Maps – Charts: Belarus".
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Witold Karpyza. "ZIEMIA WOŁKOWYSKA" (PDF) (in Polish). http://foto.volkovysk.by/. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2014. Retrieved 30 June 2014.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Legends" (in Belarusian).
  4. ↑ Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom XIII. 11 July 2014. p. 876.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Official website" (in Belarusian).
  6. ↑ "Swedish Mountain" (in Belarusian).
  7. ↑ "Weather and Climate-The Climate of Vawkavysk" (in Russian). Weather and Climate. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  8. ↑ For example, if early fortified settlements in Volkovysk (in Russian).
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 9.10 "Chronological dates in the history of the Vawkavysk area" (in Belarusian).
  10. ↑ Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Vaišvilkas". Encyclopedia Lituanica VI. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 29–30. LCC 74-114275.
  11. ↑ M. I. Ermolovich . Budikid / / Encyclopedia of History of Belarus . In 6 vols 2 Belitskaya - Anthem / Belarusian. Encyclopedia.; Editorial Board.: BI Sachenko (ed.). Etc..; Mast. EE Zhakevich. - Mn.: BelEn, 1994. S. 113.
  12. ↑ Vawkavysk // Літаратура/Геральдыка беларускіх места к
  13. ↑ Валерый Грынявецкі. Ваўкавыск // Літаратура/ЭВКЛ 1к С. 394.
  14. ↑ Juliusz Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak, Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego (Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987, p. 217–219
  15. ↑ Jacek Jędruch (1998). Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history. EJJ Books. pp. 43–45. ISBN 978-0-7818-0637-4. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
  16. ↑ (Birgerson 2002:105–106)
  17. ↑ Ioffe, Grigory (25 February 2008). Understanding Belarus and How Western Foreign Policy Misses the Mark. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 57. ISBN 0-7425-5558-5.
  18. ↑ Wyszczelski, Lech. "Odwrót znad Auty i Berezyny". Wojna polsko-rosyjska 1919–1920 1. p. 600.
  19. ↑ K. Marek. Identity and Continuity of States in Public International Law. Librairie Droz 1968. pp. 419-420.
  20. ↑ "The Government in Belarus" (in Belarusian).
  21. ↑ "Belarus: Historical demographical data of the urban centers".
  22. ↑ "Census population of the USSR in 1959, 1970, 1979".
  23. ↑ "Statistitšeskija tablitsy o sostojanii gorodov Rossijskoi imperii. Statistical Tables are the cities of the Russian Empire (1840). Lida publication can be found on page 14/41 title Grodnenskaja Gubernija connection." (in Russian).
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 "Grodno province - Populated places of the Russian Empire in 500 or more inhabitants specifying the total cash in those areas, the number of inhabitants and the prevailing religions, according to the first general census in 1897" (in Russian).
  25. ↑ Jewish population of Volkovysk according to the 1897 Russian Census.
  26. ↑ "Industry in Vawkavysk" (in Belarusian).

References