Val Plumwood

Val Plumwood (11 August 1939 – c. 28 February 2008), formerly Val Routley, was an Australian ecofeminist intellectual and activist, who was prominent in the development of radical ecosophy from the early 1970s through the remainder of the 20th century.[1]

Biography

Plumwood was born Val Morell on 11 August 1939. Her family were poor poultry farmers near Sydney. In the 1960s she studied philosophy at the University of Sydney.[2]

Plumwood married twice. She divorced from her second husband philosopher Richard Routley in the early 1980s. Richard, who died in 1996, changed his name to Richard Sylvan in 1983, and Val then changed her name to Plumwood after Plumwood Mountain where her home was. A son and daughter from Plumwood's first marriage both predeceased her.[3]

Plumwood was active in movements to preserve biodiversity and halt deforestation from the 1960s on, and helped establish the trans-discipline known as ecological humanities.

At the time of her death, Plumwood was Australian Research Council Fellow at the Australian National University, and in the past had held positions at North Carolina State University, the University of Montana, and the University of Sydney.

She was found dead on 1 March 2008 and is thought to have died about 28 February. The cause of death was originally thought to be a snakebite or spider bite, but her death was confirmed to be the result of a stroke.[2][4]

Views

Plumwood's major theoretical works are her 1993 Feminism and the Mastery of Nature and her 2002 Environmental Culture: the Ecological Crisis of Reason. She has elaborated her views in four books and over one hundred papers.[5]

Plumwood critiques what she describes as "the standpoint of mastery," a set of views of the self and its relationship to the other associated with sexism, racism, capitalism, colonialism, and the domination of nature. She draws on feminist theory to analyze this standpoint, which she argues involves "seeing the other as radically separate and inferior, the background to the self as foreground, as one whose existence is secondary, derivative or peripheral to that of the self or center, and whose agency is denied or minimized."[6] She identifies the human/nature dualism as part of a series of problematic, gendered dualisms, including "human/animal, mind/body... male/female, reason/emotion, [and] civilized/primitive."[6] She argues for abandoning these dualisms, and correspondingly the traditional Western notion of a rational, unitary, Cartesian self, in favor of an ecological ethic based on empathy for the other. In doing so, she rejects not only the "hyperseparation" between the self and the other, and between humanity and nature, involved in the hegemonic view, but also postmodern alternatives based on a respect for absolute difference and deep ecological alternatives based on a merging of the self and the world, in favor of a view that recognizes and grounds ethical responsibility in both the continuities and the divisions between the subject and the object, and between people and the environment.[6]

Val Plumwood was a vegetarian, her affirmation of the ecological significance of predation notwithstanding, on account of her objection to factory farming.[7] Plumwood advocated a "semi-vegetarian" position she labelled Ecological Animalism, in opposition to the animal rights platform of Carol J. Adams, which Plumwood called Ontological Veganism. Val Plumwood criticised this position on the grounds of its endorsement of human/nature dualism.[8]

Near death experience

During a visit to Kakadu National Park in 1985, Plumwood camped at the East Alligator ranger station.[9] While exploring the East Alligator Lagoon and its backwaters in a canoe borrowed from the park service, Plumwood was attacked by a saltwater crocodile.[10]

In her 1996 essay "Being Prey", Plumwood described her near-death experience during the crocodile attack. She was alone on the river and saw what appeared to be a "floating stick" that she soon realized was a crocodile. Before she could get ashore the crocodile attacked her canoe and in her attempt to leap ashore to avoid being capsized, Val was seized by the crocodile. The essay describes the three "death rolls" the crocodile put her through before her escape up a steep mud bank to safety. Despite her severe injuries Plumwood managed to start walking towards the ranger station - when she began to black out she continued on by crawling. When she had not returned to the ranger station by nightfall, one of the rangers went looking for her and heard her shouting for help. Plumwood then had a 13-hour trip to Darwin hospital where she spent a month in intensive care followed by extensive skin grafts.[11]

From this experience, Plumwood gained a perspective that humans are part of the food chain as well, and that our culture's human-centric view is disconnected from the reality that we also are food for animals.[12]

References

  1. ↑ Mathews, Freya (1999). "Ecophilosophy in Oz". Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Nature 3 (2).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Val Plumwood (11 August 1939 to 29 February 2008): International Society for Environmental Ethics (ISEE)
  3. ↑ Obituary:Val Plumwood, "Australian philosopher devoted to an ethic that regarded people as part of nature"(Freya Mathews, The Guardian, Wednesday 26 March 2008)
  4. ↑ Sydney Morning Herald, 6 March 2008
  5. ↑ Australian National University faculty bio
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Palmer, Joyce (2001). 50 Key Thinkers on the Environment. Routledge. pp. 283–8. ISBN 0-415-14699-2.
  7. ↑ “Being Prey” (p. 7): “I was a vegetarian at the time of my encounter with the crocodile, and remain one today. This is not because I think predation itself is demonic and impure, but because I object to the reduction of animal lives in factory farming systems that treat them as living meat.”
  8. ↑ Plumwood, Val (2012). The Eye of the Crocodile. ANU E Press. p. 78. ISBN 9781922144171. Retrieved 2013-09-23.
  9. ↑ Val Plumwood canoe: National Museum of Australia collection highlight
  10. ↑ "Surviving a Crocodile Attack", by Val Plumwood from the book The Ultimate Journey, UTNE Reader, July-August 2000
  11. ↑ "Taken by a crocodile", as told to Michelle Hamer, The Age, 12 January 2004
  12. ↑ "Being Prey"

Further reading

By Val Plumwood
About Val Plumwood

External links