University of Dublin

University of Dublin
Ollscoil Átha Cliath
Latin: Universitas Dubliniensis
Established 1592
Type Public
Chancellor Mary Robinson
Academic staff
 1,404 (2011)[1]
Administrative staff
 1,456 (2011)[1]
Students 16,747 (2011)[2]
Undergraduates 11,844 (2011)[2]
Postgraduates 4,903 (2011)[2]
Location Dublin, Ireland
53°20′40″N 6°15′28″W / 53.3444°N 6.2577°WCoordinates: 53°20′40″N 6°15′28″W / 53.3444°N 6.2577°W
Affiliations Coimbra Group
EUA
IUA
UI
AMBA
CLUSTER[3]
Website www.tcd.ie

The University of Dublin (Irish: Ollscoil Átha Cliath), corporately designated the Chancellor, Doctors and Masters of the University of Dublin, is a university located in Dublin, Ireland. It was founded in 1592 when Queen Elizabeth I issued a charter for Trinity College, as "the mother of a university", thereby making it Ireland's oldest operating university.[Note 1] It was modelled after the collegiate universities of Oxford and of Cambridge, but unlike these only one college was established; as such, the designations "Trinity College" and "University of Dublin" are usually synonymous for practical purposes.

The University of Dublin is one of the seven ancient universities of Britain and Ireland. It is a member of the Irish Universities Association, Universities Ireland, and the Coimbra Group.

History

Organisation

The University of Dublin was modelled on University of Oxford and University of Cambridge in the form of a collegiate university, Trinity College being named by the Queen as the mater universitatis ("mother of the university"). As no other college was ever established, Trinity is the sole constituent college of the university and so Trinity College and the University of Dublin are for most practical purposes synonymous.

Queen Victoria issued letters patent in 1857 giving legal foundation to the senate, and other authorities specific to the university – but the high court held in 1888 that these dealt with "not the incorporation of the University of Dublin but of its Senate merely", the judge noting pointedly, referring to the founding of University College Dublin, that "The advisers of Queen Victoria knew how to incorporate a University when they meant to do so."[4] In a remarkable High Court case of 1898, the Provost, Fellows and Scholars of Trinity were the claimants and the Chancellor, Doctors and Masters of the University of Dublin were among the defendants, and the court held that Trinity College and the University of Dublin "are one body".[4]

The most recent authoritative statement of the position is contained in the UNIVERSITIES ACT, 1997. In the section of this Act relating to interpretation it specifies that:-

"3.—(1) In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires—

"Trinity College” means the College of the Holy and Undivided Trinity of Queen Elizabeth near Dublin established by charter dated the 3rd day of March, 1592, and shall be held to include the University of Dublin save where the context otherwise requires in accordance with the charters and letters patent relating to Trinity College;"

and then further stipulates:

“the University of Dublin” means the university established by the charters and letters patent incorporating Trinity College and which said university is further provided for by the letters patent of the 24th day of July, 1857;"


However, the actual statutes of the university and the college[5] grant the university separate corporate legal rights to own property and borrow money and employ staff. To date these rights have not been exercised. Current Officers of the University are either unpaid and purely honorary (Chancellor, Pro- Chancellor), or have duties relating to the college also, for which they are paid, but by the College ( The Proctors, The Registrar, the Mace bearer)

Some of the legal definitions and differences between college and university were discussed in the reform of the University and College in The Charters and Letters Patent Amendment Bill[6][7][8][9][10] which later became law but many of the College contributions to this were unclear or not comprehensive, possibly because it concerned an internal dispute within College as to outside interference and also as misconduct by College Authorities in overseeing voting which led to a visitors enquiry which in turn found problems with the voting procedures and ordered a repeat ballot.

Traditionally, sports clubs also use the moniker "University" rather than "College".

Detail

The university is governed by the university senate, chaired by the chancellor or their pro-chancellor. The Senate was constituted by the Letters Patent of 1857 as a body corporate under the name, style, and title of "The Chancellor, Doctors, and Masters of the University of Dublin", empowered by statements such as "It shall be and shall continue to be a body corporate with a common seal, and shall have power under the said seal to do all such acts as may be lawful for it to do in conformity with the laws and statutes of the State and with the Charters and Statutes of the College. It shall consist of the Chancellor, the Pro-Chancellors, and such Doctors and Masters of the University as shall be members of the Senate in accordance with such regulations and conditions as the Board shall enact." The "Board" in the above case is the governing authority of Trinity College, moreover no business may be put before the Senate save on the proposal of the Board, so it would seem the University has some degree of subsidiarity to the Board of the College, but this is countered by the role of visitors below.

Each meeting of the Senate is headed by a "Caput", consisting of the Chancellor, the Provost of Trinity College (or Vice-Provost in their place) and the Senior Master Non-Regent. (A Master of Arts is called a Regent during the three years following the time when he or she took that degree; subsequently he or she is designated as Non-Regent, and one elected by the Senate from among the Masters Non-Regent, by statute, is, according to ancient usage, designated as "Senior Master Non-Regent".) The practical significance of the Caput is that no meeting of the Senate may be convened with out it, and each member of the Caput has an individual veto on all decisions of the Senate.

In each academic year, the Senate holds not less than four Stated Meetings for the Conferring of Degrees; of these Meetings, which, according to ancient usage, are known in the University as "Public Commencements", two shall be held in Michaelmas Term, and two in Trinity Term. The proceedings of these meetings, conducted in a highly formal and scripted manner, are carried out in Latin. Although voting takes place at these meetings, deliberation does not. Voting takes place to elect a Senior Master Non Regent, or to vote on whether degrees should be conferred on named candidates. As the lists of persons to receive degrees are voted on en bloc, and as the lists require the prior approval of the Board, which itself receives the names of candidates as agreed by boards of examiners, it can be seen that the vote is purely formal, as it is difficult to see any practical circumstances in which it would be legitimate for a member of the Senate to attend a commencements and register an objection. Honorary Degrees, while being conferred at a commencements are not even formally voted on there. That has taken place at the previous business meeting of the Senate at which the award was agreed.

At the first Public Commencements of the academic year the Senior Master Non-Regent is elected on the proposition of the Chancellor and the Provost. The Senate votes on the name put forward by a voice vote, in Latin. The Senior Master Non Regent is elected for a one year term, but may be re elected. The Senior and Junior Proctors and the Registrar also make the declaration which is appropriate to their respective offices. In attendance also are, usually, the Registrar (who is responsible for legal and administrative matters) and the Junior and Senior Proctors (who present undergraduate and postgraduate candidates for degree commencement ceremonies). There is also a mace holder, the Chief Steward (responsible for College Security) or his deputy, who proceeds the Caput in a procession. Attendees stand while the procession progresses to the head of the room. These ceremonies are usually conducted in the Public Theatre in the front square of Trinity College. As business is conducted in Latin the Chief Steward verbally asks for candidates to be put under scrutiny by saying "ad scrutinum", with the Doctors and Masters of the Senate present then asked in turn as distinct groups to consent to the degree being awarded to the candidate. (if they consent they say "Placet", if they do not consent they say "non placet")

The Senate also holds a Stated Meeting in Hilary Term for the purpose of transacting business of the Senate other than the conferring of degrees. This meeting is conducted in English. Examples of such business are elections, approving amendments to University Statutes, approving the introduction of new Degrees, and agreeing to confer an Honorary Degree on a specified individual. Both voting and deliberation takes place at these meetings, and propositions can be defeated, albeit, in practice, rarely. No business may be put before the meeting save with the consent of the Board.

Under statutes[5] the University Senate elects two members to the University Council. The University Council is in effect part of the College, and not of the University. It is chaired by the Provost, has the Senior Lecturer of the College as secretary, and governs academic matters. All decisions of the University Council require the approval of the Board, but in general any decision of the Council that does not require additional financial expenditure is agreed, often without discussion. The Senate also elects members to the Library Committee which oversees the Trinity College Library.


The Visitors are also dealt with in Statutes. They consist of the Chancellor of the University and one other person, usually, in modern times, a member of the Judiciary, and whose appointment requires the approval of the Senate. (So, in effect, both Visitors are University, not College appointments.) They are a final appeal should anyone contest a decision of the Board or a procedure within College which has been appealed through Departmental School, Faculty, Council, and Board levels and is still contested. The visitors can therefore overturn a decision of the Board. Given the Chancellor of the University is one of two visitors and has the overall authority in difference of opinion between both visitors, it would seem the Board of the College has also some degree of subsidiarity to the University.

Other contributions on Trinity College can be found in submissions to the Oireachtas on reform of Seanad Éireann, the upper house of the Irish Oireachtas, since the University elects members to that body)[11][12][13][14][15][16] and in particular the verbal submission of the Provost.[17]

Current officers

Dr Mary Robinson is the current Chancellor of the University, its titular head, and there are six pro-Chancellors, who can act in her place. In March 2015, they were Professor Dermot F McAleese, Professor John Scattergood, Dr Mary Henry, Dr Edward McParland, Dame Jocelyn Bell Burnell and the Hon. Sir Donnell Deeny. The Chancellor and pro -Chancellors are elected by the Senate. This is a function carried out without the intervention of the Board, and so is entirely a university matter, except of course that the election procedures, as approved by the Senate are as proposed by the Board. In the event of a contest a secret ballot of Senators is held.

Senate composition

The undermentioned persons are members of the Senate, provided that in each case they are Doctors or Masters of the University:

  1. Resident Doctors or Masters of the University, that is, Doctors or Masters who are not members of the College or University staff but who hold rooms in College or are in attendance on lectures in arts or in the professional schools.
  2. Doctors and Masters of the University who have held a Studentship of the University, or are Moderators who have obtained a large gold medal, or Moderators who have obtained a gold medal in or after 1935, or Moderators who have obtained two Moderatorships of a class higher than class III, and who have applied to the Registrar of the Senate for membership of the Senate, without payment of fee.
  3. Former Fellows of the College.
  4. Representatives and former representatives of the University in Seanad Éireann.
  5. Members of the staff of the College or University, during their tenure of office.
  6. Doctors or Masters of the University who have applied to the Registrar of the Senate for membership of the Senate, and have paid a fee of (£5 in 1966 – €65 in 2012)

(It will be noted that although these rules make every holder of Master's degree or a Doctorate eligible to be a member of the University Senate, they in practice facilitate a membership consisting largely of members of the staff of the College. Conseqently while the Senate in Dublin formally, or potentially resembles in composition the Senate at Cambridge, in practice it has a similar composition to the Regent House at Cambridge.)


Reputation

Front Square of Trinity College

Degrees

Graduates of liberal degrees, i.e. non-professional such as Humanities or Science, receive an honours Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Dublin after four years study in Trinity College, but may receive an ordinary B.A. after three years' study. Bachelors of at least three years' standing may proceed to the degree of Master of Arts.

Apart from MA degrees awarded on the basis of standing, the University may also award an MA degree "Ad eundum gradem" to holders of Oxford and Cambridge MAs. This is a reciprocal arrangement with Dublin University MA degree holders being entitled to apply for an MA "Ad eundum gradem" from Oxford or Cambridge respectively. This originates from a medieval system of accreditation or degree recognition and is a formal recognition that the degree from the other University is recognised. However the three universities have agreed that this degree will, these days, only be conferred in special cases, usually when the applicant is a member of college staff away from their "Alma Mater" and require a Master's to participate fully in University governance.

Members of staff at Trinity College whose degrees are not from the University of Dublin, and do not qualify for an MA Ad eundum gradum, may have the degree MA Jure Officii conferred. There are detailed rules for this, consisting of statutes proposed by the Board and agreed by the Senate at a business meeting, with entitlement to the MA being based on years of service. Consequently all the staff of the College after serving a qualifying period, can expect to receive the degree and so be able to enjoy membership of the Senate. (The practical significance of this is that the tendency for the great majority of participants in Senate business meetings to be members of staff of the College is re inforced.)

Other persons, holding specified kinds of high office may qualify for a degree Jure Dignatatis, but the awards of such degrees are now very rare having essentially been superseded by the practice of awarding Honorary Degrees.

From 1975 onwards, University of Dublin degrees were also awarded to graduates at the colleges of the Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT); this practice continued until 1998 when DIT gained the ability to award degrees in its own right.

Parliamentary representation

The University has been represented since 1613 when James I granted it the right to elect two Members of Parliament (MPs) to the Irish House of Commons. When the Kingdoms of Ireland and Great Britain were joined with the Act of Union, which came into force in 1801, the University sent one MP to the British House of Commons at Westminster until 1832, when it was given another. It continued to elect two until the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922. The Government of Ireland Act 1920 provided for a House of Commons of Southern Ireland, for which the University was to elect four MPs. As in Westminster, where University representatives were MPs and not Lords, University of Dublin seats were in the Dáil and not the Seanad. These were the only MPs to attend the opening of the House in 1921 since Sinn Féin candidates in the twenty-six counties were returned unopposed and took the other 128 of the 132 seats.[18] Sinn Féin recognised their own Parliament determined by the Irish people as distinct to any continuation of British legislative rule under the British Government of Ireland Act. From 1923 to 1936, the University elected three TDs to sit in Dáil Éireann. Since the new Constitution of Ireland in 1937, the University has elected three Senators to Seanad Éireann.

The current representatives of the University are Ivana Bacik, Sean Barrett and David Norris. Notable representatives have included Edward Gibson, W. E. H. Lecky, Edward Carson, Noel Browne, Conor Cruise O'Brien and Mary Robinson.

The franchise was originally restricted to the Provost, Fellows and Scholars of Trinity College. This was expanded in 1832 to include those who had received an M.A. and in 1918 all those who had received a degree from the University.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ An earlier attempt to set up a university at Dublin in 1320, under an "ordance" issued by Alexander de Bicknor, archbishop of Dublin, authorizing four masters, proved abortive when Bicknor was disgraced as a partisan of Mortimer (May McKisack, The Fourteenth Century (Oxford History of England) 1959:45 note 2)

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Staff Numbers - Trinity College Dublin". Tcd.ie. 23 August 2010. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 [http://www.tcd.ie/Communications/Facts/student- numbers.php "Student Numbers - Trinity College Dublin"]. Tcd.ie. 2 July 2010. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  3. ↑ http://www.cluster.org/students/participating-universities/tcd-trinity-college-dublin
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Dublin: The High Court of Justice of Ireland, as published by Trinity College Dublin in Volume II of Chartae et Statuta Collegii Sacrosanctae et Individuae Trinitatis Reginae Elizabethae juxta Dublin, 1898, pages 507–536, in re The Provost, Fellows and Scholars of Trinity College, Dublin v. the Attorney General, the Chancellor, Doctors and Masters of the University of Dublin and the Trustees and Executors of the will of the late Richard Tuohill Reid, holding that Trinity College and the University of Dublin "are one body."
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Microsoft Word - Statutes-Current.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  6. ↑ "and Letters Patent Amendment Bill". Oireachtas.ie. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  7. ↑ "The Trinity College Dublin (Charters and Letters Patent Amendment) Bill, 1997-Minutes of Evidence 06/06/1999 - Tithe an Oireachtais" (PDF). Oireachtas.ie. 13 November 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  8. ↑ "The Trinity College Dublin (Charters and Letters Patent Amendment) Bill, 1997-Minutes of Evidence 07/12/1999 - Tithe an Oireachtais". Oireachtas.ie. 13 November 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  9. ↑ "The Trinity College Dublin (Charters and Letters Patent Amendment) Bill, 1997-Minutes of Evidence 15/02/2000 - Tithe an Oireachtais" (PDF). Oireachtas.ie. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  10. ↑ "The Trinity College Dublin (Charters and Letters Patent Amendment) Bill, 1997-Minutes of Evidence 01/03/2000 - Tithe an Oireachtais" (PDF). Oireachtas.ie. 13 November 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  11. ↑ "m84359-Seanad reform rep" (PDF). Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  12. ↑ "All Submissions Index and Appendix - Tithe an Oireachtais". Oireachtas.ie. 13 November 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  13. ↑ "All Submissions Nominating Bodies - Tithe an Oireachtais". Oireachtas.ie. 13 November 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  14. ↑ "All Submissions Educational Institutions - Tithe an Oireachtais". Oireachtas.ie. 13 November 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  15. ↑ "All Submissions Public Representatives - Tithe an Oireachtais". Oireachtas.ie. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  16. ↑ "All Submissions Members of the Public - Tithe an Oireachtais". Oireachtas.ie. 13 November 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  17. ↑ "Sub-committee on Seanad Reform - 18 September 2003. - Tithe an Oireachtais". Oireachtas.ie. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  18. ↑ Office of the Houses of the Oireachtas - www.oireachtas.ie. "The Houses of the Oireachtas: Dáil Éireann and Seanad Éireann - Historical Note". Irlgov.ie. Retrieved 28 April 2010.

External links