Union for a Popular Movement

Union for a Popular Movement
Union pour un mouvement populaire
President Nicolas Sarkozy[1]
Vice President Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet
General Secretary Laurent Wauquiez
Founded 17 November 2002
Merger of RPR, DL, PPDF
Headquarters 238, rue de Vaugirard 75015 Paris Cedex 15
Membership  (2014) 143,000
Ideology Gaullism[2][3][4]
Conservatism
Liberal conservatism[4][5]
Christian democracy[4]
Political position Centre-right[6]
International affiliation Centrist Democrat International,
International Democrat Union
European affiliation European People's Party
European Parliament group European People's Party
Colours              Blue, white, red
National Assembly
199 / 577
Senate
143 / 348
European Parliament
20 / 74
Regional Councils
331 / 1,880
General Councils
66 / 101
Website
www.u-m-p.org
Politics of France
Political parties
Elections

The Union for a Popular Movement (French: Union pour un mouvement populaire French pronunciation: ​[y.njɔ̃.pu.ʁœ̃.muv.mɑ̃.pɔ.pyˈlɛʁ]; UMP French pronunciation: ​[y.ɛmˈpe]) is a centre-right[6] political party in France, being one of the two major contemporary political parties in the country along with the centre-left Socialist Party (PS). The UMP was formed in 2002 as a merger of several centre-right parties under President Jacques Chirac.

The leader of the UMP, Nicolas Sarkozy, was elected President of France in the 2007 presidential election, but was defeated by Socialist François Hollande in a run-off five years later. The party enjoyed an absolute majority in the National Assembly from 2002 to 2012. The UMP is a member of the European People's Party (EPP), the Centrist Democrat International (CDI) and the International Democrat Union (IDU).

Since the November 2012 national congress the leader of the party has been Jean-François Copé, who narrowly beat François Fillon (50.03% to 49.97% among party members).[7] Accusations of electoral fraud led former Prime Minister François Fillon to "precautionary seizure" of ballots cast "to protect them from tampering or alteration".[8]

History

Background

Since the 1980s, the political groups of the parliamentary right have joined forces around the values of economic liberalism and the building of Europe. Their rivalries had contributed to their defeat in the 1981 and 1988 elections.

Before the 1993 legislative election, the Gaullist-conservative Rally for the Republic (RPR) and the centrist Union for French Democracy (UDF) formed an electoral alliance, the Union for France. However, in the 1995 presidential campaign they were both divided between followers of Jacques Chirac, who was eventually elected, and supporters of Prime Minister Edouard Balladur. After their defeat in the 1997 legislative election, the RPR and UDF created the Alliance for France in order to coordinate the actions of their parliamentary groups.

Foundation and early years

Before the 2002 presidential campaign, the supporters of President Jacques Chirac, divided in three centre-right parliamentary parties, founded an association named Union on the Move (Union en mouvement).[9] After Chirac's re-election, in order to contest the legislative election jointly, the Union for the Presidential Majority (Union pour la majorité présidentielle) was created. It was renamed "Union for a Popular Movement" and as such established as a permanent organisation.[9]

The UMP was the merger of the Gaullist-conservative Rally for the Republic (RPR), the conservative-liberal party Liberal Democracy (DL), a sizeable portion of the Union for French Democracy (UDF),[10] more precisely the UDF's Christian Democrats (such as Philippe Douste-Blazy and Jacques Barrot), the Radical Party and the centrist Popular Party for French Democracy (both associate parties of the UDF until 2002). In the UMP four major French political families were thus represented: Gaullism, Republicanism (the kind of liberalism put forward by parties like the Democratic Republican Alliance or the PR, heir of DL), Christian democracy (Popularism) and Radicalism.

Chirac's close ally Alain Juppé became the party's first president at the party's founding congress at the Bourget in November 2002. Juppé won 79.42% of the vote, defeating Nicolas Dupont-Aignan, the leader of the party's Eurosceptic faction, and three other candidates.[9] During the party's earlier years, it was marked by tensions and rivalries between Juppé and other chiraquiens and supporters of Nicolas Sarkozy, the then-Minister of the Interior.

In the 2004 regional elections the UMP suffered a heavy blow, winning the presidencies of only 2 out of 22 regions in metropolitan France (Alsace and Corsica) and only half of the departments (the right had previously won numerous departmental presidencies) in the simultaneous cantonal elections. In the 2004 European Parliament election in June, the party also suffered another heavy blow, winning 16.6% of the vote, far behind the Socialist Party, and only 16 seats.

Nicolas Sarkozy (2004–2012)

Juppé resigned the party's presidency on 15 July 2004 after being found guilty in a corruption scandal in January of the same year. Nicolas Sarkozy rapidly announced that he would take over the presidency of the UMP and resign his position as finance minister, ending months of speculation. On 28 November 2004, Sarkozy was elected to the party's presidency with 85.09% of the votes against 9.1% for Dupont-Aignan and 5.82% for Christine Boutin, the leader of the UMP's social conservatives.[9][11] Having gained control of what had been Chirac's party, Sarkozy focused the party machinery and his energies on the 2007 presidential election.

The failure of the referendum on the European Constitution of 25 May 2005 led to the fall of the government of Jean-Pierre Raffarin and to the formation of a new cabinet, presided by another UMP politician, Dominique de Villepin. However, during this time, the UMP under Sarkozy gained a record number of new members and rejuvenated itself in preparation of the 2007 election. On 14 January 2007, Sarkozy was nominated unopposed as the UMP's presidential candidate for the 2007 election.

On the issues, the party under Sarkozy publicly disapproved of Turkey's proposed membership in the European Union, which Chirac had previously endorsed several times publicly, and generally took a more right-wing position.

On 22 April 2007 Nicolas Sarkozy won the plurality of votes in the first round of the 2007 presidential election. On 6 May he faced the Socialist candidate Ségolène Royal in the second round and won, taking 53.06% of the vote. As a consequence, he resigned from the presidency of the UMP on 14 May 2007, two days before becoming President of the French Republic. François Fillon was appointed Prime Minister. On 17 June, at a legislative election, the UMP gained a majority in the National Assembly with 313 out of 577 seats, though it was less than expected.

Following Sarkozy's election to the presidency, interim leader Jean-Claude Gaudin prevented a leadership struggle between Patrick Devedjian and Jean-Pierre Raffarin by announcing that the UMP should have a collegial leadership while Sarkozy was President of the Republic.[12] In July, the UMP's national council approved an amendment to the party's statute allowing for a collegial leadership around three vice-presidents (Jean-Pierre Raffarin, Jean-Claude Gaudin and Pierre Méhaignerie) and a secretary-general (Patrick Devedjian) and two associate secretary-generals.

In the 2008 municipal and cantonal elections the party performed quite poorly, losing numerous cities, such as Toulouse and Strasbourg, as well as eight departmental presidencies to the left. Xavier Bertrand was selected as secretary-general of the party in late 2008 to replace Patrick Devedjian, who resigned to take up a cabinet position.[13]

In the 2009 European Parliament election, the party ran common lists with its junior allies including Jean-Louis Borloo's Radical Party as well as the New Centre and Modern Left. The UMP list won 27.9%, a remarkably good result for a governing party in off-year "mid-term" elections, and elected 29 MEPs, significantly improving on the UMP's poor result in the 2004 election – also an off-year election. However, in the 2010 regional elections the UMP obtained a very poor result with only 26%. While it lost Corsica, it retained Alsace but also defeated the left in La Réunion and French Guiana.

In a cabinet reshuffle in November 2010, which disappointed centrists within and outside the UMP, François Fillon was confirmed Prime Minister and Alain Juppé re-joined the government. Among those who quit the cabinet were Bernard Kouchner, Hervé Morin and, above all, Jean-Louis Borloo. Xavier Bertrand, who re-joined the government, was replaced as general-secretary of the UMP by Jean-François Copé on 17 November 2010.[14][15]

The party suffered another major electoral defeat in the cantonal elections in the spring of 2011 and in September, the right lost control of the French Senate for the first time in the Fifth Republic's history.

In May 2011, during a party congress, the Radical Party, led by Borloo, decided to leave the UMP and launch The Alliance, a new centrist coalition.[16][17][18][19]

The party opted not to organize primaries ahead of the 2012 presidential election[20] and endorsed Nicolas Sarkozy's bid for second term. Sarkozy lost reelection to Socialist candidate François Hollande on 6 May 2012, winning 48.36% in the runoff. The party was defeated by the new President's left-wing majority in the subsequent legislative election.

Since May 2012

Prior to Sarkozy's defeat on 6 May, the UMP's secretary-general Jean-François Copé announced that he supported the creation of internal "movements" within the party[21] and the organization of primaries for the next presidential election.[22]

Campaign for the November 2012 congress

The UMP's political bureau announced the organization of a party congress on 18 and 25 November 2012,[23] leading prominent party leaders to organize factions and "movements" to influence the party's new direction.[24]

Ultimately, two candidates amassed the required endorsements to run for the party's presidency: former Prime Minister François Fillon[25] and incumbent party secretary-general Jean-François Copé.[26] Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet,[27] Bruno Le Maire,[28] Xavier Bertrand,[29] Henri Guaino,[30] and Dominique Dord[31] had also announced their candidacies but did not meet tough candidacy requirements.

The campaign between Fillon and Copé lasted two months. Fillon had a strong lead in polls of UMP 'sympathizers' (as opposed to actual members, who would be the only eligible voters) and was backed by most UMP parliamentarians[32] while Copé claimed he was the candidate of party activists rather than party 'barons'.[33] However, Copé remained as secretary-general and retained control of the party machinery.[34]

While Fillon's campaign was regarded as more consensual, moderate and centre-right; Copé campaigned as the candidate of the droite décomplexée ('uninhibited right')[35] and introduced issues such as anti-white racism.[36] However, both candidates received support from moderate and conservative members of the party and their main differences were in rhetoric, style and temperament.[37] Copé, again, appeared more militant and activist, saying that he would support and participate in street demonstrations[38] while Fillon disagreed with his rival.[39]

Six 'motions' (declarations of principles) were submitted to party voters; under the new statutes, motions which won over 10% of the vote at the congress would be recognized as "movements" by the UMP leadership, granted financial autonomy and receive positions in the party structures.

Results and subsequent crisis

The vote on 18 November saw high turnout but was quickly marred by allegations of irregularities and potential fraud on both sides.[40] Both candidates proclaimed victory within 20 minutes of each other on the night of the vote.[41]

24 hours later, the control commission in charge of the vote (COCOE) announced Copé's victory by only 98 votes.[42] While Fillon initially conceded defeat, by 21 November his campaign claimed victory anew, with a 26 vote advantage over Copé.[43] Fillon's campaign argued that the COCOE had failed to take into account votes cast in three overseas federations.

Party elder Alain Juppé accepted to lead a mediation between both candidates on 23 November,[44] but it failed within two days. Fillon's announced "precautionary seizure" of ballots cast "to protect them from tampering or alteration"[8] and threatened to take the matter to court.[45] On 26 November, the party appeals commission - led by a close supporter of Copé - decided in Copé's favour and rejected Fillon's arguments.[46]

On 27 November, 72 filloniste parliamentarians in the National Assembly announced the creation of a new parliamentary group, the Rassemblement-UMP, led by Fillon.[47] Copé took up former President Nicolas Sarkozy's proposal of organizing a referendum on a revote, but he saw the creation of the dissident filloniste group as a casus belli and took back his proposal. Luc Chatel, the new vice-president and a Copé supporter, later announced that he supported a new presidential vote and a modification of party statutes.[48] The next day, Copé announced that he favoured organizing a referendum the modification of party statutes and a reduction of his own term as president to two years (until November 2014); while Fillon welcomed the "consensus on the organization of a new election" he rejected his rival's timeline and called for a new election before 2014.[49] 'Unaligned' members of the UMP led by Bruno Le Maire and Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet appealed for the organization of a new election in the spring of 2013 and a reform of the party statutes.[50]

Resolution

Both rivals reached an agreement at the end of December 2012,[51] with Copé agreeing to the organization of a new election and a modification of party statutes while Fillon agreed to dissolve his parliamentary group.

The party's leadership was reorganized in January 2013 to accommodate Copé and Fillon's supporters: Laurent Wauquiez and Valérie Pécresse joined Luc Chatel and Michèle Tabarot as vice-president and secretary-general respectively. Christian Estrosi, Gérard Longuet, Henri de Raincourt (pro-Fillon), Jean-Claude Gaudin, Brice Hortefeux and Roger Karoutchi (pro-Copé) also became vice-presidents. Other positions in the party hierarchy were divided between supporters of both candidates.[52] New leaders were also nominated in February 2013.

Les affaires

Several spending scandals appeared in 2014. In early 2014, the Bygmalion affair (fr) pushed the party's leader Jean-François Copé to resign. In early July, Sarkozy got held in custody due to possible spying and active corruption of the judiciary system. In July 8th, the UMP is discovered to have an hidden debt of €79.1 millions for the year 2013 [53]

Ideology

The UMP is a centre-right or right-wing party which was created to represent the various families of the French right, uniting the traditions of Gaullism, Christian democracy, classical liberalism and radicalism. As such, it has officially adopted fairly vague policy statements which emphasize consensual common values.

The UMP believes that each individual's destiny must be unencumbered and it rejects political systems which "stifle economic freedom". It says that work, merit, innovation and personal initiative must be encouraged to reduce unemployment and boost economic growth; but at the same time, it maintains that adherence to the rule of law and the authority of the state is necessary. In a Gaullist tradition, the UMP claims that it strongly supports solidarity, with the state guaranteeing social protection of less fortunate individuals. But in a more liberal vein, the party has always denounced l'assistanat, a French term which can refer to "welfare handouts".

The party has taken more nationalist positions at times, and has often adopted tough stances against immigration and illegal immigration. It strongly supports the integration and assimilation of immigrants into French society and has always denounced communitarianism as a danger to the French nation-state. However, the UMP has traditionally been a strong proponent of European integration and the European Union, albeit sometimes with a hint of traditional Gaullist souverainism.[54]

Under Nicolas Sarkozy's leadership, the UMP adopted a liberal and security-oriented platform. His platform in the 2007 and 2012 presidential elections emphasized the ideas of personal responsibility and individual initiative. He developed the idea of "working more to earn more", promising that overtime hours would not be taxed and employers exonerated from non-wage labour costs.[55] Under his presidency, the government's short-lived tax cap for high-income earners was denounced by the left but also several centrist and centre-right politicians within or outside the UMP.

Having gained his popularity as a 'hardliner' Interior minister, Sarkozy's policies also carried a strong law-and-order and tough on crime orientation. He supported tougher sentences for criminals and repeat offenders.[55] As candidate and President, he placed heavy emphasis on immigration and national identity, presenting immigration as a danger to French identity and as source of increased criminality. As President, he imposed stricter limits on family reunification, created a Ministry of Immigration, and National Identity for three years between 2007 and 2010, launched a controversial national dialogue on national identity and expelled thousands of Roma from illegal camps.[55]

Critics of the right-wing government denounced what they felt was a rapprochement with the controversial far-right National Front (FN). While several members of the UMP's right-wing have indicated that they would favour local alliances with the FN and prefer to vote for a FN candidate over a Socialist or left-wing candidate in runoff elections between the left and the FN; the party's official position continues to reject alliances with the FN at any level but also opposes so-called "republican fronts" with the left against the FN.[56][57]

Factions

The UMP's original statutes in 2002 allowed for the organization of formal factions or movements within the party, to represent the various political families of which it was made up. However, fearing leadership rivalries and divisions, Juppé, Chirac and later Sarkozy 'postponed' the creation of such organized movements indefinitely. Nevertheless, prior to the organizations of formal "movements" in November 2012, there existed informal groupings of like-minded members, either through associations, political clubs, associated political parties or even informal factions.

Jean-François Copé allowed for the organization of formal movements within the party following the November 2012 congress. According to the party's statutes, motions backed by at least 10 parliamentarians from 10 departmental federations and which obtain at least 10% support from members at a congress are recognized as movements. They are granted financial autonomy by way of a fixed grant and additional funding in proportion to the votes they obtained; but the sum of funds transferred by the party to its movements can be no larger than 30% of the annual public subsidies the UMP receives from the state.[58]

Official movement and factions

Six motions representing various ideological tendencies within the party ran to be recognized as official movements following the November 2012 congress. Five of these motions met the conditions to be recognized as such, and their leaders have since integrated the UMP's leadership structure:

Associate parties

The Hunting, Fishing, Nature, Tradition, the Christian Democratic Party, the Rally for France and The Progressives are associate parties of the UMP. By adhering to these parties, members also adhere to the UMP and can participate in the UMP's inner organisation. The Radical Party was associated with the UMP from 2002 through 2011.

Overseas parties associated with the UMP include O Porinetia To Tatou Ai'a in French Polynesia and The Rally–UMP in New Caledonia.

Official movements

Six motions representing various ideological tendencies within the party ran to be recognized as official movements following the November 2012 congress. Five of these motions met the conditions to be recognized as such, and their leaders have since integrated the UMP's leadership structure.

2012 leadership election

The aforementioned November 2012 congress saw the division of the party between the two candidates who sought the party's presidency, François Fillon and Jean-François Copé - the fillonistes and copéistes.

Elected officials

Major officeholders

Popular support

The UMP's electoral base reflects that of the old Rally for the Republic and, in some cases, that of the Union for French Democracy. In the 2007 presidential election, Nicolas Sarkozy performed best in the east of France – particularly Alsace (36.2%); Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur (37.0%) – the wealthy coastal department of the Alpes-Maritimes (43.6%) was his best department in France; Champagne-Ardenne (32.7%) and Rhône-Alpes (32.7%). These areas were among far-right candidate Jean-Marie Le Pen's best regions in 2002 and are conservative on issues such as immigration. Sarkozy obviously received a lot of votes from voters who had supported the far-right in April 2002. For example, in the Alpes-Maritimes, Sarkozy performed 21.6% better than Chirac did in 2002 while Le Pen lost 12.6% in five years.[62] Sarkozy also appealed more than average to blue-collar workers in regions such as northern Meurthe-et-Moselle and the Nord-Pas-de-Calais, although most of these regions, despite his gains, remain reliably left-wing.[63] The party is also strong in every election in very wealthy suburban or coastal (and, in some cases, urban) areas such as Neuilly-sur-Seine (72.6% for Sarkozy in the first round),[64] Saint-Tropez (54.79%),[65] Cannes (48.19%)[66] or Marcq-en-Barœul (47.35%).[67] It is strong in most rural areas, like most conservative parties in the world, but this does not extend to the rural areas of the south of France, areas which are old strongholds of republican and secular ideals. However, in old "clerical" Catholic rural areas, such as parts of Lozère or Cantal, it is very strong, as was the Union for French Democracy (UDF) in its hey day.

However, the UMP does poorly in one of the UDF's best regions, Brittany, where the decline of religious practice, a moderate electorate and urbanisation has hurt the UMP and also the UDF. Nicolas Sarkozy performed relatively poorly in departments with a large share of moderate Christian democratic (often centrist or centre-right) voters, such as Lozère where the Socialist candidate Ségolène Royal performed better (44.3%) than François Mitterrand had in his 1988 left-wing landslide (43.1%). While former President Jacques Chirac, the right's strongman in normally left-wing Corrèze had always done very well in Corrèze and the surrounding departments, Sarkozy did very poorly and actually lost the department in the 2007 runoff. However, in the 2009 European election, the UMP's results in those departments were superior to Sarkozy's first round result (nationally, they were 4% lower).[62]

Presidential elections

President of the French Republic
Election year Candidate # of 1st round votes % of 1st round vote # of 2nd round votes % of 2nd round vote Won/Loss
2002 Jacques Chirac 5,665,855 19.88% 25,537,956 82.21% Won
2007 Nicolas Sarkozy 11,448,663 31.18% 18,983,138 53.06% Won
2012 Nicolas Sarkozy 9,753,629 27.18% 16,860,685 48.36% Loss

Legislative elections

French National Assembly
Election year # of 1st round votes % of 1st round vote # of 2nd round votes % of 2nd round vote # of seats Position
2002 8,408,023 33.30% 10,026,669 47.26%
357 / 577
 1st
2007 10,289,737 39.54% 9,460,710 46.36%
313 / 577
 1st
2012 7,037,268 27.12% 8,740,625 34.49%
199 / 577
 2nd

European elections

European Parliament
Election year Number of votes % of overall vote # of seats won Position
2004 2,856,368 16.64%
17 / 74
 2nd
2009 4,799,908 27.88%
29 / 74
 1st
2014 3,942,766 20.80%
20 / 74
 2nd

Leadership

Nicolas Sarkozy speaking at a UMP party congress in 2004

Presidents

No. Name Photo Began Left
1 Alain Juppé
17 November 2002 16 July 2004
— Interim
Jean-Claude Gaudin
 		16 July 2004 28 November 2004
2 Nicolas Sarkozy
28 November 2004 14 May 2007
—


 

 14 May 2007 19 November 2012
3 Jean-François Copé
19 November 2012 15 June 2014
— Interim
Alain Juppé, Jean-Pierre Raffarin, & François Fillon

 15 June 2014 October 2014
(2) Nicolas Sarkozy
30 November 2014 Incumbent

Vice Presidents

Presidents of the National Council

Secretaries-general

Group leaders in the National Assembly

Group leaders in the Senate

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Sarkozy wins opposition UMP party vote". Al Jazeera English. 29 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
  2. ↑ Hloušek, Vít; Kopeček, Lubomír (2010). Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared. Ashgate. p. 157.
  3. ↑ Slomp, Hans (2011). Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 385.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Wolfram Nordsieck. "http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/france.html". Parties-and-elections.de. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
  5. ↑ Kaeding, Michael (2007). Better regulation in the European Union: Lost in Translation or Full Steam Ahead?. Leiden University Press. p. 123.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Magstadt, Thomas M. (2011). Understanding Politics (9th ed.). Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. p. 183.
  7. ↑ "Résultats des élections internes | Union pour un Mouvement Populaire" (in French). U-m-p.org. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "UMP Leadership Struggle 'Suicide'". Business Insider. 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 "chronologie UMP". France politique.
  10. ↑ Marcus E. Ethridge; Howard Handelman (16 January 2009). Politics in a Changing World: A Comparative Introduction to Political Science. Cengage Learning. pp. 144–. ISBN 978-0-495-57048-6. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
  11. ↑ e-TF1. "Info et Actualité en direct - Toutes les actualités et infos - MYTF1News" (in French). Tf1.lci.fr. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
  12. ↑ Devedjian-Raffarin: une direction à deux têtes pour l'UMP, L'Express, June 26, 2007
  13. ↑ Xavier Bertrand, Secrétaire Général de l’UMP, La Libre Belgique December 8, 2008
  14. ↑ lefigaro.fr. "Le Figaro – Politique : Remaniement : le gouvernement Fillon III ancré à droite pour 2012". Le Figaro. France. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
  15. ↑ lefigaro.fr (16 November 2010). "Le Figaro – Politique : Borloo et Morin sonnent la révolte des centristes". Le Figaro. France. Retrieved 21 April 2011.
  16. ↑ "Le Parti radical vote son indépendance vis-à-vis de l'UMP" (in French). Le Nouvel Observateur. 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
  17. ↑ "Linxo, La meilleure façon de gérer son argent" (in French). 91secondes.fr. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
  18. ↑ http://www.germain-isern.com/2011/05/maurice-leroy-croit-en-une-grande.html
  19. ↑ http://www.partiradical.net/images/stories/evenement/invitationlancementdelalliance.pdf
  20. ↑ Primaire UMP : Fillon et Bertrand changent de pied NouvelObs, 3 November 2011
  21. ↑ « Copé : “Je proposerai de créer des mouvements à l'UMP” », Le Figaro, 2 May 2012
  22. ↑ Primaires 2017 : "Une évidence" (Copé), Le Figaro, 4 May 2012
  23. ↑ L'élection du président de l'UMP aura lieu les 18 et 25 novembre Les Echos 4 July 2012
  24. ↑ Les courants foisonnent à l'UMP, Le Figaro, July 19, 2012
  25. ↑ François Fillon officiellement candidat à la présidence de l'UMP France24, 1 June 2012
  26. ↑ Copé vise la tête de l'UMP pour «regagner la France» Le Figaro, 26 August 2012
  27. ↑ Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet brigue officiellement la présidence de l'UMP France24, 21/07/2012
  28. ↑ Bruno Le Maire : « Pourquoi je suis candidat » Le Figaro, 20/08/2012
  29. ↑ Xavier Bertrand : «J’ai les 8000 parrainages !» Le Parisien, 06/09/2012
  30. ↑ Henri Guaino: "Pourquoi je suis candidat à la présidence de l'UMP" L'Express, 03/09/2012
  31. ↑ Le Lab Europe 1, 14/07/12
  32. ↑ Fillon / Copé : le match de la présidence de l'UMP en chiffres Le Huffington Post 02/10/2012
  33. ↑ Jean-François Copé se pose en défenseur des militants UMP L'Express, 09/09/2012
  34. ↑ UMP: pendant la campagne, Copé reste secrétaire généralL'Express, 29/08/2012
  35. ↑ UMP : le projet économique « décomplexé » de Copé Les Echos, 03/10/2012
  36. ↑ Copé dénonce l'existence d'un «racisme anti-Blanc» Le Figaro, 26/09/2012
  37. ↑ Copé-Fillon : ce qui les sépare Le Figaro, 26/10/2012
  38. ↑ Présidence de l'UMP : Copé envisagerait d'appeler à manifester contre l'exécutif Le Point, 29/10/2012
  39. ↑ Fillon écrit aux adhérents UMP et prend ses distances avec Copé L'Express, 04/11/2012
  40. ↑ Présidence UMP: le scrutin est clos, mais des files d’attente encore dans les bureaux de vote Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace,18/11/2012
  41. ↑ Copé ou Fillon ? Les trois enseignements d'une soirée ubuesque à l'UMP France TV Info, 18/11/2012
  42. ↑ Copé, la victoire au forceps Le Figaro, 20/11/2012
  43. ↑ Présidence de l'UMP : le camp Fillon revendique la victoire, Le Monde 21/11/2012
  44. ↑ UMP : le président de la Commission des recours rejette les conditions de Juppé Le Point, 23/11/2012
  45. ↑ « Pour tout comprendre à la bataille juridique entre Copé et Fillon », LeMonde.fr, 27 novembre 2012.
  46. ↑ Les calculs de la commission des recours favorables à M. Copé Le Monde 26/11/2012
  47. ↑ « UMP: le groupe filloniste déposé à l'Assemblée », Le Figaro, 27/11/2012
  48. ↑ « Chatel : "Il faut redonner la parole aux militants" », Le JDD, 01/12/2012
  49. ↑ Fillon rejette la proposition Copé, le blocage se poursuit à l'UMP Le Monde-AFP, 02/12/2012
  50. ↑ « La crise UMP se transforme en guerre froide », Mediapart, 05/12/2012
  51. ↑ "UMP: l'accord Copé-Fillon adopté à l'unanimité par le bureau politique". L'EXPRESS. Retrieved 2013-11-30.
  52. ↑ Alexandre Lemarié, « Hortefeux, Ciotti, Morano… L’organigramme complet de la direction de l’UMP », lemonde.fr, 15/01/2013
  53. ↑ http://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2014/07/08/que-deviendrait-la-dette-de-l-ump-si-le-parti-disparaissait_4453316_4355770.html
  54. ↑ Nos valeurs UMP website, consulted 15/03/2013
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 Pierre, Bréchon (2011), Les partis politiques français, La documentation française, pp. 62–65
  56. ↑ Ni FN ni front républicain: l'UMP choisit de ne pas choisir Libération, 11/06/2012
  57. ↑ UMP/FN: La recomposition des droites, hypothèse crédible ou fantasme mariniste Slate, 17/06/2012
  58. ↑ http://www.u-m-p-44.org/IMG/pdf/statuts_nationaux-2.pdf Articles 15 à 18 des statuts de l'UMP PDF
  59. ↑ Guillaume Peltier : « Copé est un homme de rassemblement », Le Figaro, 06/11/2012
  60. ↑ Jean Sarkozy officialise son soutien à Jean-François Copé, Le Figaro, 05/11/2012
  61. ↑ UMP : Xavier Bertrand se rallie à François Fillon, Le Figaro, 26/10/2012
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 "IFOP analysis".
  63. ↑ "Results". CDSP website.
  64. ↑ "Ministry of the Interior results page".
  65. ↑ "Ministry of the Interior results page".
  66. ↑ "Ministry of the Interior results page".
  67. ↑ "Ministry of the Interior results page".

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