Un Chien Andalou

Un Chien Andalou
(An Andalusian Dog)

French poster
Directed by Luis Buñuel
Produced by Luis Buñuel
Pierre Braunberger
Written by Luis Buñuel
Salvador Dalí
Starring Pierre Batcheff
Simone Mareuil
Luis Buñuel
Salvador Dalí
Jaime Miravilles
Music by Richard Wagner
Cinematography Albert Dubergen
Jimmy Berliet (uncredited)
Edited by Luis Buñuel
Distributed by Les Grands Films Classiques (France)
Release dates
  • 6 June 1929 (France)
Running time
 21 minutes
Language Silent film
(French intertitles)
Budget < 100,000 francs

Un Chien Andalou (French pronunciation: ​[œ̃ ʃjɛ̃ ɑ̃dalu], An Andalusian Dog) is a 1929 silent surrealist short film by the Spanish director Luis Buñuel and artist Salvador Dalí.[1] It was Buñuel's first film and was initially released in 1929 with a limited showing at Studio des Ursulines in Paris, but became popular and ran for eight months.[2]

The film has no plot in the conventional sense of the word. The chronology of the film is disjointed, jumping from the initial "once upon a time" to "eight years later" without the events or characters changing very much. It uses dream logic in narrative flow that can be described in terms of then-popular Freudian free association, presenting a series of tenuously related scenes.

Synopsis

Simone Mareuil's eye being held open by Luis Buñuel in the opening scene
Pierre Batcheff bicycling in nun's clothing

The film opens with a title card reading "Once upon a time". A middle-aged man (Luis Buñuel) sharpens his razor at his balcony door and tests the razor on his thumb. He then opens the door, and idly fingers the razor while gazing at the moon, about to be engulfed by a thin cloud, from his balcony. There is a cut to a close-up of a young woman (Simone Mareuil) being held by the man as she calmly stares straight ahead. Another cut occurs to the moon being overcome by the cloud as the man slits the eye of a calf with the razor, and the vitreous humour spills out from it. Visually, the suggestion seems to be that it's the woman's eye that's been cut.

The subsequent title card reads "eight years later". A slim young man (Pierre Batcheff) bicycles down a calm urban street wearing what appears to be a nun's habit and a striped box with a strap around his neck. A cut occurs to the young woman from the first scene, who has been reading in a sparingly furnished upstairs apartment. She hears the young man approaching on his bicycle and casts aside the book she was reading (revealing a reproduction of Vermeer's The Lacemaker). She goes to the window and sees the young man lying on the curb, his bicycle on the ground. She emerges from the building and attempts to revive the young man.

Later, the young woman assembles pieces of the young man's clothing on a bed in the upstairs room, and concentrates upon the clothing. The young man appears near the door. The young man and the young woman stare at his hand, which has a hole in the palm from which ants emerge. A slow transition occurs focusing on the armpit hair of the young woman as she lies on the beach and a sea urchin at a sandy location. There is a cut to an androgynous young woman in the street below the apartment, poking at a severed hand with a cane while surrounded by a large crowd and a policeman.

The crowd clears when the policeman places the hand in the box previously carried by the young man and gives it to the young woman. The androgynous young woman contemplates something happily while standing in the middle of the now busy street clutching the box. She is then run over by a car and a few bystanders gather around her. The young man and the young woman watch these events unfold from the apartment window. The young man seems to take sadistic pleasure in the androgynous young woman's danger and subsequent death, and as he gestures at the shocked young woman in the room with him, he leers at her and grasps her breasts.

The young woman resists him at first, but then allows him to touch her as he imagines her nude from the front and the rear. The young woman pushes him away as he drifts off and she attempts to escape by running to the other side of the room. The young man corners her as she reaches for a racquet in self-defense, but he suddenly picks up two ropes and drags two grand pianos containing dead and rotting donkeys, stone tablets containing the Ten Commandments, and two rather bewildered priests (played by Jaime Miravilles and Salvador Dalí) who are attached by ropes. As he is unable to move, the young woman escapes the room. The young man chases after her, but she traps his hand, which is infested with ants, in the door. She finds the young man in the next room, dressed in his nun's garb in the bed.

Jaime Miravilles and Salvador Dalí as the confused priests

The subsequent title card reads "around three in the morning". The young man is roused from his rest by the sound of a door-buzzer ringing (represented visually by a martini shaker being shaken by a set of arms through two holes in a wall). The young woman goes to answer the door and does not return. Another young man dressed in lighter clothing (also played by Pierre Batcheff) arrives in the apartment, gesturing angrily at him. The second young man forces the first one to throw away his nun's clothing and then makes him stand against a wall.

The subsequent title card reads "Sixteen years ago." We see the second young man from the front for the first time as he admires the art supplies and books on the table near the wall and forces the first young man to hold two of the books as he stares at the wall. The first young man eventually shoots the second young man when the books abruptly turn into pistols. The second young man, now in a meadow, dies while swiping at a nude figure which suddenly disappears into thin air. A group of men come and carry his corpse away.

The young woman returns to the apartment and sees a death's-head moth. The first young man sneers at her as she retreats and wipes his mouth off his face with his hand. The young woman very nervously applies some lipstick in response. Subsequently the first young man makes the young woman's armpit hair attach itself to where his mouth would be on his face through gestures. The young woman looks at the first young man with disgust, and leaves the apartment sticking her tongue out at him.

As she exits her apartment, the street is replaced by a coastal beach, where the young woman meets a third man with whom she walks arm in arm. He shows her the time on his watch and they walk near the rocks, where they find the remnants of the first young man's nun's clothing and the box. They seem to walk away clutching each other happily and make romantic gestures in a long tracking shot. However, the film abruptly cuts to the final shot with a title card reading "In Spring," showing the couple buried in sand up to their elbows.

Cast

Background

The shot of the eyeball (actually that of a dead calf) being slit by Buñuel

The idea for the film began when Buñuel was working as an assistant director for Jean Epstein in France. Buñuel told Dalí at a restaurant one day about a dream in which a cloud sliced the moon in half "like a razor blade slicing through an eye". Dalí responded that he'd dreamed about a hand crawling with ants. Excitedly, Buñuel declared: "There's the film, let's go and make it.'"[3] They were fascinated by what the psyche could create, and decided to write a script based on the concept of suppressed human emotions.[3]

In deliberate contrast to the approach taken by Jean Epstein and his peers, which was to never leave anything in their work to chance, with every aesthetic decision having a rational explanation and fitting clearly into the whole,[4] Buñuel made clear throughout his writings that, between Dalí and himself, the only rule for the writing of the script was: "No idea or image that might lend itself to a rational explanation of any kind would be accepted."[5] He also stated: "Nothing, in the film, symbolizes anything. The only method of investigation of the symbols would be, perhaps, psychoanalysis."[6]

Production

An image from Dalí's dream, part of the inspiration for the film

The film was financed by Buñuel's mother, and shot in Le Havre and Paris at the Billancourt studios over a period of 10 days in March 1928.[7] It is a black and white, 35mm, silent film, with a running time of 17 minutes, although some sources state 24 minutes, and a physical length of 430 meters.[8]

For many years (and still), published and unpublished reports have circulated that Buñuel had used a dead pig’s eye,[9][10] or that of a dead sheep,[11] or of a dead donkey,[12] or other animal, in the notorious eyeball-slicing scene. However, in an interview in 1975 or ’76, Buñuel claimed that he had used a dead calf’s eye.[13] Through the use of intense lighting, and bleaching of the calf's skin, Buñuel attempted to make the furred face of the animal appear as human skin.

During the bicycle scene, the woman who is sitting on a chair, reading, throws the book aside when she notices the man who has fallen. The image it shows when it lays open is a reproduction of a painting by Vermeer, whom Dalí greatly admired and often referred to in his own paintings.[14]

In Buñuel's original script, the final shot was to feature the corpses of the man and woman "consumed by swarms of flies". However, this special effect was modified due to budget limitations, with the film ending with a still shot of the man and woman, who had been walking in the previous beach scene, half-buried in the sand and apparently dead.[15]

The movie contains several thematic references to Federico García Lorca and other writers of that time.[16] For example, the rotting donkeys are a reference to the popular children's novel Platero y yo by Juan Ramón Jiménez, which Buñuel and Dalí hated.[17]

Anthropologist Jean Rouch has reported that after filming was complete, Buñuel and Dalí had run out of money, forcing Buñuel to edit the film personally in his kitchen without the aid of a Moviola or any other technical equipment.[18]

Initial reception and aftermath

A death's-head moth

The first screening of Un Chien Andalou took place at Studio des Ursulines, with an audience of le tout-Paris. Notable attendees of the première included Pablo Picasso, Le Corbusier, Jean Cocteau, Christian Bérard and George Auric, in addition to the entirety of André Breton's Surrealist group.[19] The audience's positive reception of the film amazed Buñuel, who was relieved that no violence ensued. Dalí, on the contrary, was reportedly disappointed, feeling the audience's reaction made the evening "less exciting."[20] Buñuel since claimed that prior to the show, he had put stones in his pockets "to throw at the audience in case of disaster", although others had no recollection of this.[21]

It was Buñuel's intention to shock and insult the intellectual bourgeoisie of his youth, later saying: ”Historically, this film represents a violent reaction against what at that time was called 'avantgarde cine,' which was directed exclusively to the artistic sensibility and to the reason of the spectator."[22] Against his hopes and expectations, the film was a huge success amongst the French bourgeoisie,[23] leading Buñuel to exclaim in exasperation, "What can I do about the people who adore all that is new, even when it goes against their deepest convictions, or about the insincere, corrupt press, and the inane herd that saw beauty or poetry in something which was basically no more than a desperate impassioned call for murder?"[24]

Through their accomplishment with Un Chien Andalou, Dalí and Buñuel became the first filmmakers to be officially welcomed into the ranks of the Surrealists by the movement's leader André Breton, an event recalled by film historian Georges Sadoul: "Breton had convoked the creators to our usual venue [the Café Radio]... one summer's evening. Dalí had the large eyes, grace, and timidity of a gazelle. To us, Buñuel, big and athletic, his black eyes protruding a little, seemed exactly like he always is in Un Chien Andalou, meticulously honing the razor that will slice the open eye in two."[25]

Among the most enthusiastic viewers of the film were the wealthy couple Viscount Charles and Marie-Laure de Noailles, who commissioned Dalí and Buñuel to create a sequel, of around the same length, with sound, to be called La Bête andalouse, in order to affirm its connection with Un Chien.[26] Dalí stated that the theme of the new film was to parallel that of the first: "to present the straight and pure 'conduct' of someone who continues to pursue love despite wretched humanitarian ideals, patriotism and the other poor mechanisms of reality."[27] This new film ultimately was released in 1930 under the title L'Age d'Or but was quickly withdrawn by the Noailles family after being banned by the Prefecture of Police of Paris.

Both of the leading actors of the film eventually committed suicide: Batcheff overdosed on Veronal on April 13, 1932 in a hotel in Paris,[28] and Mareuil committed self-immolation on October 24, 1954 by dousing herself in gasoline and burning herself to death in a public square in Périgueux, Dordogne.[29]

Soundtrack

Modern prints of the film feature a soundtrack consisting of excerpts from Richard Wagner's "Liebestod" from his opera Tristan und Isolde and a recording of two Argentinian tangos sometimes mistakenly referred to as "Olé guapa." This is the same soundtrack that Buñuel chose and played live on a gramophone during the original 1929 screening in Paris. They were first added to a print of the film in 1960 under Buñuel's supervision.[30]

Influence and cultural references

Film scholar Ken Dancyger has argued that Un Chien Andalou might be the genesis of the filmmaking style present in the modern music video.[31] Roger Ebert had called it the inspiration for low budget independent films.[32]

Premiere ranked the opening scene as 10th out of "The 25 Most Shocking Moments in Movie History".[33]

The song "Debaser" on the Pixies' album Doolittle, released in 1989, repeatedly references the film.

In 1994, The Learning Channel's Furniture To Go made a parody called Un Chaise Andalou

In the 1997 song, Your Woman from White Town's Women in Technology album, a scene where a woman slams the door on a man's arm while trying to escape from him is present, alluding to a reference of the film based on the song's prevalent theme of the 1920's and 1930's silent film era.

In 2015, game designers Ilya Kononenko and Yuliya Kozhemyako published The Tender Cut, "a first person interactive installation/exploration adventure game", inspired by the film.[34]

References

  1. ↑ "Un Chien Andalou". IMDb. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
  2. ↑ "Un Chien Andalou". Retrieved 8 July 2008.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Etherington-Smith, Meredith (1995). The Persistence of Memory: A Biography of Dalí. New York: Da Capo Press. p. 94. ISBN 0-306-80662-2.
  4. ↑ O’Donoghue, Darragh. "On Some Motifs in Poe: Jean Epstein’s La Chute de la maison Usher". Senses of Cinema. Retrieved 27 July 2012.
  5. ↑ Buñuel, Luis (1983). My Last Sigh. Abigail Israel (trans). New York: Knopf. ISBN 0-394-52854-9.
  6. ↑ Sitney, P. Adams (1974). Visionary Film: The American Avant-Garde. New York: Oxford University Press.
  7. ↑ "Un chien Andalou (An Andalusian Dog, 1929)". Brain-Juice.Com. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  8. ↑ "(Andalusian Dog)". FilmReference. Advameg, Inc. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  9. ↑ Bendiner, Kenneth (2004), Food in Painting: From the Renaissance to the Present, London: Reaktion Books; pg 230, n. 9.
  10. ↑ Ebert, Roger, “Un chien andalou” [review], Chicago Sun Times, 16 April 2000, p. 22.
  11. ↑ Thomson, David (2008), “Have You Seen…?” A Personal introduction to 1,000 Films; New York: Knopf, pg 162.
  12. ↑ Havis, Allan (2008), Cult Films: Taboo and Transgression, University Press of America, Inc., pg 11.
  13. ↑ Turrent, T. and J. de la Colina (1993), Conversations avec Luis Buñuel, Paris, pg 32.
  14. ↑ Jones, Jonathan (4 March 2007). "The riddle of the rocks". Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  15. ↑ "Un Chien Andalou". Spanish in the Spanish World. Enforex. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  16. ↑ Carens, Leslie J. "My Last Sigh". The Review of Arts, Literature, Philosophy and the Humanities. ralphmag.org. Retrieved 25 October 2012. Federico Garcia-Lorca got angry because he claimed that he was being made fun of --- he thought he was the dog in Un Chien andalou.
  17. ↑ Vidal, Agustín Sánchez (1988). Buñuel, Lorca, Dali: The Endless Enigma. Barcelona: Planet. p. 189. ¡¡MERDE!! para su Platero y yo, para su fácil y malintencionado Platero y yo, el burro menos burro, el burro más odioso con que nos hemos tropezado. Y para V., para su funesta actuación, también: ¡¡¡¡MIERDA!!!! -- Excerpt from letter written by Buñuel and Dalí to Jiménez, 1928.
  18. ↑ Rouch, Jean, with Lucien Taylor (2003). "A Life on the Edge of Filmed Anthropology", in Cine-Ethnography. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 142. ISBN 0-8166-4103-X.
  19. ↑ Wojcik, Pamela Robertson; Knight, Arthur (2001). Soundtrack Available: Essays on Film and Popular Music. New York: Duke University Press. p. 37. ISBN 0-8223-2797-X.
  20. ↑ "Un Chien Andalou". CLOSE-UP FILM CENTRE. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  21. ↑ Ebert, Roger. "Un Chien Andalou Movie Review (1928) - Roger Ebert". Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  22. ↑ Buñuel, Luis (2006). "Notes on the Making of Un Chien Andalou", in Art in Cinema : documents toward a history of the film society. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp. 101–102. ISBN 1-59213-425-4.
  23. ↑ Koller, Michael. "Un Chien Andalou". Senses of Cinema. Film Victoria. Retrieved 23 July 2012.
  24. ↑ Buñuel, Luis (12 December 1929). "Preface to the script for Un Chien Andalou". La Révolution Surréaliste. no. 12.
  25. ↑ Sadoul, Georges (12–18 December 1951). "Mon ami Buñuel". L´écran française. no. 335: 12.
  26. ↑ Gubern, Roman, and Paul Hammond (2012). Luis Bunuel: The Red Years, 1929-1939. Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-299-28474-9.
  27. ↑ Parsi, Jacques. "L'âge d'or". Ciné-club de Caen. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
  28. ↑ Vazzana, Eugene Michael (2001). Silent film necrology. Jefferson NC: McFarland. p. 34. ISBN 978-0786445158.
  29. ↑ Baxter, John (1995). Buñuel. New York: Fourth Estate. p. 137. ISBN 978-1857023534.
  30. ↑ Buñuel, 1968
  31. ↑ Dancyger, Ken (July 2002). The Technique of Film and Video Editing: History, Theory, and Practice. Focal Press. ISBN 0-240-80420-1.
  32. ↑ Ebert, Roger (16 April 2000). "Un Chien Andalou (1928)". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2008-02-28.
  33. ↑ "The 25 Most Shocking Moments in Movie History". Premiere. Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S. Archived from the original on 2007-04-20. Retrieved 2012-06-22.
  34. ↑ "The Tender Cut". thetendercut.info. Retrieved 2015-04-16.

Further reading

External links